产业集群向净零过渡_工业脱碳的国家政策扶持--第二部分WEF_Transitioning_Indus.docx

IncollaborationwithAccentureWpRL11ECONOMICFQRUMTransitiomngIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero:NationalPolicyEnablementforIndustrialDecarbonization-PartIlWHITEPAPERNOVEMBER2023Images:GettyImagesContentsForeword3Executivesummary4TheTransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZeroinitiative61 Americas71.1 Brazil72 Europe112.1 Sweden112.2 Portugal143 AsiaandOceania163.1 BruneiDarussalam163.2 Thailand193.3 Malaysia223.4 India253.5 Japan283.6 UnitedArabEmirates314 Africa334.1 SouthAfrica33Conclusion37Contributors38Endnotes39DisclaimerThisdocumentispublishedbytheWorldEnomicForumasacontributiontoaproject,insightareaorinteraction.Thefindings,interpretationsandndusionsexpressedhereinarearesultofacollat>orativeprocessfacilitatedandendorsedbytheWorldEomicForumbutwhoseresultsdonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsoftheWorldEconomicForum,northeentiretyofitsMembers,Partnersorotherstakeholders.©2023WorldEnomicForum.Allrightsreserved.NopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedOrtransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,includingphotocopyingandrerding,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem.October 2023TransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZero:NationalPolicyEnablementforIndustrialDeCarboniZation-PartIlForewordJrgen Sandstrm Head, Transforming Industrial Ecosystems, World Economic ForumMiguelGTorreiraManagingDirector,GlobalStrategy,Trading,InvestmentsandOptimisation(ATIOS),AccentureWeunderstandtheimportanceofdecarbonizationofindustrialclustersinachievingnetzeroandthecrucialrolethatregulatorsandpolicy-makersplay.Public-privatecollaborationhasreachedall-timehighsastechnologyandpolicyinnovationhaveenabledmorerobustandacceleratedgrowthingreensolutionsforindustry.AstheTransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZeroinitiativeexpandsintonewgeographies,wehavedevelopedadditionalcomprehensiveanalysesofthestrategiesandactionsemployedbymultiplefederalgovernmentstopropelindustrialdecarbonization.Thisanalysiscomplementsourfirstpublication,TranSitiOninaIndUStrialCIUSterStowardsNetZero:NationalPOiiCVEnabIementforIndUStrialDeCarbOniZatiOmbyprovidinganuancedandconciseoverviewofanadditional10countries,includingourfirstcountriesfromtheMiddleEastandAfrica.Thispaperwillprovideadeepdiveintothecontextualreasoningbehindtheindustrialclusterapproachfordecarbonization,whichhasseenincreasingadoptionbypolicy-makersglobally.Theanalysissupportsourinitiativecommunityof20industrialclusters,vering11countriesacrossfourcontinents,withacumulativecarbonemissionsreductionorabatementpotentialof626milliontonnes.Thankyoutoallofthoseparticipatinginresearchandpolicyanalysesfortheirtimeandcontributionstothispaper.ExecutivesummaryStrongcollaborationinpartnershipsisnecessarytonavigatethecomplexthemesforindustrialclustersdecarbonization.Industrialclustershavebecomeafocalpointforgovernmentsworldwide,leadingtoariseininitiativestotackleindustrialcarbonemissions.Governmentmmitmentandinstitutionalalignmentserveaskeyenablersforacceleratingaction.ItisobservedthatEUpolicies,suchastheCarbonBorderAdjustmentMechanism(CBAM),haveastronginfluenceonindustrialdecarbonizationinothernationsincludingtheUnitedArabEmirates,BrazilandSouthAfrica.AmongcountriesinAsia,JapanandIndiaareleadingintermsofpolicyframeworksforhydrogen.Meanwhile,inemergingeconomies,policyframeworksforcarboncapture,utilizationandstorage(CCUS)arestillintheearlystagesofdevelopment.Withthediversityinpolicyemphasis,itiscriticaltonotetheimportanceofthelocalcontextineachcountry'stransitionjourneyandtoreadthispaperwithduerespectandconsiderationofthisdimension.ThispaperreviewsthelegislatedpoliciesdrivingindustrialdecarbonizationinaselectionoftennationsacrosstheAmericas,Europe,Asia-Pacific,MiddleEastandAfrica,aswellastheenablingmechanismstopromoteacollaborative,market-orientedindustrialclustersapproach.Acrossthesepolicies,analysishasshownthefollowing:1. Thereisanoticeabletrendtowardspromotingtheadoptionofrenewableenergysources.Governmentsareimplementingdiversestrategies,settingmultiplegoalsforvariousrenewableenergysourcessuchasgreenhydrogen,solar,windandbiofuels.Foranumberofcountries,includingJapan,India,MalaysiaandSouthAfrica,thisapproachaimstoensureacomprehensiveandbalancedtransitiontowardscleanerandmoresustainableenergysolutions,withobservedemphasisonenhancingenergysecurityandaccess.2. Theprioritizationofrenewablesisalsoreflectedintheportionoffundingorfinancialincentivesallocated,whichinmanycountriesissignificantlyhigherthantheallocationforothersolutionssuchasenergyefficiency,hydrogenandCCUS.3. Broadsetsoffiscalincentivesareinuse,includinggrants,subsidies,guarantees,taxincentives,aswellasmultilateralaidfunding.4. Inthenearterm,thedecarbonizationofindustriesisdrivenprimarilybytheswitchingofenergysourcestorenewablesinparallelwiththeelectrificationofindustrialheating,supportedbyarangeofgovernmentsubsidies,schemes,projects,grantsandtaxincentives.Significantbudgetsareallocatedtowardsincreasingtheproportionofcleanenergyinprimaryenergyproductionthroughdirectgovernmentinitiativesorbyprovidingincentivestoencourageprivatesectorparticipation.5. AsignificantnumberofnationshaveembarkedonthedevelopmentofCCUSprojects,aswellastheconversionanduseofblueandgreenhydrogen.Theseinitiativesarefuelledbythecollectiveeffortsofboththeprivateandpublicsectors,whichcollaboratethroughpartnershipsortakeindividualleadershiprolesindrivingtheseprojectsforward.6. Nationsareadoptingacomprehensiveapproachbyimplementinginitiativestoreduceemissionseffectively,acceleratetheadoptionofelectrificationandcleanenergy,andenhanceenergyefficiency.Theyaretailoringtheirpoliciesandinitiativestomakeuseoftheiruniquegeographicalandeconomicadvantages,enablingthemtopursueindividualizedapproachesinharnessingthesebenefits.7. Thepotentialofcarbonpricingisgainingprominenceinemergingmarkets,withthreeSouth-EastAsiancountriesannouncingplansforcarbontaxmechanisms.Challengestoimplementationareconcernsaroundtheeconomicimpactofcarbonpricing,e.g.reducedcompetitivenessandhighenergycosts.TABLE1INationalinvestmentinkeydecarbonizationtechnologiesNationHydrogen©Carboncapture,utilizationandstorage(CCUS)SystemicefficiencyandcircularityDirectelectrificationandrenewableheat©Federalfundingandsupportmeasures(inclusiveofmultilateralfunding)BrazilExploringExploringExploringInvestingSwedenSeedingInvestingExploringNone1PortugalSeedingNoneSeedingExploringBruneiDarussalamNone2None3None4AmbitionstatedThailandAmbitionstatedSeedingExploringExploringMalaysiaAmbitionstatedInvestingInvestingInvestingIndiaInvestingAmbitionstatedInvestingInvestingJapanInvestingInvestingSeedingInvestingUnitedArabEmiratesInvestingInvestingInvestingInvestingSouthAfricaSeeding5NoneExploring5Investing5Notes:1)StatesupportisnotrequiredinSwedenasthishasbeenlong-establishedwithamatureandmpetitivemarket;2)InSeptember2023,theDepartmentofEnergypublishedastudyongreenhydrogenproductioninBrunei;3)BruneiShellPetroleum,ajointventurebetweenShell(50%)andtheBruneiGovernment(50%)isexploringpotentialCCUSsolutionsinBruneiDarussalam;4)In2022,anMoUwassignedbetweenBankIslamBruneiDarussalam(BIBD)andBruneiDarussalamNationalCouncilonClimateChange(BNCCC)tollaborateindimatesolutionsincludinginvestmentinenergynservation;5)InclusiveofmultilateralfundingfromJETP.TABLE2IRecognitionoftheimportanceofcarbonpricingNationEmissionstradingschemeCarbontaxBrazilNoneatpresentNoneatpresentSwedenEUEmissionsTradingSystem(EUETS)Yes,cartx>ntaxapplicablefornon-ETSsectorsinclusiveofindustryandhouseholdsandhasbeenprogressivelyincreasingsinceitsintroductionin1991.Currenttaxrateis122pertonneasof2023.PortugalEUETSCarbontaxfortheaviationsector,applicabletocommercialflightsandbusinessflights,inforceJuly2023;taxrateof2perpassenger.BruneiDarussalamNoneatpresent;thecountry'sNationalClimateChangePolicyseescarbonpricingasakeylevercontributingtoacartjnreductionof46%.Planstointroducecarbonpricingby2025.NoneThailandVoluntaryCartx>nMarketStudyingtheintroductionofcarbontaxtoenergy,transportandindustrialsectors(coveringover90%ofThailand'semissions).MalaysiaVoluntaryCarbonMarketAnnouncedplansforcarbontax.IndiaNoneGoodandServicesCompensationCess(onalproduction),supersedingtheCleanEnergyCess.Taxrateof$5pertonne(400Indianrupeepertonne)ofcoalproduction.JapanETSplanned;voluntarycapandtradeinTokyoMetropolitanCityandSaitamaPrefecture.Taxforclimatechangemitigation(TCCM)inplacesince2012,reforms/revisionsannouncedonholdduetorisingenergypricesin2023.TCCMtaxrateofabout$2pertonne(289Japaneseyenpertonne).UnitedArabEmiratesCarboncreditstradingdeskplanned(creditsfromADNOCcarbonmitigationprojects,tobeavailableasoffsetstolowercarbonftprintofexportstoEU).NoneSouthAfricaNoneCarbontaxintroducedJune2019;emissionallowances(basictax-freeallowancevering60-75%ofemissions,plusadditionaloffsetsandallowances)until2025toeasethetransitionhasledtoloweffectivetaxrate.TheTransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZeroinitiativeCatalysingthedecarbonizationofindustrialclustersglobally.TheTransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZeroinitiativeisledbytheWorldEconomicForumincollaborationwithAccentureandtheElectricPowerResearchInstitute(EPRI).Theinitiativeaimstoconveneandaccelerateco-locatedindustriesontheirnet-zerotransition,makinguseofopportunitiesforcollaborativeinvestmentde-risking,cleanenergymarketcreationandcluster-baseddecarbonization.Theinitiativeconvenesindustrialplayersatallstagesofambitiondevelopmentinanimpartialforumtocollaborativelyshapestrategiesandsharelessonslearned.Inparallel,theinitiativecontinuestodevelopthoughtleadershipandincubatebestpracticesforthesignatoryclusterscommunity.ThispolicyanalysiswillbemplementedbyafinancingdeepdiveforindustrialclustersinEuropeandselectedemergingeconomies.Theinitiative's20signatoryclustersaredistributedacross11countriesandcontinuetoexpandtonewgeographies,includingIndia(withthesupportofBain&Company)andChina.ScopeofworkandresearchapproachThissecondeditionincludesafourthgeographywiththeinclusionofAfrica.NationsselectedforreviewwithinthesegeographiesweredrivenbothbytheinterestoftheTransitioningIndustrialClusterstowardsNetZerocommunityandexpansionplansfortheinitiative.Thispaperwasdevelopedthroughathoroughreviewofnationalandcollaboration-of-nationslegislationandotherfederalpublicdocumentation.Further,inasubsetofgeographies,localexpertswereinterviewed,oradditionaldesktopresearchwascompletedtounderstandthepartnership,policy,financeandtechnologystrategiesofuflagship'industrialclusters.Asummaryofboththispolicyreviewandflagshipindustrialclusterprofilingispresentedherein.OAmericas© 1.1BrazilIndustrycontributes34.6%oftotalprimaryenergyconsumption;majorindustrialsfacethechallengeofmeeting2050neutralitytargets.Renewableenergiesaccountfor48%oftheprimaryenergydemandinBrazil,yetthecountryremainsamongthetopfiveglobalcarbonemitters,accountingformorethan3%ofglobalemissionsin2020?Mostofitsemissions(46%in2020)arerelatedtolandusechange,especiallydeforestationoftropicalforests.2Brazilhascommittedtocarbonneutralityby2050.However,severalstatesandcities,suchasSaoPauloandRiodeJaneiro,havepublishedevenmoreambitiousemissionreductiontargets,mainlyassociatedwiththeenergytransition.Largeindustrialcompaniescontinuetomakeprogresstowardsdecarbonization,boththroughpublishedcommitmentstoreductiontargetsandthroughthedevelopmentofinnovativesustainabilityprojects,whichareestimatedtocreate2millionjobsby2030.FIGURE 1IndustrialclusterchallengesandopportunitiesinBrazilo©61MtCoJ60%ofindustrialemissionsareconcentratediniron,steelandcementprocesses'Milliontonnesofcarbondioxide43%Reductionrequiredingreenhousegas(GHG)emissions(from2005levels)by2030tostayontrackfornetzeroby20502millionEstimatednetincreaseofBrazilianjobsby2030fromtransitioningtoagreenereconomySrces:ObservatorioDoClimatEmpresadePesquisaEnergetica(EPE);WorldResourcesInstitute.Brazil'sapproachtoindustrialdecarbonizationBrazil'scleanenergypolicydevelopmentAlthoughBrazildoesnothaveenablingpoliciesspecifictoindustrialclusters,thereareahostofpublicsectorinitiativesthatcatalyseandsupportcleanenergyandindustrialdecarbonizationinvestments.Beginningwith2010,sNationalPlanonClimateChange,whichcreatedthefirstcommitmentstoreduceemissionsanddeforestation,Brazilhasdevelopedaquantified,time-bounddecarbonizationpathwayandcontinuestoshowprogressandadditionalinvestmentinscalingthetechnologies,relationshipsandfinancingavailabilitythatwillenableit.FIGURE 2BrazilpolicyempoweringindustrialdecarbonizationNatiOnal Plan On Climate ChaCqe November 2010Plan for LoW CarbOn EConomV in IndUStrVJune 2013The BraZiiian COmmitment to Combatina Ciimate Chanae: EneraV PrOdUCtiOn and USeJune 2016Renovabio: NatiOnal PoiiCV for BiofUeISNational GUidelineS for Ciimate NeUtraIitVNatiOnal ProqramZerO MethaneMarch 2022December2017February2022NationalGuidelinesforClimateNeutralityThislandmarkpublicationfromBrazil'sMinistryoftheEnvironmentlaysthefoundationforanoperationalstrategybywhichBrazilcanachievenetzeroby2050.Thepublication,segmentedbyresponsibilityandsectoropportunities,laysoutacomprehensiveseriesofgoalsandenablers,includingthosehighlightedbelow.Theguidelinesenvisionimplementationwouldbeadvancedbythewholeofthecountry,includingstate,municipalitiesandcivilsociety.Energygeneration- Achieve50%renewableenergiesinthecompositionoftheenergymatrixand10%efficiencygainsintheelectricsectorby2030.- Promotetheuseofenergyfromwaste,includingsolidurbanwaste.Heavyindustry- Provisionfordirectfinancialsupportforresearch,developmentandinnovationoflow-carbontechnologies.- Promotethemitigationoftheoilandgasindustry'scarbonemissionsthroughtheadoptionofmoreenergy-efficienttechnologiesinproductionunits,includingdirectelectrification.NationalProgrammeZeroMethaneThe2022NationalProgrammeZeroMethaneifromtheMinistryoftheEnvironmentaimstoreducemethaneemissionsby30%by2030(from2020levels),whichBrazilcommittedtowithover100othernationsatCOP26.Theprogrammeproposestoreducemethaneemissionsbyencouragingtheconsumptionofbiomethaneandfinancingtheconstructionofbiodigestersanddistributioninfrastructure.SystemicefficiencyandcircularityDirectelectrificationandrenewableheatCarboncapture,utilizationandstorage(CCUS)Hydrogen-Brazilaimstoincreaseelectricalefficiencyby10%by2030,equivalentto105terrawatthours(TWh).-TheNationalProgrammeZeroMethaneaimstoreducemethaneemissionsbyencouragingtheconsumptionofbiomethanefromwasteandfinancingtheconstructionofbiodigestersanddistributioninfrastructure.-By2024,theaimistoeliminatedumpsitesinthecountryandshifttowardsenhancedwastemanagementpracticesthatprioritizeenergyefficie