Explained《解释一切（2018）》第三季第七集完整中英文对照剧本.docx

upbeatmusicplaying护肤品广♥告♥不使用超大特写镜头是有原因的narratorThere,sareasonskincarecommercialsdon'tzoominthatclose.否则一片原始且生机勃勃的平原便会呈现出来Andiftheydo,it'sthispristine,animatedlandscape.皮肤的超级大特写可能会让人感到不适Arealclose-upofskincanbealittleunsettling.这什么啊？Ew.Whatisthat?gasps就算是最完美的皮肤narratorEventhemostperfectskin也不过是一片粗糙又破裂的地带isaroughandbrokenterrain,遍布着油腻的沟渠和的毛发crisscrossedwithoilygulliesandstuddedwithhairs.在这个奇怪的地域Andinthisstrangeland,会有恶龙出没therebedragons.科学家相信每一位成年人的脸上都生有这些蠕形蛹虫ScientistsbelievetheseDemodexmitesareonthefaceofeveryadulthuman.几平可以确认有些蜻虫现在就身在你脸上的毛囊之中Therearealmostcertainlysomeburrowedintoyourfacefolliclesrightnow.而且它们只是其中一种生物Andtheyarefarfromalone.我们的皮肤上聚集了大量的细菌与真菌Ourskinhostsvastherdsofbacteria,fungi,甚至微小的病毒andevenminisculeviruses.这并不是有害的感染Thisisn'taharmfulinfestation.实际上我们还真需要这些微小的乘客Infact,weneedmanyofthesemicroscopicpassengers来保持我们皮肤的健康tokeepourskinhealthy.但护肤品公♥司♥跟我们讲的却是另一套Butskincarecompaniestellaverydifferentstory.大致内容不外乎往脸上涂Mainly,thatwhatyouneed一堆护肤产品才是正道isanoverwhelmingarrayofproducts.首款祛痘凝胶announcersThefirstacne-proofinggelcleanser.玻尿酸精华液-微雕乳液Hyaluronicacidserum.-Micro-sculptingcream.既是洁面乳也是面膜It,sacleanserandamask.补水保湿是健康皮肤的基础Hydrationisthefoundationofhealthyskin.起床后就拥有更年轻的皮肤只需五分钟Wakeuptoyounger-lookingskininjustfive.-voicesoverlapping-silence我们能够相信这些产品广♥告♥中所承诺的功效吗？narratorCanwetrustalltheseproductstodowhattheypromise?获得健康靓丽的皮肤有什么秘诀吗？Andistheresomesecrettohealthy,beautifulskin?我们从皮肤开始入手man1Let'sbeginwiththeskin,从医生的角度来观察一下bytakingalookatitfromthedoctor'spointofview.她的皮肤可真好这是最让我惊艳的一点Shehaslovelyskin.That'swhatIwasmostimpressedby.如果你能保持皮肤健康man2Ifyoukeepyourskinclean,there'slesschance疾病就拿你没有办法thatadiseasewillbeabletogetstarted.如果我的皮肤看起来靓丽又健康Ifmyskin'sfreshandhealthy-looking,那是因为我基础打得好Iguessit's'causevegottendowntobasics.从下巴到耳朵Fromyourchintoyourears.从鼻孔到太阳穴Fromyournostrilstothetemples.健康的皮肤就是美妙的皮肤man3Thehealthyskinisabeautifulskin.剧名：皮肤关于皮肤专家们最想让你知道的是OkonedoIfthere,sonethingtheexpertswantyoutoknowaboutskin,it'sthat.这是我们最大的器官Itisourlargestorgan.我们最大的器官Ourlargestorgan.我们最大的器官Ourlargestorgan.皮肤是你的免疫系统OkonedoSkinisyourimmunesystem's第一道防线也是最有效的防线firstandbestlineofdefense.我喜欢川砖墙当比喻Iliketousetheanalogyofabrickwall.砖块就是细胞So,thebricksarethecells,灰泥就是我们的天然油脂andthemortarisournaturaloils.这面墙也就是表皮OkonedoThiswall,theepidermis,每个月都会完全重建一次iscompletelyrebuiltaboutonceamonth.新的细胞出生这里Newcellsareborndownhere慢慢上升到皮表进而脱落andmaketheirwaytothesurface,wheretheyflakeoff.你可以看到的毛孔实际上是毛囊的开口Theporesyoucanseeareactuallytheopeningsofhairfollicles.这些毛孔并不只是毛多的地方才有而是遍布于全身They'renearlyeverywhereonyourbody,notjusttheplacesthatlookhairy.和毛囊相连接的腺体所分泌出的油蜡状物质叫做皮脂Glandsattachedtothefolliclesputoutanoily,waxysubstancecalledsebum.来帮助让我们的皮肤润滑并保持其酸性SkotnickiThathelpslubricateourskinandacidifyourskin.你的皮肤并不是中性的而是接近于5的弱酸性OkonedoYourskin'spHisn'tneutral.It'sclosertofive.这让有害细菌难以存活Andthatmakesitharderforharmfulbacteriatogrow.如果起防护作用的砖墙裂开了Ifyourprotectivebrickwallbreaksdown,异物与病菌就会很容易侵入it'seasierforforeignparticlesorgermstogetin.你的免疫系统会立即采取行动Yourimmunesystemwillleapintoaction,你的皮肤会变红发痒yourskinwillgetredanditchy.而这群免疫细胞会发现并攻击入侵者Andthiswholearmyofimmunecellswilldetectandattacktheintruders.当然还有皮肤最了不起的功能Andthen,ofcourse,there'sthemostremarkablefeatureofyourskin.一大群拿皮肤当做家园的生物Thehostofcreatureswhocallithome.远在人类出现的数十亿年前Billionsofyearsbeforeweevolved,微生物占据了全球的每一个角落microbescolonizedeverycorneroftheglobe.从北极冰河FromArcticglaciers,到硫潭tosulfurouspools,到海底火山口tovolcanicventsintheoceanfloor.在皮肤出现之后Whenskinfinallyshowedup,只不过又多了一个可以占据的栖息地而已thatwasjustonemorehabitattocolonize.你的皮肤上有数不过来多种多样的细菌、真菌Youactuallyhavetrillionsofdifferentbacteria,fungi,病毒、原生动物viruses,protozoa,甚至是小型昆虫evensmallinsects.皮肤所承载的环境是非常多样化的Theskinhasaverystrikingdiversityofdifferentenvironments.你的脸颊是一滩油腻腻的沼泽OkonedoYourfaceisanoilymarshland.你的腋窝是黑暗潮湿的雨林Yourarmpitsaredark,wetjungles.你的小臂是干燥的热带草原Yourforearmsaredrysavannas.当你降生于世的时候你的微生物群系首先形成Yourmicrobiomeisfirstformedwhenyouarebornintotheworld.突然问你母亲的生物群系就在你那里落了脚You'resuddenlypopulatedbyyourmother'sbiome,而这就形成了一种坚固的基础andthatformsthesortofconcretefoundation会伴随你接下来的人生that,sgoingtostickwithyoufortherestofyourlife.随着你的成长它会不断发展OkonedoAndasyougrow,itcontinuestodevelop,起到决定作用的是你的人生经历shapedbyyourexperiences.譬如你住哪里你有没有宠物OhSo,thatcanbewhereyoulive,ifyouhavepets,和谁住在一起whoyoulivewith,每天都要接触谁andwhoyouencounteronaregularbasis.每个人身上的生物群系都有独特的特质Eachofushavekindofauniquesignature.科学家们在近几十年来OkonedoScientistsspentthelastcoupleofdecades一直在研究哪一个物种究竟生活在何处learningwhichspecieslivewhere.而现在他们IE在努力研究这些小生灵究竟有何目的Nowthey'retryingtofigureoutwhatallthosecrittersareupto.我们的脚趾缝里住有杆菌属There'sabacillusbacterialivinginbetweenourtoes它们喜食我们汗液里的一种叫做白胺酸的混合物thateatsacompoundinoursweatcalledleucine,汗脚之所以臭臭的就是这个原因anditcontributestothatrankandsweatyfootsmell.我们为何要与产生体臭的Whyonearthwouldwewanttocoevolvewiththismicrobe微生物共同进化呢？thatproducesbadodors?其实这种杆菌Itturnsoutthatthisbacillus是真菌感染的强效抑制剂isaverypotentinhibitoroffungalinfections.我们的脚会产生大量的白胺酸OkonedoOurfeetproduceaweirdamountofleucine.就像是我们的身体为这些细菌摆出了盛宴It'salmostasifourbodiesarelayingoutafeastforthesebacteria所以它能防止我们得脚癣sothey'llkeepusfromgettingathlete'sfoot.然后还有表皮葡萄球菌Thenthere,sStaphylococcusepidermidis,坐落在身体各个部位whichisfoundatdifferentsitesalloverthebody.我们超爱表皮葡葡球菌Yeah,welovestaphepidermidis.它会招募一种免疫细胞Itcanrecruitimmunecelltypes这种细胞可以治愈我们的伤口并且对抗感染thatallowustohealwoundsandcombatinfection.它们会杀死病原菌Theycankillpathogenicbacteria,-bacteriashouts抗生素也可以做到这件事OkonedoAntibioticscandothattoo.bacteriascream可通常也会把有益菌一起消灭Thoughhelpfulbacteriaareoftencollateraldamage,而且一些病原体会演变出耐药性andsomepathogensareevolvingresistancetothesedrugs.这种骇人的趋势席卷世界lt,saterrifyingtrendaroundtheworld,特别是在医院中especiallyinhospitals.茱莉亚吴的实验室通过基因工程让表皮菊萄球菌JuliaOh'slabisgeneticallyengineeringastrainofepidermidis攻击其中一种最常见的耐药菌toattackoneofthemostcommonantibiotic-resistantbacteria.就像是那种专门搜索歼灭的机器人Basicallylikeasearchanddestroybot.这种增强型的表皮葡萄球菌只有在感觉到OkonedoThissouped-upepidermidisonlyattacks一种特殊的病原菌存在的时候才会发动攻击whenitsensesthisoneparticularpathogen.然后产生出一种类似凝固汽油弹一样的武器0hAndthenproducesakindofnapalminresponse.最后科学家认为这些微生物OkonedoAndfinally,scientiststhinkthatmicrobes可以训练我们的免疫系统知道谁是敌人谁是朋友trainourimmunesystemstotellfriendfromfoe,所以我们只需要对有害之物做出反应就好soweonlyreacttothingsthatareactuallyharmful.我们并不能完全确定如果没有微生物群系会发生什么Wedon'tknowexactlywhatwouldhappenwithoutourmicrobiomes.我们从未培养过无菌人We'venevermadegerm-freepeople.但我却培养出来过Butwehavemadegerm-free无菌小白鼠mice.它们在被养育的时候从未接触过任何活体微生物Theygrowupnothavingbeenexposedtoanylivemicrobes.它们才是真正的与世隔绝Theylivetheirlivesinabubble.这些小白鼠都出现了不同种类的缺陷AndthesemicehaveallsortsOfdifferentdefects.因为年幼时期没接受过微生物的历练它们的免疫系统会感到OkonedoWithoutthatmicrobialbootcampinearlylife,theirimmunesystemsare困惑confused.它们或许会忽视真正的威胁Theymightignorerealthreats,却对无害的物质反应过度whileoverreactingtoharmlesssubstances,甚至会攻击它们的同类细胞evenattackingtheirowncells.孩子们的成长环境越干净Childrenaregrowingupinmoresterileenvironments,他们之中出现过激反应免疫系统andmoreandmoreofthemarecomingdownwiththedisorders紊乱的人就越多ofanoveractiveimmunesystem.湿疹、过敏Eczema,allergy,哮喘、花粉症asthma,hayfever.患病率剧增Imean,it'sskyrocketed.但阿米什区则不会这样OkonedoButnotinAmishcountry.据科学家报道出乎意料的是ScientistsreportthatAmishkids阿米什区鲜有患哮喘或过敏的孩子havesurprisinglylowratesofasthmaandallergies.阿米什的孩子们和很多兄弟姐♥妹♥们♥一起长大HamblinAmishchildrengrowupwithlotsofsiblings,在户外花很多时间spendlotsoftimeoutdoors,家里都有牲畜棚andtendtohavestables里面有各种各样的动物就紧挨着房♥子oflotsofdifferentanimals,rightupagainstthehouse.他们被暴露在很多不同种类的微生物之下OkonedoThey'reexposedtolotsofdifferentmicrobes,这种生活方式或许帮助他们将免疫力锻炼得炉火纯青andthatseemstohelpthemdevelopawell-trainedimmunesystem.获得健康皮肤的其中一个秘诀Thesecrettohealthyskin就是不要扰乱你的微生物群系ispartlyjustnotmessingupyourmicrobiome.数十万年以来人类基本上都和自己的微生物群系相安无事Andforhundredsofthousandsofyears,humansprettymuchlefttheirsalone.直到他们创造了文明Untiltheycreatedcivilization.全世界的人类都开始用水清洗自己的皮肤Allovertheworld,humansstartedtowashtheirskinwithwater,通常是宗教仪式中的步骤oftenaspartofreligiousrituals.然后越来越多的人拥挤在城市之中Thenmoreandmoreofthempackedintocities,传染病以前所未有的方式席卷开来andcommunicablediseasesflourishedastheyneverhadbefore.在十九世纪中期Inthemid-19thcentury,科学家们发现了罪魁祸首scientistsdiscoveredtheculprit.病菌Germs.我们首先发现的微生物都是对我们有危害的Someofthefirstmicrobeswediscoveredweretheonesthatdousharm.霍乱大流行在全球夺去了数百万人的生命Cholerapandemicshadkilledmillionsaroundtheglobe.瘟疫几乎抹去了欧洲三分之一的人口TheplaguehadwipedoutnearlyathirdofEurope.而美国AndintheUS,在所有的死亡案例中结核病就占了四分之一tuberculosiswasresponsibleforaquarterofalldeaths.最初的说法是我们应该把这些东西洗掉Theideacametobethatmaybeweshouldwashthesethingsoff.几个世纪以来我们使用过各种不同形式的肥皂OkonedoWe,dbeenusingdifferentformsofsoapforcenturies,大部分是为了洗衣服mostlytocleanlaundry.但现在公共卫♥生♥部♥门开始呼阡让人们养成用肥皂清洁皮肤的习惯Butnow,publichealthofficialsstartedpushingforitsregularuseonskin.这项技术的目的是为了man1Theaimofthistechnique减少病原微生物的数量istoreducethenumberOfpathogenicorganisms.这就是人们川肥皂清洁的原因man2Andthat'sthespecialreasonwhypeoplewashwithsoap.在20世纪初期是肥皂蓬勃发展的时候Intheearly20thcentury,youhadthesoapboom.有美容皂、沐浴香皂Therewerebeautysoaps,bathsoaps,卫生药皂healthsoaps,所有那些基本上都是一种产品allofthemfundamentallythesameproduct.富人用的奢侈品肥皂OkonedoLuxurysoapsforthewealthy更加昂贵但原理并没有区别weremoreexpensive,butfunctionallyidentical.肥皂成为了品牌产品在广♥告♥上大肆宣传Itbecameabrandedproduct,andwiththatcameadvertising.肥皂制♥造♥商开辟的营销手段OkonedoSoapmakerspioneeredthemarketingtricks在现在仍屡试不爽thatarestillusedtoday.譬如请明星代言1.ikecelebrityendorsements.这条广♥告♥请了女权权威人士伊丽莎白卡迪斯坦顿代言Thisonefeatureswomen'srightsluminaryElizabethCadyStanton.这条广♥告♥Thisad,则通过刺♥激♥感官withitssensualembrace以及令人想入非非的广♥告♥语andrisqueslogan,首次证明了wasoneofthefirstevertoprove香艳就是卖♥♥点thatsexsells.这些产品卖♥♥的其实就是优越感WhattheseproductsweresellingwasactuallyasenseOfsuperiority,无论是基于其他种族whetherthatbetoanotherrace,还是其他阶层的toanotherclass.肥皂广♥告♥经常采用带有种族歧视色彩的漫画OkonedoSoapadsoftendeployedracistcaricatures,来描写深色皮肤的人肮脏depictingpeoplewithdarkerskinasdirty.或者是需要通过肥皂来接纳文明的野蛮人Orassavages,whoneededthecivilizinginfluenceofsoap.肥皂是为了美丽Soapwasaboutbeauty,而美丽的皮肤就是白色的皮肤andbeautifulskinwaswhiteskin.基本上来说如果世上存在一种根深蒂固的不安全感HamblinBasically,iftherewasaninsecuritythatwasreallydeeplyheld,肥皂产业找到了一种方法将其利用并承诺了解决方案thesoapindustryfoundawaytopreyuponitandpromiseasolution.肥皂会改变你的生活SkotnickiSoapwouldtransformyourlife.你在社会之中能得到更多认可Youwouldbemoresociallyacceptable.可以让你光彩夺目找到如意郎君Sayingit'sgoingtomakeyouglowandmakeyoufindahusband.肥皂公♥司♥用带有科学色彩的腔调OkonedoAndsoapcompaniesusedscience-ylanguage来进一步支持他们的主张tobolstertheirclaims.他们将消费人群定位为家庭主妇Theymadetheirpitchtohousewives于是出资并录制了日间广播剧byfundingandproducingdaytimeradiodramas.这种“肥皂剧”很快转战到电视上Andthese"soapoperas"soonmovedtoTV.象牙皂的制♥造♥商是指路明灯这部剧的所有者ThemakersofIvorysoapownedTheGuidingLight,直到2009年才剧终untilitendedin2009.由世界上最著名的肥皂象牙皂出品manonTVPresentedbyIvorysoap,themostfamoussoapintheworld.在20世纪中期Bythemid-20thcentury,至少在富裕国家每个人每天都会用肥皂atleastinwealthycountries,everypersonwasusingsoapregularly.他们会在全身上下各处使用每天都会OkonedoAndtheywereusingitallovertheirbodieseveryday.肥皂是一种很简单的化学品SoapisasimpleenoughchemicaL可以将文明所沉积的污垢onethatcanclearawaytheaccumulatedgrimeofcivilization,和污染、化妆品等刺♥激♥皮肤的化学品thechemicalsthatirritateyourskin,likepollutionandmakeup,以及导致生病的病菌清洁掉anddisease-causinggerms.用肥皂清洗拯救了无数生命Washingwithsoaphassavedsomanylives,但肥皂也会侵蚀砖墙中的灰泥butsoapalsoerodesthemortarinthatbrickwall,破坏你的防御disruptingyourdefenses.而正因为它简单又基本And,becauseit'sprettybasic,肥皂可以改变你皮肤的酸碱值soapcanchangethepHofyourskin.当你过度清洁或清洗之后反而会起到反作用Whenweovercleanandover-wash,you,repreventingitfromdoingitsjob.这样就是在干涉皮肤的化学组成你在改变皮肤的油脂You'vemessedwiththechemistryofyourskin.You'vechangedtheoils.如果把油脂比作微生物生态系统赖以生存的土壤Iftheoilaresortofthesoilinwhichyourmicrobialecosystemgrows,当你过度干涉之后所造成的结果就是you'vemessedwithitenoughthatwhatcomesback失去了一些平衡isalittleimbalanced.几十年前OkonedoDecadesago,人们还没有意识到过度使用肥皂所带来的问题peopledidn'tknowaboutthesepotentialproblemswithoverusingsoap.他们只注意到会感觉干燥和瘙痒Theyjustnoticeditcouldmakeyoufeeldryanditchy.而业界也有良方Theindustryfoundasolutionforthattoo.肥皂会让你的脸太干womanonTVSoapdriesyourskin,但你在用多芬洗脸时可以同时润肤butDovecreamsyourskinwhileyouwash.多芬含有润肤露OkonedoDovecontainedamoisturizer.这也就带来了一个全新的概念Thatintroducedthiswholenewidea你或许需要其他产品thatyoumightneedotherproducts,来抵消你日常使用的肥皂带来的影响productstoactuallycounteractthesoapsyou'vebeenusing.你需要第二件产品Youneedasecondthing,这也就为众多产品打开了大门whichopenedthedoorforawholefloodofotherproducts,不仅仅是香皂besidesjustsoap.在1968年OkonedoIn1968,倩碧首次亮相了护肤三步曲Cliniquedebutedwithathree-steproutine,在他们的建议中这如同刷牙一样重要whichtheysuggestedwasasessentialasbrushingyourteeth.一些肥皂制♥造♥商增加了多样化产品Someofthoseoldsoapmakersdiversified摇身一变成长为国际巨头andgrewintointernationalgiants.还有新玩家的加入Andnewplayersenteredthescene.韩式美容品牌Youhadahugeexplosion在进入西方世界后广受好评ofK-beautybrandscomingintotheWesternworld,大家都为之疯狂andeveryonewentcompletelymadforit.（韩式美容蓬勃发展）（东方承诺）"Gidalyuh"byA-Dream,SaraLynnChoi&HYONDplaying（韩国制♥造♥）（搜索首尔）（面对东方）韩式十步护肤法是我多年前发明的TheKoreanten-stepskin-careroutinewassomethingIcoinedmanyyearsago.大概在2015年Around2015我开始看到iswhenIstartedtosee越来越多的人们开始讨论这个潮流moreandmorepeopletalkingaboutthetrend.数十年来OkonedoForafewdecadesnow,韩国一直在努力更大力度地输出他们的文化产品SouthKoreahasbeentryingtoincreaseexportsofitsculturalgoods.韩剧K-dramas,韩国流行音乐K-pop,以及韩式美容andK-beauty.在韩国皮肤总是第一位的ChoInKorea,skinisalwaysfirst.他们将皮肤视为比化妆和时装Theyreallyvalueskinasbeingmoreimportant更重要的元素thanmakeuporfashion.他们很聪明所使用的原材料Theyarequitebrilliant.They,reusingingredients都是很多其他品牌过去不会使用的thatalotofbrandshadn'treallyconsideredusinginthepast.（绿茶）（火山渣）（蜗牛黏蛋白）（猪胶原蛋白）（蜜蜂蜂毒）（海星萃取）（驴奶）科学家还在研究这些材料是否能起到作用OkonedoScientistsarestillfiguringout以及如何起作用ifandhowalltheseingredientswork,但是韩式美容产品通常来讲都是好评如潮butK-beautyproductsingeneralhavegottenenthusiasticreviews.那些产品制♥作♥精良Theywerereallywell-made,也不算昂贵andalsotheywereinexpensive.如果你是护肤新手想要开始的话lfyou,recompletelynewtoskincare,andyouwannagetstarted,我会建议你使用几个基本步骤Iwouldjustrecommendgoingwithafewbasics.如果涂防晒霜、化妆品或须后水的话Ifyou'reputtingonsunscreen,makeup,aftershave,在睡前你需要把这些东西洗掉youwannawashthatstuffoffattheendoftheday.现在出现r很多肥皂的代替品OkonedoTherearenowabunchOfalternativestosoap,譬如合成洗涤剂和油基洁肤液likesyntheticdetergentsandoil-basedcleansers,对于我们砖墙结构的灰泥会温和一点却还是有刺♥激&hearts胜thatcanbegentleronthemortarofourwalls.Still.你要是知道有多少洁肤液会让你皮肤脱落的话一定会大吃一惊You'dbeamazedatthenumberofcleansersthatstripyourskin.在你清洁皮肤之后通常