知识讲解(7).docx

高考冲刺：猜测词义题型阅读解题技巧题型介绍词义猜测题是高考必考的题型，般占阅读理解总题量的10%左右。所猜词汇可以是生词，也可以是熟词新义，还可以是人称代词的指代内容。常见提问方式Theunderlinedwordu,inthepassagemeans.Whatdocs""inthethirdparagraphstandfor?Theword/phrase“,mostnearlymeans丁Theword/phrase""couldbestbereplacedby.Theword/phrase""inLine.,Para.refersto.Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtothephrase/word/sentence"What,sthemeaningof""inLine，Para.?Theunderlinedsentenceinthefirst/second.paragraphprobablymeansthat.正确选项的特点【链接高清】1 .对于超纲词汇的正确解释，如果将它代入回原文，则符合逻辑，使文章通顺易懂。2 .对于未超纲的词或短语的正确解释，往往是熟词新义，是根据上下文推测的一个特定场合的含义。干扰项的特点1 .字面意思：对于熟悉的词，干扰项会列出它的字面意思或常规含义。2 .无关意思：除了字面意思，出题人还常用凭空杜撰出来的其它意思来干扰考生，但只要将此意思带入原文，不符合逻辑就能够排除。解题思路1 .返回原文，结合上下文，理解该词的意思。2 .搜索时应注意同位语、特殊标点、定语从句、（表示上下文之间的逻辑关系）关键提示词及前后缀，特别注意找出其中和生词处于同一位置的词去推测。特别提示：1 .不管这个词多超纲,根据上下文都能得出其意思。2 .不管这个词多熟悉,都要通过上下文得出其在特定场合的意思。解题技巧构词法派生词：通过分析派生词，猜测划线单词的意思。Napoleon,asacharacterinTolstoy,sWarandPeace,ismorethanoncedescribedashavingt4fatlittlehands,Nordoeshe“sitwellorfirmlyonthehorse”.Heissaidtobe“undersized”with“shortlegs''andauroundstomach,UnderSiZed=Under（低于）+size（尺寸、大小），通过构词法可知以ed结尾的派生词可作形容词（如three-legged三只脚的），再结合后面的ShOrtIegS（短腿），可猜出UnderSiZed意为“身材矮小的“。Overworkmaycausediseases.前缀OVer的意思是“过分的，过量的"，故OVerWOrk的意思应为“工作过度”。Therewasadissatisfiedlookinthemanager'seyes.satisfied的意思是“满意的”,前缀dis-的意思是“不”,故dissatisfied的意思应该是“不满意的合成法：指由两个或两个以上单词组合成一个新词。通常情况下，合成词的词义为组成词的词义之和。Heneverworeready-madeclothes.ready-made由ready和made加连字符合成一个词，该词在clothes前，可知其词性为形容词，结合各个词的本意：ready”准备就绪的"，made“做好的”，可知句中的ready-made是“现成的、做好的”的意思。转化法：指单词的词形不改变，只通过词性的改变来使单词具有新的意义和作用。而这种单词叫转化词。Greatculturalchangesledtomoreopencommunicationandamoredemocraticprocessthatencourageseveryonetohaveasay.Say一般作动词，意为“说、表达”。观察句子，say前面带a,表示Say在此转化为名词，意为“发言权、决定权语境法利用释义词（句）、举例或同位语：同位语是对所修饰词语的进步说明和解释，若对所修饰的词语不熟悉，可通过其后同位语的“说明或解释”来确定其词义。表示释义或举例词语的信息词有forexample,forinstance,suchas,inotherwords,thatistosay,namely,or,alsoknownas,toputitdifferently,referto等，符号则有e.g（举例）、i.e.（也就是）oInfact,onlyabout80ocelots,anendangeredwildcat,existintheU.S.today.利用生词后面的同位语anendangeredwildcat,可知OCeIOt是种猫。Yes,thatistheTaiMahal,oneofthemostfamousbuildingsintheWorki.（全国卷）由后面的同位语的解释我们清楚地知道TaiMahal就是一座著名的建筑物。AIingUiStisapersonwhostudiesthescienceoflanguage.1.inguist就是一个“研究语言科学的人”，即“语言学家”。Theydescribedhimasaloon,oramadman.句中的Or是对loon的解释，即Ioon与amadman同义，即表示"疯子Itwillbeveryhardbutalsoverybrittle,thatis,itwillbreakeasily.句中的thatis表明itwillbreakeasily是对brittle的解释，从而猜测出其意为"易碎的"。”脆的”IntheancientcityofRome,wevisitedeverymansion,battlesite,theatreandotherpublichalls.因为mansion与“战场遗址”、“剧院”、“其它公众厅”并列，所以mansion也应该属于建筑物或场所。利用对比、类比或转折词表示对比、类比或转折的常见信息词有but,yet,however,while,unlike,incontrast,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,despite,inspiteof,instead,ratherthan,though等，有时也用破折号或冒号等符号。Anyfoolcanmakesoap,butittakesageniustosellit.由but可知genius是与fool(蠢才)相对的，由此推测其意为“有才能的人”、“天才”。Hehadbeengettingbetter,butduringthenighthisconditiondeteriorated.句中的but表明deteriorate应该与getbetter的意思相反，即"恶化Inmanycountriestherearetwofinancialextremes,fromDenUrytogreatwealth.上文说两个经济上的极端，那么下文中penury应与greatwealth相对，即表示“贫困”。Mrs.Smithisloquaciouswhileherhusbandisthesilenttype.while表对比，意为“而"，所以loquacious应是silent的反义，即“多嘴的Ifyouagree,drawacircle;andacrossifyoudissent.既然画圈表示同意，画叉便是“不同意”(dissent)。利用因果关系表示因果关系的信息词有because,as,since,for,thus,so,sosuch.that,hence,therefore,asaresult等。Thatmuseumissoimmensethatitwillbeimpossibletoseealltheexhibitsinoneday.既然一天之内看不完所有的展品，那么immense的意思应该是“很大”了。Everyoneagreedthatthewomaninthephotowasgorgeous.Itwaseasytoseewhyshehadwonthebeautycontest.既然“她在选美比赛中获胜''，说明她“很美丽”(gorgeous)。利用上下文(结合生活常识、背景知识)猜测词义题在考查熟词新义以及代词指代内容时往往需要综合考虑上下文，有时也需要结合常识和背景知识。It,ssaidthatBillGatesisthemostaffluentpersonintheworld.根据常识，BillGates为世界首富，所以affluent可能是“富有的”。Asascientist,Edisonisveryfamousforhiscontrivances.根据常识，EdiSOn为发明大王，他应因“发明”而闻名于世。Thesnakeslitheredthroughthegrass.根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出Slither的词义为“爬行”。真题再现【链接高清】1.（课程标准第54题）Whatdocs"hands-omscience"meaninthelastparagraph?A. Sciencegamesdesignedbykids.B. 1.earningsciencebydoingthings.C. Ashowofkids'sciencework.D. Readingsciencebooks.Tryhands-oncience.Visitoneofthemanyhands-on-sciencemuseumsaroundthecountry.Thesescienceplay-landsaregreatfunforkidsandgrown-upsalike.2 .（课程标准第61题）Whatdothewords“thefb11owef,inparagraph2referto?A.Abee.B.Abird.C.Ahoneyseeker.D.Abeekeeper.Onceithastheirattention,itfliesthroughtheforest,waitingfromtimetotimeforthecuriousanimalorpersonasitleadsthemtothenest.Whentheyfinallyarriveatthenest,thefollowerreachesintogetatthedelicioushoneyasthebirdpatientlywaitsandwatches.3 .（全国11卷第46题）WhatdocstheWOrd"It"underlinedinParagraph4referto?A.Theboat.B.Thewind.C.Thesail.D.Theangle.Inthiscase,youmustkeepthesailhalfwayoutsidetheboat;itshouldbeata45degreeangletotheboat.Itneedstobeoutenoughtocatchthewind,butitshouldn'tflap（摆动）.4 .（全国H卷第54题）Whatdothewordsiiarcplica,'inParagraph2referto?A.Apaintingoftheskeleton（#88）.B.AphotographofLucy.C.Acopyoftheskeleton.D.AwrittenrecordofLucy.TheLucyonexhibitionattheEthiopianNationalMuseuminthecapital,AddisAbaba,isareplicawhiletherealremainsareusuallylockedinasecretstoreroom.5. AtfirstKatethoughttheROmanian（罗马尼亚人）girlcouldnotspeakandunderstandEnglish.NadiawouldnotreplytoanythingKatcsaid.KatccouldnotfigureoutwhytheschoolhadputNadiainaclasswhereshecouldnotunderstandwhatpeopleweresaying.Nadia,svoicewasawhisper（轻声）."IunderstandEnglish.IwillIeam?,Nadia,sEnglishwasperfect.KatewasDerHeXed.Shecouldn,tunderstandwhyNadiadidnotliketospeak.Theunderlinedworduperplexed,'probablymeans.A.puzzledB.angryC.shockedD.serious6. Throughoutthehistoryofthearts,thenatureofcreativityhasremainedconstanttoartists.Nomatterwhatobjectstheyselect,artistsaretobringforthnewforcesandformsthatcausechange-tofindpoetrywherenoonehaseverseenorexperienceditbefore.Theunderlinedword"poetry“mostprobablymeans.A.anobjectforartisticcreationB.acollectionofpoemsC.anunusualqualityD.anaturalscene7. ThescientistsuseddetailedgeneticanalysistoprovethattheAfricansavannaelephantandtheAfricanforestelephanthavebeendistinctspeciesforseveralmillionyears.ThedivergenceofthetwospeciestookplacearoundthetimeofthedivergenceofAsianelephantsandwoollymammoths.（11湖南卷）2. Theunderlinedword“divergence“inparagraph4means“.”A.evolutionB.exhibitionC.separationD.examination8. Togetridofalcoholfromthebodyisaveryslowprocessanditisnotpossibletospeeditupwithanymeasuresliketakingashowerorhavingacupofteaorcoffee.Theunderlinedword"it"inthesecondparagraphrefersto"”.A.alcoholB.absorptionC.bloodD.process9. Peoplewhoarethinkingaboutadoptingadogasafriendfortheircatsareworriedthattheywillfight.Arecentresearchhasfoundanewrecipeofsuccess.Accordingtothestudy,ifthecatisadoptedbeforethedog,andiftheyareintroducedwhenstillyoung（lessthan6monthsforcats,ayearfordogs）,itishighlyprobablethatthetwopetswillgetalongswimmingly.Two-thirdsofthehomesinterviewedreportedapositiverelationshipbetweentheircatanddog.TheunderlinedwordswimminglyinParagraph1isclosestinmeaningto.A.earlyB.sweetlyC.quicklyD.smoothly10. Therearethreekindsofsnow.Onekindisafluffysnowthatissomewhatdryandfeathery?11. JeanwasbornwithSDinabifida,abirthillnessthatdamagestheSPine（脊骨）.12. Westudiedtheboardcritically.Someofuslookedwithoneeyeandheldupcertaincolorsagainsttheblackboard,rockingtheSheetStotherightorleftwhileweconjuredupourdesigns.Otherstwistedtheirhairaroundtheirfingersorchewedtheireraserswhiledeepinthought.Theunderlinedphraseinparagraph3mostprobablymeans.A.formedanideaforB.madeanoutlineforC.madesomespaceforD.chosesomecolorsfor13. Youhavenopowerandcoulddonothingthathelpschangethesituation.However,youcanhavegreatpoweroverwhathappenstoyouifyoustopfocusingonwhomtoblameandstartfocusingonhowtoremedythesituation.Thisisthewinner,skeytosuccess.TheunderlinedwordremedyinParagraph1isclosestinmeaningto.A.avoidB.acceptC.improveD.consider14. Thehouselkedquitenormaloutside,butinsideitwasveryexoticwithfascinatingobjectsondisplay.Ashebeganputtingthemintohisbag,adogcameintotheroom.ItstoppedwhenitsawBuster,thenwaggeditstailmadlyandwentovertohim.Bustcrwhispered.vfcWhatagreatguarddogyouaretryingtolickmetodeath.”Whichofthedefinitionsisclosestinmeaningtotheword“exotic”?A.Messyanduntidy.B.Richandexpensive.C.Comfortableandcalming.D.Unusualandforeign15. Ithoughttomyselfthatweadultsusuallymakeabig"todo"overtheyoungeronebecausesheistheonewhoseemsmoreeasilyhurt.Wedoitwiththebestofintentions.Theunderlinedexpressionmakeabigutodo“overmeans.A. showmuchconcernaboutB.haveaspecialeffectonC.listjobstobedoneforD.dogoodthingsfor1.1 1leftuniversitywithagooddegreeinEnglishLiterature,butnosenseofwhatIwantedtodo.Overthenextsixyears,justtryingtoearnanincome,IWaStreadingwater.BecauseItriedjournalism,butIdidn'tthinkIwasanygood,thenfinance,whichIhated.Finally,Igotajobasarightsassistantatafamouspublisher.Ilovedworkingwithbooks,althoughthejobthatIdidwasdull.WhatdoestheunderlinedpartinParagraph1mean?A.Iwaswaitingforgoodfortune.B. Iwastryingtofindanadmirablejob.C. Iwasbeingaimlessaboutasuitablejob.D. Iwasdoingseveraljobsformorepayatatime17. BorninChicagoin1902,broughtupandschooledinNebraska,the19-year-oldcollegegraduateRalphTylerbecamehookedOnteachingWhiIeteachingasascienceteacherinSouthDakotaandchangedhismajorfrommedicinetoeducation.Thewordstthookcdontcaching,'underlinedinParagraph2probablymean.A.attractedtoteachingB.tiredofteachingC.satisfiedwithteachingD.unhappyaboutteaching18. Onemorning,however,Ifounditsbedempty.Mydollwasgone!1criedforit.Mumweptandtoldmethatthepoorlittlethinghadbeensenttoahospital.Ithadafever.Forseveraldays,IheardMumandDadwhisperingsuchwordsas“hopeless","PiIifUI"，and“dying”，whichsoundedOminOUs.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“ominous“inParagraph3probablymean?A.Impossible.B.BoringC.DifficultD.Fearful答案与解析1. Bo通过关键词"museum"，“greatfun"，“play-lands”判断这是孩子们在博物馆里可以玩的、开心的、跟科学有关的一个地方。2. Co根据上文陈述，it指代蜜蜂；"it.forthecuriousanimalorperson.w,那么thefollower就是指honeyseeker（找蜜者）3. Co要找到it指代的内容，需要往前查找，上一句依旧出现it,指代同一内容，在往上一句推，可以看到“youmustkeepthesail”,由此可知it指代thesailo4. Co由exhibition推断在博物馆里，由反义线索uwhiletherealremains.w可知真品并不在博物馆了，推断areplica指复制品。5. 根据后面的"couldn'tunderstandwhy."可以推断perplex的含义为“糊涂的，不清楚的二6.根据Poetry后面所带的定语从句“wherenoonehaseverseenorexperienceditbefore”推断，意为“不同寻常的品质二7C上文提到“distinctspecies（有区别的物种）”，下文紧接thedivergence,可推断意为“产生区别”。8. D0“speeditup,中it指代上一句的“averyslowprocess,中的processo9. Bo根据上文，“人们担忧猫狗会打架”，然而通过“一个成功的秘方”可以让猫狗"getalongswimmingly,可以推断SWimmingly意为“相处好”，下文的"positiverelationship”再次确认推断。10. 定语从句thatissomewhatdryandfeathery（有点儿干、像羽毛似的）表明fluffysnow的意思可能是“鹅毛大雪11. 同位语abirthillnessthatdamagesthespine表明了spinabifida是一种病,一种对脊骨有损害的病。12. Ao上下句是SOmeOther句式，whileweconjuredUPOUrdesigns的对应部分是whiledeepinthought,可见conjuredup的意思是“思考，想象”。13. Co上文提到"havenopowerto."，"however.”“stop.andstart.”,根据逻辑关系可知remedythesituation意为"改善状况14. Do根据上下文的对比关系找到答案：上句为“normaloutside"，用but表达转折,那么"inside”应该是unormalw的反义词。15. Ao根据becausesheistheonewhoseemsmoreeasilyhurt,she指代theyoungerone。因为“容易受伤”，所以“应更多关注”。16. Co根据前后文“butnosenseofwhatIwantedtodo""justtryingtoearnanincome.Itriedjournalism,.thenfinance,whichIhated.Finally,Igotajob.”可知作者对于找怎样的一份适合自己的工作这件事漫无目的。17. Aobecome/gethookedonsth为非考纲词汇表上词组，其词义可以通过下文的teachingas.andchangedhismajorfrommedicinetoeducation.来获得。18. Do划线词前面提到“hopeless”,“pitiful"，and“dying”，并做定语从句的主语,可猜测D选项的词义与划线词一致。因此，正确答案为D选项。