美国名人报纸发行人威廉·伦道夫·赫斯特.docx

美国名人报纸发行人威廉伦道夫赫斯特WilliamRandolphHearstz1863-1951:HeCreatedWhatWasOncetheNation'sLargestNewspaperOrganizationplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-17:04repeatByCynthiaKirk2007-6-23ANNOUNCER:WelcometotheVOASpecialEnglishprogramPEOPLEINAMERICA.Today,SteveEmberandRichKleinfeldttellaboutAmericanpublisher.MisterHearstcreatedwhatwasoncethenation'slargestnewspaperorganization.HeboughtnewspapersinmanyareasoftheUnitedStates.Hespentmillionsofdollarstogainreadersinsometimesshockingways.HeforeverchangedtheAmericannewspaperbusiness.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:WilliamRandolphHearstwasborninSanFranciscoineighteensixty-three.HewastheonlychildofGeorgeHearstandPhoebeAppersonHearst.Hisfatherbecamerichbydevelopingmines.Hismotherwasaphilanthropistwhogavehertimeandmoneytohelpothers.WilliamRandolphHearsthadeverythinghewantedasachild.But,hewasarebel.Ineighteeneighty-five,hewasexpelledfromHarvard,oneofthebestuniversitiesinAmerica,forplayingajokeonaprofessor.GeorgeHearstwantedhissontotakecontrolofdevelopingtheminesorthelandheowned.ButWilliamhadotherdesires.HebecameinterestedinnewspaperswhileatHarvard.HestartedworkingasareporterfortheNewYorkWorldnewspaperownedbyJosephPulitzer.VOICETWO:GeorgeHearstownedtheSanFranciscoExaminernewspaper.Buthewasmoreinterestedinpoliticsthaninnewspaperpublishing.Ineighteeneighty-seven,GeorgeHearstbecameaUnitedStatessenator.HegavecontrolofthenewspapertohissonWilliamwhowastwenty-three.WilliamRandolphHearstwantedtocreateanewspaperthatpeoplewouldtalkabout.Heworkedlonghoursandputhighenergyintohisnewspaper.Heemployedsomeofthebestreportersandwritershecouldfind.And,hepaidthemthehighestwages.MisterHearstimprovedtheappearanceofhisnewspaperandboughtmodernequipment.Healsoimprovedrelationswithadvertisers.Advertiserspaytohavetheirproductsshowninnewspaperstoincreasesales.Newspapersprofitfromthemoneypaidbyadvertisers.NewsstoriesintheSanFranciscoExaminerwerewrittenwithforce,energyandexcitement.Somestorieswerewrittentoshockreadersandaffectthememotionally.However;thestoriesweresimpleandeasytoread.MisterHearstbelievedindoingwhateverittooktogetreaders.Hisnewspaperpolicywas:makethenewscomplete;printallthenews;shortenitifnecessary,butgetitin.ThatbecamethepolicyinnewsroomsacrossAmerica.VOICEONE:Byeighteenninety-one,theSanFranciscoExaminerhadthreetimesmorereadersandadvertisersthanwhenMisterHearsttookcontrolofthenewspaper.Inlessthanfiveyears,WilliamRandolphHearstmadethenewSanFranciscoExaminerahugesuccess.MisterHearstrepeatedhissuccessinNewYorkCity.Heborrowedfivemilliondollarsfromhismothertopurchaseasecondnewspaper;theNewYorkJournal.Inhisfirsttwomonths,heincreasedthenumberofcopiessoldfromthirtythousandtoonehundredthousand.JosephPulitzerwasaverysuccessfulpublisherinNewYork.MisterHearstsharedMisterPulitzer'sexcitementandenergyaboutthenewspaperbusiness.Duringtheeighteennineties,MisterHearstandMisterPulitzerbeganafiercenewspaperwar.MisterHearsthiredmanyreportersfromMisterPulitzer'sNewYorkWorldnewspaper.Hepaidthemmorethantwotimesasmuchastheyhadbeenearning.HealsoreducedthepriceofhisnewspaperbelowMisterPulitzer's.VOICETWO:MisterHearstwonreadersbymakingthenewsmoreexcitingandentertaining.Hecreatedakindofnewspaperreportingknowntodayas"yellowjournalism."Newseventsweremadetoseemgreaterthantheyreallywere.Hismethodswentbeyondwhatwouldbeacceptedtodayinmajornewspapers.Criticssaidhisnewspaperswereonlyforentertainment.Yetmanyothernewspaperstriedtocopyhismethods.MisterHearstattackedbigbusinessesanddishonestpoliticiansinhisnewspapers.Therewerealsoreportsaboutse×,murderandothercrimes.Hisnewspapersbecameavoiceforworkingpeopleandthepoor.Hisinfluencegrewacrossthenationthroughhisnewspapersandthemagazinesheboughtorbegan.VOICEONE:ManyexpertssayMisterHearst'sreportingmethodsandhisbattlewithMisterPulitzerforreadersledtotheSpanish-AmericanWar.Ineighteenninety-eight,theUnitedStatesfoughtSpaintohelpthepeopleofCubagainindependencefromSpain.MisterHearst'snewspapershadaccusedSpainofsinkingtheAmericanbattleshipMaineandkillingtwohundredfiftysailors.Thisincreasedpublicsupportforthewar.However,itstillisnotknownhowtheshipsank.ThewargreatlyincreasedreadersfortheHearstpublications.MisterHearst'sbattlewithcompetitorswidenedafterthewar.SomenewspapersblamedhimwhenPresidentWilliamMcKinleywasmurderedinnineteen-oh-one.TheassassinationhappenedafteroneoftheHearstnewspapersseemedtosuggestkillingMisterMcKinley.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:Intheearlynineteenhundreds,WilliamRandolphHearstbecamedeeplyinvolvedinpolitics.HerepresentedNewYorkintheUnitedStatesHouseofRepresentativesfromnineteen-oh-threetonineteen-oh-seven.Innineteen-oh-foGheunsuccessfullysoughttheDemocraticnominationforpresident.HealsofailedinhiscampaignstobecomegovernorofNewYorkormayorofNewYorkCity.MisterHearsthadhopedtochangethewaythingswerebeingdoneinNewYorkCity.HehopedtodefeatdishonestNewYorkCitypoliticianswhocontrolledthecityatthetime.MisterHearstalsocampaignedagainstbigbusiness.Hesupportedlaborunionsandgovernmentownershipofpublicutilities,railroads,andotherbigcompanies.And,hesoughtpoliticalreformandthereturnofeconomiccompetitioninthecountry.VOICEONE:MisterHearst'sopponentsaccusedhimofbeingdisloyaltohiscountrybecauseofhissupportforGermanyduringthefirstyearsofWorldWarOne.HewasopposedtoAmericaninvolvementinthewar.MisterHearstwassharplycriticizedforhispoliticalideas.Manypeoplerefusedtodealwithhim.Somehatedhim.Hisnewspaperswerebannedinmanycommunities.MisterHearststronglysupportedDemocratFranklinRooseveltforpresidentinnineteenthirty-two.ThenhebecameincreasinglyconservativeandturnedagainstPresidentRoosevelt.HeopposedAmericaninvolvementinWorldWarTwo.Healsoledafiercecampaignagainstcommunismduringthenineteenthirties.Throughtheyears,MisterHearstcontinuedtobuynewspapersandmagazinesacrossthecountryandaroundtheworld.Healsocontrolledanumberofradioandtelevisionstationsandamoviecompany.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:WilliamRandolphHearstandhiswifeMillicentweremarriedinnineteen-oh-three.Theyhadfivesons.Sheremainedmarriedtohimuntilherdeath.However,MisterHearstspentalmostthirtyyearsofhislifewithHollywoodactressMarionDaviesinSanSimeon,California.TheymetinnineteenseventeenandlaterlivedtogetheratSanSimeon.Hestartedamoviecompanytoproducemoviesforher.Theirrelationshipshockedthenation.MisterHearstspentthirtyyearsandthirtymilliondollarstobuildahugehomeatSanSimeon.Ithasonehundredsixty-fiverooms.MisterHearstandMarionDaviesentertainedmanyfamouspeoplethere.Hecontinuallyboughtcostlyartobjectstofillit.Bynineteenthirty-seven,MisterHearst'sheavyspendingthreatenedtoruinhispublishingorganization.Hewasforcedtosellmuchofhispropertyandmanyartobjects.TheeconomicrecoveryafterWorldWarTwosavedwhatwasleftofhismediaorganization.VOICEONE:WhenWilliamRandolphHearstdiedinnineteenfifty-one,hestillownedwhatwasthenthelargestnewspapercompanyinAmerica.Today,theHearstCorporationincludesmorethanonehundredthirtyseparatebusinesses.Theyincludenewspapers,magazines,radioandtelevisionstationsandbusinessmediacompanies.ThecommunicationsbusinessWilliamRandolphHearstbegancontinuestoinfluenceandinformpeoplearoundtheworld.(MUSIC)ANNOUNCER:ThisSpecialEnglishprogramwaswrittenbyCynthiaKirk.ItwasproducedbyPaulThompson.YournarratorswereSteveEmberandRichKleinfeldt.mFaithLapidus.ListenagainnextweekforanotherPEOPLEINAMERICAprogramontheVoiceofAmerica.