美国名人建筑设计师弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特.docx

美国名人建筑设计师弗兰克劳埃德赖特FrankLloydWrightz1867-1959:ThegreatestAmericanbuildingdesignerofthetwentiethcenturyplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-15:45repeatByShelleyGollustandMarilynChristiano2007-4-28VOICEONE:mPhoebeZimmerman.VOICETWO:AndmSteveEmberwiththeVOASpecialEnglishprogramPeopleinAmerica.TodaywetellaboutthelifeandworkofthegreatestAmericanbuildingdesignerofthetwentiethcentury,FrankLloydWright.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:FrankLloydWrightdesignedbuildingsformorethanseventyyears.Hedidmostofhisworkfromnineteenhundredthroughthenineteenfifties.Hedesignedhouses,schools,churches,publicbuildings,andofficebuildings.CriticssayFrankLloydWrightwasoneofAmerica'smostcreativearchitects.Onecriticsaidhisideaswerefiftyyearsaheadofthetimeinwhichhelived.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:FrankLloydWrightwasbornineighteen-sixty?seveninthemiddlewesternstateofWisconsin.HestudiedengineeringattheUniversityofWisconsin.Ineighteeneighty?seven,hewenttothecityofChicago.Hegotajobintheofficeofthefamousarchitects,LouisSullivanandDankmarAdler.Severalyearslater,Wrightestablishedhisownbuildingdesignbusiness.HebeganbydesigninghomesforpeoplelivinginandnearChicago.Thesehomeswerecalled"prairiehouses.',VOICEONE:Prairiehouseswerelongandlow.Theyseemedtogrowoutoftheground.Theywerebuiltofwoodandothernaturalmaterials.Theindoorsexpandedtotheoutdoorsbyextendingthefloor.Thiscreatedwhatseemedlikearoomwithoutwallsoraroof.Innineteen-oh-two,Wrightdesignedoneprairiehouse,calledtheWillitsHouse,inthetownofHighlandPark.Thehousewasshapedlikeacross.Itwasbuiltaroundahugefireplace.Theroomsweredesignedsotheyseemedtoflowintoeachother.VOICETWO:VisitorstoChicagocanseeanotherofWright'sprairiehouses.ItiscalledtheRobieHouse.Itlookslikeaseriesoflong,lowroomsondifferentlevels.Theroomsseemtofloatovertheground.Wrightdesignedeverythinginthehouse,includingthefurnitureandfloorcoverings.Wright'sprairiehouseshadagreatinfluenceonhomedesigninAmerica.Eventoday,onehundredyearslater,hisprairiehousesappearverymodern.VOICEONE:Inthenineteenthirties,Wrightdevelopedwhathecalled"Usonian"houses.Usoniawashisnameforaperfect,democraticUnitedStatesofAmerica.Usonianhouseswereplannedtobelowcost.WrightdesignedthemfortheAmericanmiddleclass.ThesearethemajorityofAmericanswhoareneitherveryrichnorverypoor.FrankLloydWrightbelievedthatallmiddleclassfamiliesinAmericashouldbeabletoownahousethatwasdesignedwell.HebelievedthattheUnitedStatescouldnotbeatruedemocracyifpeopledidnotowntheirownhouseontheirownpieceofland.VOICETWO:Usonianhouseswerebuiltonaflatbaseofconcrete.Thebasewaslevelwiththeground.Wrightbelievedthatwasbetterandlesscostlythanthecommonmethodofdiggingaholeinthegroundforthebase.Low?costhousesbasedontheUsonianideabecameverypopularinAmericainthenineteenfifties.VisitorscanseeoneofWright'sUsonianhomesnearWashington,D.C.ItisthePope-LeighyHouseinAlexandria,Virginia.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:FrankLloydWrightbelievedinspreadinghisideastoyoungbuildingdesigners.Innineteenthirty?two,heestablishedaschoolcalledtheTaliesinFellowship.Architecturalstudentspaidtoliveandworkwithhim.Duringthesummer,theyworkedathishomenearSpringGreen,Wisconsin.Wrightcalledthishouse"Taliesin,"ThatisaWelshnamemeaning"shiningbrow."Itwasbuiltofstoneandwoodintothetopofahill.Duringthewinter,theyworkedatTaliesinWest.ThiswasWright'shomeandarchitectureofficenearPhoenix,Arizona.Wrightandhisstudentsstartedbuildingitinnineteenthirty-sevenintheSonoranDesert.VOICETWO:TaliesinWestisanexampleofFrankLloydWright'sideasoforganicarchitecturetakingrootinthedesert.Hebelievedthatarchitectureshouldhavelifeandspirit.Hesaidabuildingshouldappeartogrownaturallyandeasilyfromitsbaseintoitssurroundings.Selectingthebestplacetoputabuildingbecameamostimportantfirststepinthedesignprocess.FrankLloydWrighthaddiscoveredthebeautyofthedesertinnineteentwenty-sevenwhenhewasaskedtohelpwiththedesignoftheArizonaBiltmorehotel.HecontinuedtoreturntothedesertwithhisstudentstoescapetheharshwintersinWisconsin.Tenyearslaterhefoundaperfectplaceforhiswinterhomeandschool.HeboughtaboutthreehundredhectaresofdesertlandatthefootoftheMcDowellMountainsnearScottsdale,Arizona.Wrightsaid:"Iwasstruckbythebeautyofthedesert,bythedry,clearsun-filledair,bythestarkgeometryofthemountains."HewantedeveryonewhovisitedTaliesinWesttofeelthissamesenseofplace.VOICEONE:Hisarchitecturestudentshelpedhimgatherrocksandsandfromthedesertfloortouseasbuildingmaterials.Theybeganaseriesofbuildingsthatbecamehome,officeandschool.Wrightkeptworkingonandchangingwhathecalledabuildingmadeofmanybuildingsfortwentyyears.Today,TaliesinWesthasmanylowstonebuildingslinkedtogetherbywalkwaysandcourtyards.Itisstillverymuchalivewithactivity.Aboutseventypeoplelive,workandstudythere.GuidestakevisitorsthroughwhatisoneofAmerica'smostimportantculturaltreasures.VOICETWO:Innineteenthirty?seven,WrightdesignedahousenearthecityofPittsburgh,Pennsylvania.Itisafineexampleofhisideaoforganicarchitecture.Thehouseiscalled"Fallingwater."Itsitsonhugerocksnexttoasmallriver.Itextendsoverawaterfall.Fromonepartofthehouse,apersoncanstepdownastairwayoverthewater."Fallingwater"issounusualandsobeautifulthatitcametorepresentmodernAmericanarchitecture.Onecriticcallsitthegreatesthouseofthetwentiethcentury.LikeTaliesinWest,"Fallingwater"isopentothepublic.VOICEONE:FrankLloydWrightalsoisfamousfordesigningimaginativepublicbuildings.Innineteen?oh?four;hedesignedanofficebuildingfortheLarkinSoapCompanyinBuffalo,NewYork.Theofficeswereorganizedaroundatallopenspace.Atthetopwasaglassrooftoletsunlightintothecenter.Inthelatenineteenthirties,WrightdesignedanofficebuildingfortheJohnsonWaxCompanyinRacine,Wisconsin.Italsohadonegreatroomwithouttraditionalwallsorwindows.Theoutsideofthebuildingwasmadeofsmooth,curvedbrickandglass.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:Innineteenforty7threezFrankLloydWrightdesignedoneofhismostfamousprojects:theGuggenheimMuseumofArtinNewYorkCity.Thebuildingwascompletedinnineteensixty;theyearfollowinghisdeath.TheGuggenheimisunusualbecauseitisacircle.Insidethemuseum,awalkwayrisesinacirclefromthelowestflooralmosttothetop.Visitorsmovealongthiswalkwaytoseetheartworkonthewalls.TheGuggenheimmuseumwasverydifferentfromWright'sotherdesigns.Itevenviolatedoneofhisownrulesofdesign:theGuggenheim'sshapeiscompletelydifferentfromanyofthebuildingsaroundit.VOICEONE:WhenWrightwasaveryoldman,hedesignedtheMarinCountyCivicCenterinSanRafaelzCalifornia,nearSanFrancisco.TheCivicCenterprojectwasoneofhismostimaginativedesigns.Itisaseriesoflongbuildingsbetweentwohills.FrankLloydWrightbelievedthatarchitectureislifeitselftakingform."Therefore/'hesaid,"itisthetruestrecordoflifeasitwaslivedintheworldyesterday,asitislivedtoday,oreverwillbelived."FrankLloydWrightdiedinnineteenfifty-nine,inPhoenix,Arizona.Hewasninety?oneyearsold.HisbuildingsremainarecordofthebestofAmericanTwentiethCenturyculture.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:ThisSpecialEnglishprogramwaswrittenbyShelleyGollustandMarilynChristiano.ItwasproducedbyLawanDavis.OurstudioengineerwasMaxCarroll.mSteveEmber.VOICEONE:AndmPhoebeZimmerman.JoinusagainnextweekforanotherPeopleinAmericaprogramontheVoiceofAmerica.