构词法（核心考点精讲精练）（解析版）公开课教案教学设计课件资料.docx

考点Ol构词法（核心考点精讲精练）考情探究近年高考越来越注重对构词法的考查。通过引导学生掌握构词法，分析词的组成，有助于学生提高词汇的分析能力，扩大词汇量。此外，利用构词法还有助于记住单词的形、义和词性，避免出现拼写的错误，提高综合能力。近年高考真题名词考点细目表XXXX语法填空阅读理解XX2023年新高考I卷56.Tasty(Iaste)64.rarely(rare)economicalxxx.经济的，实惠的；SustainableA可持续的；strategicadj.重要的，合适的，战略（性）的；available0/可用的，可得到的；additionaladj.附力口的，另夕卜的countlessadj.无数的;多得数不清的0新高考II卷56.arrival(arrive)57.confident(confidence)63.Basically(Basic)OCCaSiOnalIyaA偶然;偶尔；有时候Evaluationn.评价,评估Emotionaladj.感情的；情感的；情绪的Initiator.发起人；创始人0全国甲卷67.different(difference)69.Waming(Warn)backbreakingadj.非常辛劳的;费力的philosopher哲学家philosophical哲学的Simplicity简单reawaken重新唤起beautifuIly改为beautiful全国乙卷69.Remarkable(Remark)Probablyadv.几乎肯定；很可能；大概Uninterestingadj.不吸引人的；无趣的；无聊的less-than-impressive不那幺令人印象深刻truth改为true2022年新高考I卷63.eventually(eventual)honorable=honourableadj.光荣的：可敬的；高贵的disqualificationn.不合格；取消资格；被罚下场disqualified不合格的；被取消资格的willpowern.意志力；毅力0新高考II卷38.asleep(sleep)accidentally(accidental)affordv-affordableadj.privatea<ij.-privacyn.0全国甲卷65.protection(protect)66.meaningful(meaning)trial-and-error试错实验indicatev-indicationn-indicatorn.表明一指示器，指标0浙江卷1月roughly(rough)independence(independent)downturnn.衰退;下降white-outconditions（暴露于恶劣天气环境而产生的）失明off-roadbiking越野骑车lifebloodn.命脉0全国乙卷65.responsibility(responsible)characterisationn.人物刻re-admissionn.重新入场Ahair-raising令人毛骨悚然mentally改为mental2021新高考I卷undoubtedly(undoubted)best-rated排名最好的up-and-coming积极进取的.inclusionn.纳入;包含2021新高考II卷44.representative(represent)observationn.观察；观测；监视observatoryn.天文台；气象台6.interpersonaladj.人际关系的；人际的02021全国甲卷daily(day)asmallClearing一小块空地foregroundn.前景;最显著的地方02021全国乙卷financial(finance)development(develop)functionala.运转的、功能正常的landlinen.座机02021.6浙江卷marriage(marry)anUDhinbattle一场漫长而艰难的战争02021.1浙江卷sharply(sharp).praiseworthya.值得称赞的0考点梳理考点一：名词转和动词互相变换典例引领41.2021.6浙江卷】In1844theyboughtitfor$1,200andsomelandfromCharlesDresser,whoperformedtheir3(marry)ceremonyin1842.9Lincolnsenlargedthehousetoafulltwostoriesin1856tomeet(heneedsoftheirgrowingfamily.3.【答案】marriage【解析】考查名词。此题考查动词变名词，marry*marriagc,这里表示结婚仪式。句意：CharlesDresser于1842年在这里举行了他们的结婚仪式。【答案】the【解析】考查定冠词the,theLinclons林肯一家人。Ihe+姓氏的复数，表示一家人。句意：林肯一家人在1856年把房子扩建为栋二楼，以满足他们日益增长的家人的需求。即时检测4j.1. Thisdevelopmentwasonlypossiblewiththe(introduce)ofelectric-poweredenginesandlifts2. Whentheywerefreefromwork,theyinvitedustolocaleventsandletusknowofaninteresting(compete)towatch,togetherwiththestorybehindit.3. Then,handlethemostimportanttasksfirstsoyoulfeelarealsenseof(achieve).petition3.achievement考点二：名词和形容词互相变换典例引领1. 2022全国乙卷uAsamainpromoteroftheInternationalTeaDay,thebirthplaceofteaandtheIargeSt(large)tea-producingcountry,Chinahasa65(responsible)toworkwithothercountriestopromotethehealthydevelopmentoftheteaindustry.答案:responsibility解析：考查名词。句意：中国是茶的发源地和最大产茶国，作为国际茶日的主要推动者，中国有责任与其他国家共同促进茶产业的健康发展。不定冠词a后接可数名词的单数形式。故填responsibility。2. 2022全国甲卷】Caobelievesthiswillmakethehikingtripevenmore(meaning).答案：meaningful解析：考查形容词。句意：曹认为这将使这次徒步旅行更加有意义。此处是make复合结构，应用形容词meaningful.作宾语补足语。故填meaningful。即时检测4×4!.Englishisavery(use)toolwhileyou'retravelingabroad3. mvery(please)withmyowncooking.Itlooksniceandsmellsdelicious.4. Tomsoundsverymuch(interest)inthejob,butmnotsurewhetherhecanmanageit.5. Heisconstantlycomplaining.Ihavenevermeta(noise)person.1.useful2.pleased3.interested4.noisy考点三：形容词和副词互相变换典例引领1.2022新高考卷TheGPNP,smaingoalistoimproveconnectivitybetweenseparatepopulationsandhomesofgiantpandas,and(eventual)achieveadesiredlevelofpopulationinthewild.答案：eventually解析：考查副词。句意：GPNP的主要目标是改善不同种群和大熊猫家园之间的联系，最终达到理想的野生大熊猫数量水平。设空处后为动词achieve,设空处应用副词eventually作状语，修饰动词achieveo故填eventuallyo考点四：阅读理解和完形填空中的考查1. 2022年全国乙卷】InWickenden,sbook,sheexpandedonthehistoryoftheWestandalsoonfeminism,whichofcourseinfluencedthegirls'decisiontogotoElkhead.Ahair-raisingsectionconcernsthebuildingoftherailroads,whichentailed(牵涉)drillingthroughtheRockies,ofteninblindingsnowstorms.ThebookendswithRosamondandDorothy'sreturntoAuburn.6.WhichpartofWickenden,swritingishair-raising?A.TheextremeclimateofAuburn.B.ThelivingconditionsinElkhead.C.TherailroadbuildingintheRockies.D.ThenaturalbeautyoftheWest.【答案】C【解析】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Ahair-raisingsectionconcernsthebuildingoftherai卜OadS,whichentaileddrillingthroughtheRockieszofteninblindingSnOWStOrmS.(令人毛骨悚然的段与铁路建设有关，这涉及到在令人眩目的暴风雪中钻穿落基山脉。)”可知，WiCkenden的作品中涉及落基山脉的铁路建设这一部分是令人毛骨悚然的。故选C项。即时检测1 .(gradual),littleTomgotusedtobeingtheonlychildatatablefullofadults.2 .Workgetsdone(easy)whenpeopledoittogether.3 .Lookatyou!You,rebreathingso(heavy).We,renotevenhalfwaythereyet.I.Gradually2.easily3.heavily知识点拨许多英语单词的构成都有一定的规律，这种规律被称为构词法(Wordformation)掌握构词法知识对我们更好地理解词义、认识新词和扩大词汇量有重要意义。英语中的构词法主要有派生法(DeriVatiOn)、合成法(COmPoSitiOn)和转换法(Conversion)三大类。构词法一派生法在一个词的词根(root)前面或后面加上某个词缀(affix)来产生新词，这种构词法称为派生法(derivation)或词缀法(affiXation)。力口在前面的词缀叫前缀(prefix),加在后面的词缀叫后缀(SUffiX)。一般情况下，前缀往往改变词根的词义，不改变词根的词性；而后缀往往改变词根的词性，有些也涉及意义的变化。大部分前缀和后缀都有固定的意义，因而许多派生词的词义可以通过词根及词缀的意思推知。1.形容词变副词的后缀在形容词后加一Iy可变成相应意义的副词直接加一Iyextremeextremely尤其，非常stupidstupidly傻也改y为一ilyhappyhappily快乐地merrymerrily快乐地去e加Tytrue真的TtrUIy真地2.形容词变名词的后缀XX例词-ageshort->shortage不足；短缺XXefficient-÷efficien××效率；功效accurate-÷accuraxx准确性domfree÷freedom自由；自主WiSe>wisdom明智；智慧encedifferent-÷difference差异silent->SilenCe沉默nessWeak今WeakneSS虚弱；弱点careless-÷carelessness粗心大意thStrOng->xxxxxxxx力气；强项wide-÷width宽-y-tyitydisable->disability无能；残疾responsible-÷responsibility责任3.动词变名词的后缀XX例词alapprove->approval赞成；批准arrive->arrival到来anceappear÷appearanceS;外貌perform->performance表演；节目enceexistexistence存在；生存refer-÷reference参考；查阅ionconstruct->construction建设evaluate->evaluation评估ationconsider÷consideration考虑imagine->imagination想象力(s)siondiscuss÷discussion讨论；辩论admitTadmission接纳；准许入学inghear->hearing听力;听觉begin->beginning开始mentargue->argument辩论；论据equip-÷equipment设备XXXfail÷faiIxxx失败;没做到press÷pressx××压力turemix-mixture混合；混合物depart->departure离开；出发-yrecover÷recovery恢复；痊愈discover-÷discovery发现XXvary->variety多样化；种类tend->tendency趋向；趋势4.表示“人”的后缀在某些形容词、名词或动词后面加后缀变成具有某种职业或动作的人。常见的表示"人"的后缀有:XX例词-ervillage->Villager村民strx×ge->Strxxger陌生人-xxxx-÷Iixx说谎者-xemploy->employxx受雇者；雇员interview-÷interviewxx被面试者-orinvent-÷inventor发明家educateeducator教育家；教师XXXsteward-÷Stewardxxx女乘务员host->hostx××女主人；女主持人xxxChina->Chinxxx中国人Japan-÷Japanxxx日本人anAmerica->American美国人Australia->Australian澳洲人ianhistory->historian历史学家politics->politician政治家;政客istspecial÷specialist专家tour3tourist旅行者；观光者XXXparticipate-÷participxxx参加者assistassistxxx助手；图书管理员5.动词、名词变形容词的常见后缀后缀例词ableaccept-÷acceptable可接受的comfort->comfortable舒适的alperson-÷personal个人的；私人的nature3natural自然的；天生的fulhope-÷hopeful有希望的peace->peaceful和平的edconfuse->confused感到困惑的bore->bored感到厌倦的ingsurprise-÷surprising令人惊讶的convince->convincing令人信服的ibleaccess-÷accessible容易到达的；容易取得的horror-÷horrible可怕的；恐怖的iveeffect>effective有效的；生效的instruct-÷instructive有教育意义的-ousanxiety->anxious忧虑的curiosity->curious好奇的sometire-÷tiresome令人厌倦的trouble-÷troublesome麻烦的-ytastetasty美味的；可口的Wealth>wealthy富裕的；丰富的dirtfdirty有灰尘的；脏的-erneast->eastern东方的；xx的west-÷western西方的；向西的ishfool-÷foolish愚蠢的；可笑的self->selfish自私的-icscience->scientific科学的history->historic历史上著名的aryimagine-÷imaginary想象中的6.表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀XX例词dis一advantage->disadvantage缺点comfort->discomfort不舒适i-legal÷illegal不合法的logical-÷illogical不合逻辑的im-patient->impatient不耐烦的moral÷immoral不道德的in-formal->informal非正式的convenient->inconvenient不方便的irregular->irregular不规则的responsible->irresponsible不负责任的mislead-÷mislead误导understand->misunderstand误解unwilling->unwilling不愿意的happy->unhappy不高兴的后缀例词XXXXhope÷hope××××绝望的care-÷carexxxx粗心的7.变动词的前缀和后缀XX例词××-large-÷xxlarge扩大XXXX->XXXXXX使充实；使丰富后缀例词-enbroad÷broaden使变宽hard->harden使变硬XXXclass->class×××把分类beauty-÷beautxxx美化-×xapology-÷apologx×x道歉emphasis->emphas××x强调在词形不变的情况下，把一个单词由一种词性转换成另一种词性，而没有加任何词缀，这种构词方法称为转换法。转换法种类很多，但数量最多的是由名词转化为动词和由动词转化为名词两大类。转换后的词义与转换前的词义通常有密切的联系，但有时差异也很大。动词÷名词walk->x×××awalk散步swim->haveaswim游泳名词3动词bookn.÷v.预订milkn.->v.挤奶形容词÷动词slowadj.->v.减慢narrowadj.÷v.使变窄；（差距等）缩小形容词副词hardadj.困难的adv.努力地highadj.高的adv.高deepadj.深的÷÷adv.深wideadj.宽的÷÷adv.广阔地构词法三合成法把两个或两个以上的词素放到一起，这种构词法称为合成法。合成词通常由两个或两个以上的自由词素构成不同词性，最常见的包括：名词合成词，形容词合成词，动词合成词。之间有的用连字符连接，有的直接连接在一起。1 .合成名词构成方式例词名词+名词weekend周末名词+动词daybreak黎明名词+动名词handwriting书法名词+及物动词+erorpain-killer止痛药名词+介词+名词sister-in-law嫂子代词+名词she-wolf母狼,he-goat动词+名词typewriterJT字机动名词+名词reading-room阅览室现在分词+名词flying-fish飞鱼形容词+名词freshman大一新生副词+动词outlook景色,风光介词+名词afterbrain后脑2 .合成形容词构成方式例词名词+形容词bloodred血红的名词+现在分词French-speaking讲法语的名词+to+名词one-to-one一对一的名词+过去分词man-made人造的数词+名词one-way单行道的数词+名词+形容词three-year-old三岁的数词+名词+edten-storeyed十层的动词+副词one-off*次性的形容词+名词high-quality高质量的形容词+名词+ednoble-minded高尚的形容词+形容词light-green浅绿色的形容词+现在分词ordinary-looking相貌一般的副词+形容词ever-greenxx的副词+现在分词hard-working辛勤的副词+过去分词well-known著名的副词+名词fast-food提供快餐的介词+名词indoor室内的3 .合成动词构成方式例词名词+动词sleep-walk梦游形容词+动词white-wash粉刷副词+动词overwhelm压倒,制服4 .合成副词构成方式例词形容词+名词hotfoot匆忙地形容词+副词everywhere到处副词+副词however尽管如此介词+名词beforehand事先介词+副词forever永远5 .合成代词构成方式例词代词宾格+selfherself她自己，themselves物主代词+selfmyself我自己形容词+名词anything一切语法填空词形转换常考词汇表一A1.abilitysbiHUn.能力；才能ablceib(o)la.能够；有能力的1.absence'ajbsonsn.不在，缺席absent,<ebsonta.缺席，不在3. academicaeka'demlka./n.学术的,教学的academyo'k<edomn.专科学院，(美)私立学校4. access,<eksesn./v.通道，入径,存取(计算机文件)accessibleok'seslb(o)la.可到达的，可接受的5. achievea'ti：vvt.达到，取得achievementa'ti：vmantn.成就,成绩，功绩6. act&ktn.法令，条例V.(戏)表演，扮演(角色)，演出(戏)；行动，做事action'SekJ(o)nn.行动activeI'JektIva.积极的，主动的activityaek'tvtn.活动7. adapto'daeptv.使适应,适合，改编adaptat沁nodasp'tel(o)nn.适应，改编本8. adjust©d3AstV.调整,调节，适应，习惯adjustments'd3stmontn.调整，适应9. admirableI'aedm9rab(9)la.值得赞赏的，可钦佩的admireod,maio(r)Jv.钦佩;羡慕admissionlod'mi(a)nn.准入，接纳admitsd'mltvt.承认，准许(入场，入学，入会)10. advertise,aedvstaizvt.为做广告advertisementad'v3:tsmontln.广告1l.agreea'gri:v.同意；应允agreemento,gri:montn.同意，一致；协定，协议12 .amazeo'meizv.惊奇，惊叹；震惊amazed感到惊讶的amazingameizi9a.惊奇，惊叹的；震惊的beamazedat对.感到惊讶13 .amusea'mju:zvt.(使人)快乐，逗乐amused感到愉快的amusing令人愉快的amusementa'mju：ZmOnu11娱乐14 .analyze/'snl,alz/v.分析analysis9naehsisn.分析，分析结果15 .anger'aega(r)n.怒，愤怒angry,enga.生气的，愤怒的16 .anxietyae,zaitn.担忧，焦虑anxious'aekasa.忧虑的，焦急的17 .apologizeo'pI0d3azvi.道歉，谢罪apology9poI0d31n.道歉；歉意18 .appearo'Pls(r)vi.出现appearanceo,piorsnsn.出现，露面；容貌19 .applicationaeplkeiJ(a)nn.申请applys'plav.申请20 .appointo'pIntv.任命，委任，安排appointmento'p1ntmontn.约会appreciateo'pri:Ieltv.欣赏；感激appreciationopri:I'el(o)nn.欣赏，鉴定，评估21 .appropriates'proupriota.合适的，恰当的approximatelyoprksi,motllad.近似，大约22 .argue,:qju：vi.争辩，争论argument':gjmontn.争论，辩论23 .arrangeo'reind3v.安排，布置arrangemento'reind3montn.安排，布置24 .arrivalo'rav(a)ln.到来，到达arrives'ravvi.到达；-at小地方，-in大地方25 .assesso'sesv.评价,评定(性质，质量)assessment0'sesmontn.看法，评价26 .assista'sistv.帮助，协助assistanceo,sist(o)nsn.帮助，援助，支持assistanto,sist(o)ntn.助手,助理27 .associatea'sauIeltv.联想，联系associationosasi'elJ(a)nn.协会，社团，联系28 .assumeo'sju：m；(US)o'su:mv.假定，假设assumptiona'SAmPJg)nn.假定，假设29 .attracto'traektv.吸引，引起attractiono'trek(a)nn.吸引，爱慕attractivea'traektva.迷人的，有吸引力的B1. bad(worse,worst)baeda.坏的；有害的，严重的badly1b<edlad.坏，恶劣地2 .bathb:(US)ban.洗澡；浴室；澡盆bathebevi.洗澡；游泳3 .beautiful,bju：tf(a)la.美，美丽，美观的beauty,bju：Un.美丽，美人4 .behavebihevv.守规矩,行为behaviour/bi'helvjor/n.行为，举止5 .beneficialben'fl(a)la.有利的，有帮助的，有用的benefit'benfltn.v.优势，益处，使受益6 .bored/b。rd/a.(对人，事)厌倦的，烦闷的boring/'bona.乏味的，无聊的7 .bravebreva.勇敢的bravery'breVOrln.勇气8 .breathbren.气息；呼吸breathebri：vi.呼吸breathless'brelsa.气喘吁吁的，上气不接下气的9 .build(built,built)biIdv,建筑；造building,biIdin.建筑物；房屋；大楼C1 .carekeo(r)n.照料，保护；小心v.介意，在乎careful'keofula.小心，仔细，谨慎的carelessf,kealsa.粗心的,漫不经心的2 .caution,ko:J()nn.谨慎，小心，警告cautious'k:Jasa.小心的，谨慎的3 .celebrate('sellbreltv.庆祝celebrationsell'breiJ(o)nn.庆祝；庆祝会4 .entre中心central中心的5 .certain,S3:t(o)na.确定的，无疑的；一定会certainly,S3:tanlad.当然；一定,无疑6 .challenge,taelnd3n.挑战(性)challenging,taellnd31巾a.具有挑战性的7 .changeable,telIKl3ob(o)la.易变的，变化无常的changetelnd3Jn.零钱；找头v.改变，变化；更换；8 .cheert1o(r)n.&vi.欢呼；喝彩Cheerupt1a(r)-p振作起来！提起精神！cheerful't1OfbUa.兴高采烈的，快活的cheerst1a(r)int.干杯，(口)谢谢，再见9 .chemicalkemk()la.化学的n.化学品chemist'kemstn.药剂师；化学家chemistry('kemist1n.化学10 .child(复children)talldn.孩子，儿童childhood,talldhdn.幼年时代，童年1Lcivil'siv(9)Ha.国内的；平民(非军人)的；民用的civiliansi'viIionn.平民，老百姓civilizationsiviIalzel(o)n；n.文明12 .cleankli:nvt.弄干净,擦干净a.清洁的，干净的CIeanerkli：no(r)n.清洁工清洁器.，清洁剂13 .clearkli(r)a.清晰；明亮的：清楚的clearly'klallad.清楚地，无疑地14 .cloud,klojn.云；云状物；阴影cloudy,kladia.多云的，阴天的15 .comfort"kAmfotn.安慰；慰问comfortable'kmfatob(o)l;(US),kAmfortabla.舒服的;安逸的;舒服自在的16 .commitks'mitv.犯(罪，错)，自杀commitmentka'mitmantn.承诺，允诺，承担17 .communicateko'mju：nketv.交际；传达(感情，信息等)communicationkamju:n'ke(o)nn.交际，通讯18 .competekom'pi:tvi.比赛，竞赛competence'k。mpotonsn.能力，胜任,管辖权competitionkmpo't(a)nn.比赛，竞赛competitorkom'petlts(r)n.竞赛者，比赛者19 .concludekon,klu：dv.完成，结束conclusionkan'klu:3(o)nn.结论；结束20 .considerkon'sida(r)vt.考虑consideratekan'sidarata.体贴的considerationkansida'rel(o)nn.考虑；关心2!.conveniencen.convenientadj.方便的22.constructkan,strktv.构筑；建造，建设constructionksn'strk(o)nn.建造，建设，建筑物D!.danger'delnd3a(r)n.危险dangerous'delnd3arssa.危险的2 .darkda:kln.黑暗；暗处；日暮a.黑暗的；深色的darkness,d:kmsn.黑暗,阴暗3 .diedalv,死dead死的，无生命的deathden.死4 .decidedisaldv,决定;下决心decisiondi'si3(3)1111决定；决心5 .deepdi：pa.深ad.深；深厚deeply'di：plad.深深地depthdcpn.深,深度66 .delightdilaitn.快乐；乐事delighteddi'laitida.高兴的，快乐的67 developdi'velapv.(使)发展；(使)发达；(使)发育；开发vt.冲洗(照片)developmentdivelapmontn.发展，发达，发育，68 devotedi'voutvt.把奉献,把专用(于)devotiondiVOUJ(o)nn.奉献,奉献精神69 differ'difo(r)v.相异,有区别difference'difronsn.不同different,difronta.不同的,有差异的70 .difficult'diftkta.难;艰难；不易相处difficulty,diflkolan.困难，费力71 .disagreediso'gri:vi.意见不一致，持不同意