人教版（2019）选择性必修 第一册Unit 1 People of Achievement单词详解讲义.docx

选择性必修Ul单词详解1.PhySioIogyn.生理学；生理机能典型例句Physiologyisthestudyofhowlivingthingswork.生理学是研究生物功能的学科。Someofitremainsinthebrain,whereitinfluencesmood,behaviorandPhySioIOgy.一部分催产素仍存留在大脑里，在这里，它会影响人们的情绪、行为以及生理机能。思维拓展Evolutionaryphysiology进化生理学physiologyofdinosaurs恐龙生理学Plantphysiology植物生理学植物生物学即时训练ThefifthresolutionrelaunchedtheEuropeanresearchnetworkonthePhySiolOgyoftrees,calledEurosilva.第五项决议重新提出了有关树木生理机能的欧洲研究网，该研究网被称为Eurosilva.Aartemisininn.青蒿素（抗疟药）；青蒿提取物典型例句AfricansarenowjustaskeenonAsianmedicine:artemisinin,ahighlyeffectivemalariaremedyderivedfromaChineseshrub.非洲人现在同样热衷于亚洲药物：青蒿素，一种从中国灌木中提取的、非常有效的治疗疟疾的药物。ThegroupshavealsoinvestedinantimalariadrugsforA.C.T.,artemisinin-basedcombinationtherapy.这些组织也投资于抗疟疾药物开发，基于青蒿素的组合疗法。3 .cncialadj.至关重要的；关键性的典型例句Hewasn,tthereatthecrucialmoment(whenhewasneededmost).紧要关头他却不在那里。Parentsplayacrucialroleinpreparingtheirchildforschool.父母对孩子做好上学的准备起着至关重要的作用。思维拓展crucialfactor/issue/decision关键性的因素/问题/决定becrucialto/forsth.对至关重要becrucialthat是极其重要的即时训练Winningthiscontractiscrucialtothesuccessofthecompany.4 .malarian.疟疾典型例句Malariaisendemicinmanyhotcountries.疟疾是许多气候炎热国家的流行病。Atpresent,nowidelyapprovedvaccineexistsformalaria.目前没有被广泛认可的疟疾疫苗。5 .vitaladj.必不可少的；极其重要的；充满生机的典型例句Iftheinjuriesaresecondorthirddegreeburns,itisvitaltogetthevictimtothedoctororhospitalatonce.如果是二度或者三度烧伤，至关重要的是把伤者立刻送去看医生或送往医院。Thismatterisofvitalimportancetous.这件事对我们来说至关重要。思维拓展Ibevitalto/forsth.对极为重要的Itisvitaltodosth.做很重要Itisvitalthat是十分重要的It'svitalthatwe(should)carryouttheoperationimmediately.我们应立即开始手术，因为这是生死攸关的。误区警示Itisvital+that.句型中从句要用should+do虚拟结构，should可省略。即时训练Itisvitaltokeep(keep)anaccuraterecordofeverytransaction.6 .commitvt.承诺;保证vi.忠于;全心全意投入(工作、活动等)【教材原句】TuYouyou,acommittedandpatientscientist,wasborninNingbo,China,on30December1930,andgraduatedfromPekingUniversityMedicalSchoolin1955.屠呦呦,一位坚定而有耐心的科学家,于1930年12月30日出生在中国宁波955年毕业于北京大学医学院。【归纳拓展】COmmitto把送交/托付给;对作出承诺/承担义务/担负责任;使(自己)致力于commitoneselfto(sth/doingsth/doSth)承诺;保证(做某事、遵守协议或安排等)commitacrime犯罪committedadj.尽心尽力的;坚定的;坚信的becommittedto致力于;投身于commitmentn.承诺故力,献身makeacommitment(todoSth)做出承诺(做某事)【背佳句】Also,youshouldbetotallycommittedtowhatyoudo,asexcellenceisonlypossiblewithcommitment.此外,你应当完全致力于你所做的事,因为只有完全付出才可能达到卓越。练出神单句语法填空(I)Buthequicklyfoundthathelovedplayingthisinstrument,andwascommittedtopracticing(practice)it.(2)Wemadeacommitment(commit)toworktogether.写精彩句式转换背诵(3)Asshewascommittedtotheproject,sheseldomplayedwithherchildren.-CommittedtotheProieCLSheseldomplayedwithherChildren.(形容词短语作状语）7. academyn.（艺术、文学等的）研究院；学会；专科院校典型例句TheAcademyAwardsappeartovalidatehiscareer.这些奥斯卡金像奖看来证实了他的职业生涯的价值。Theacademyisfarmoreinclusivenowthanitusedtobe.该学院如今比过去更为兼收并蓄。8. academicadj.学业的；学术的典型例句Heisunsuitedtoacademicwork.他不适合做学术工作。Itisapurelyacademicquestion.这是一个纯理论问题。9. objectiven.目标;目的adj.客观的【教材原句】In1967,theChinesegovernmentformedateamofscientistswiththeobjectiveofdiscoveringanewtreatmentformalaria,andTuYouyouwasamongthefirstresearcherschosen.1967年,中国政府组建了一支以探索治疗疟疾新方法为目的的科学家队伍,屠呦呦是其中首批入选的研究人员。【归纳拓展】withtheobjectiveof.目的是achieve/meetanobjective达至U目标setanobjective制定目标beobjectiveabout对是客观的objectivelyadv.客观地objectvi.不赞成,反对n.目标;物体溶体;宾语objectto(doing)sth反对(做)某事【背佳句】Anotherwayofsettingrealisticgoalsistoanalyseyourshort-termandlong-termobjectivesandkeepinmindyourbeliefs,valuesandstrengths.另一种设定现实目标的方法是分析你的短期和长期目标,并牢记你的信念、价值观和优势。练出神单句语法填空(I)Wesimplywanttoinformpeopleobjectively(objective)oftheevents.(2)Themethodofanalysismustbeobjectiveaboutevaluatingtheaccidentrate.写精彩一句多译.背诵就我而言,我是反对在办公室里吸烟的。InmyQpinionJobjecttosmokingintheoffice.(object)Inmyview,Iamagainstsmokingintheoffice.(against)10. botanicaladj.植物学的典型例句Theareaisofgreatbotanicalinterest.该地区很有植物学研究价值。200,000specimensoffungusarekeptattheKomarovBotanicalInstitute.20万个真菌标本被保存在科马罗夫植物研究所。1.4. .evaluatevt.评价;评估【教材原句】Herteamexaminedover2,000oldmedicaltexts,andevaluated280,000plantsfortheirmedicalproperties.她的团队查看了2000多本古老的医学文献,并对28万种植物的药用性能进行了评估。【归纳拓展】evaluate.onby根据评价evaluationn.估计;评价makeanevaluationof对进行评估【背佳句1Inordertostaymotivatedtoachievethegoal,firstlyyouneedtoevaluateyourselfproperly.为了保持动力去实现目标,首先你需要恰当地评估自己。练出神单句语法填空(I)Itiswidelyacknowledgedthatstudentsshouldbeevaluated(evaluate)intermsofoverallquality.(2)Theangerwasthatalltherestofuswereevaluatedon/bywhatWeproduced.写精彩一句多译.背诵我们必须评估火灾造成的后果。Wemustevaluatetheconsequencescausedbythefire.(evaluate)WemustmakeanevaluationOftheconsequencescausedbythefire.(evaluation)12. propertyn.性质；特征；财产典型例句Thepropertywasownedcommunally.这财产属集体所有。Thisbuildingisgovernmentproperty.这座大楼是政府的财产。13. distinctadj.清晰的;清楚的;有区别的【教材原句】Fromtheirresearch,theydiscoveredandtested380distinctancientChinesemedicaltreatmentsthatshowedpromiseinthefightagainstmalaria.从他们的研究中,他们发现并测试了380种不同的古代中医疗法,这些疗法在抗击疟疾方面很有希望。【归纳拓展】bedistinctfrom.-不同itisdistinctthat.很明显distinctionn.差别;区分;卓著;不同凡响makeadistinctionbetween对加以区分【背佳句】Thefactthathedidn,tspeakaforeignlanguageputhimatadistinctdisadvantage.他不会说外语这件事使他处于明显的不利地位。练出神单句语法填空(1)Thenewlawmakesnodistinction(distinct)betweenadultsandchildren.（2）Wemustmakeadistinctionbetweenformallanguageandinformallanguage.写精彩句式转换背诵（3）Thosetwoideasarequitedifferentfromeachother.ThosetwoideasarequitedistinctfromeachOther.（应用文之观点态度）14. extractvt.提取物；摘录;提取；提炼；摘录；（用力）拔出典型例句Thefirstpartistoextracteachpacket.第一部分是提取每一个包。Theteam'sattemptstoextractDNAfromthe1947bonesallfailed.该小组从1947根骨头中提取DNA的尝试都失败了。15. wormwoodn.蒿；洋艾典型例句SweetwormwoodisacommonplantinChinaandTuYouyouisthewomanwhousedthespecialpoweroftheplanttosavemillionsoflives.在中国，青蒿是一种常见的植物，而屠呦呦就是那个用这种植物的特殊力量拯救了数百万人生命的女人。Mywordsmustbegallandwormwoodtohim.我的话在他听来一定逆耳。16. boilvt.&vin.（使）沸腾；煮开；烧开;.沸腾；沸点典型例句（I）Vt.&vi.（使）沸腾；煮开；烧开Thewaterisbeginningtoboil.水开始沸腾。Boiltheeggforthreeminutes.把鸡蛋煮三分钟。（2）n.沸腾；沸点Bringthesouptotheboil,thenallowittosimmerforfiveminutes.把汤煮开，然后文火煮五分钟。思维拓展boilingwater沸水（即处于100°C的开水）boiledwater白开水（烧开过的水）即时训练BoiIing（boil）watercrackedacupacrossthebottom.17. liquidnadj.液体;液体的；液态的典型例句Theliquidisthendiluted.然后液体就变稀了。It'svitalnottooverheattheliquid.最关键的是不要让液体过热。18.obtainvtvi.（尤指经努力）获得；赢得;.（规章、习俗等）存在;流行典型例句Ifinallymanagedtoobtainacopyofthereport.我终于设法弄到了这份报告的一个副本。Theseconditionsnolongerobtain.这些条件不再适用。思维拓展obtainadvice/information/promise得到忠告/信息/应许obtainableadj.可获得的；可得到的即时训练Theperfectbodyhasalwaysbeendifficulttoobtain（obtain）.19. acknowledgevt.承认（属实、权威等）;（公开）感谢【教材原句JHOWeVer,TuYouyouwouldnotacknowledgedefeat.然而,屠呦呦并不承认失败。【归纳拓展】acknowledgedoing/havingdonesth承认做（某事acknowledgesb/sthtobe/as.承认某人/某物是acknowledgethat.承认it,sgenerally/universallyacknowledgedthat.人们公认acknowledgementn.承认;感谢;谢礼inacknowledgementofsth对某事表示感谢【背佳句】Itisuniversallyacknowledgedthathehasagreattalentformusic.人们公认他有很高的音乐天赋。练出神单句语法填空(I)Shehasbeenacknowledgedasthemostpromisingfemalescientistinherresearcharea.(2)1wassentafreecopyinacknowledgement(acknowledge)ofmycontribution.(3)Withnosolidevidence,herefusedtoacknowledgeStealing/havingStolen(steal)thelady,spurse.写精彩一句多译背诵正如大家所公认的,除非我们创造一个污染更少的世界,否则我们不可能看到更蓝的天空。ftisacknowledgedthatWecanneverexpectabluerskyunlesswecreatealesspollutedworld.(it作形式主语)fAsisacknowledged,wecanneverexpectabluerskyunlesswecreatealesspollutedWorld.(定语从句)20. defeatnvt.失败；挫败;.击败；战胜典型例句JOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA”约翰斯诺战胜“霍乱王”vt.打败；战胜；使受挫1.iNadefeatedheropponentandwonthefirstinthefinaloftheFrenchOpenin2011.在2011年法国网球公开赛决赛中，李娜击败对手获得了冠军。Theproposalwasdefeatedby16votesto6.因16票反对，6票赞成，该提议未能通过。(2)n.C,U失败TheBrazilnationalfootballteamsufferedadefeatintheWorldCup.巴西国家足球队在世界杯上被击败了。易混辨析defeat,beat,windefeat击败，强调过程和结果宾语是对手beat打败；(连续)击打宾语是对手win赢得；获胜宾语是game或PriZe等即时训练Thenavyplayedalimitedbutsignificantroleindefeating(defeat)therebellion.21. analysevt.分析典型例句Weshouldanalysewhattheysaidandnotjustagreewitheverything.我们应该对他们的意见加以分析，不要随声附和。思维拓展analysisn.分析，它的复数形式是analyses。analysableadj.可分析的；可分解的Hisanalysiswasalwaysconvincing.他的分析总是令人信服的。Iwantadetailedreportofalltheanalyses.我想要一份所有分析的详细报告。Manycompoundsareanalysable.许多化合物是可分解的。即时训练Theycollectbloodsamplesforanalysis(analyse)atanationallaboratory.22. apparentlyadv.显而易见;看来;显然【教材原句】Sheconcludedthatboilingthesweetwormwood叩Parentlydestroyeditsmedicalproperties.她的结论是,煮沸青蒿显然破坏了它的药用性能。【归纳拓展】asisapparentlyshown/statedinthepicture/chart/passageabove正如上面图画/图表/文中明显展示/陈述的那样apparentadj.显而易见的;显然的;表面上的itisapparentthat显然【背佳句】AsIapproachedthetractor,hejumpedoutontotheroad,apparentlyunhurt,anddashedbacktome.就在我走近拖拉机时,他跳到公路上,显然没受伤,跑回到了我身边。【温馨提示】“显然”的多种表达方式：itisapparent/obvious/distinctthat.apparently/obviously/distinctly.Ithoughtshehadretired,butapparently/obviously/distinctlyshehasn,t.我原以为她退休了,但是很显然她还没有。练出神单句语法填空(I)Hewasapparently(apparent)muchsurprisedatthenewsthattheamateurathletebeattheprofessionalonewhorankedtopten.(2)Itisapparentthatanyoneofusshouldn'ttakeitforgrantedatpresent.写精彩完成句子背诵正如上面图表所明确展示的那样,大约10%的学生支持这种观点。ASisapparentlyShoWnintheChartabove,thereareabout10%studentssupportingtheidea.(应用文之观点)22 .apparentlyadv.显而易见；看来；显然典型例句Apparently,theyaregettingmarriedsoon.很显然，他们要结婚了。Ithoughthehadfoundanewjob,butapparentlyhehasn't.我原以为他找到了新工作，但显然还没有。思维拓展apparentadj.显而易见的；明白易懂的；显然的；表面上的Itwasapparentfromherfacethatshewasreallyexcited.从她脸上一眼就可以看出她的确很兴奋。Itsoonbecameapparenttoallthathecouldn'tsolvetheproblem.很快大家就明白了他无法解决这个问题。唧时训练Apparently(apparent)theyaregettingdivorcedsoon.23 .substance'sabstonsn.物质；物品；事实根据典型例句Petrolisavolatilesubstance.汽油是挥发性物质。Clayisaplasticsubstance.黏土是可塑物质。Nothingofanysubstancewasachievedinthemeeting.会议没有取得任何实质性成果。24 .insistvi.&vt.坚持；坚决要求典型例句Theyalwaysinsistonhighquality.他们一贯坚持高质量。Herparentsinsistedonspeakingtotheheadmaster.她父母坚持要和校长谈话。Sheinsistedonhimwearingasuit.她坚持要他穿西装。Heinsistedthathehadseenaghost.他坚持说自己见到鬼了。思维拓展insistonsth.坚决要求某事；坚持说某事insiston/upondoingsth.坚持要做某事insiston/uponone'sdoingsth.坚持要求某人做某事特别提示insist的词义不同，其后的宾语从句形式也不同：词意宾语从句坚持要求宾语从句使用虚拟语气，即从句谓语是“(should+)do”结构。坚持认为；坚持说宾语从句使用陈述语气。InsistingthatTomhadstolenhiscar,SmithinsistedthatTom(should)beput(put)inprison.由于坚持认为汤姆偷了他的车，史密斯坚持要求把汤姆送进监狱。即时训练Ifyouinsiston/uponleavingnow,pleasegoahead.Heinsiststhatshecome(come).25 .scientificadj.科学(上)的；关于科学的典型例句Sheaspiredtoascientificcareer.她有志于科学事业。Ourscientificresearchissecondtonone.我们的科学研究不亚于任何人。26 .mostlyadv.主要地；一般地典型例句Carsaremostlymetal.汽车大多是金属制成的。She,snearly90andmostlykeepstoherroom.她快90岁了，大部分时间都待在房间里。27 .wearandtear(正常使用造成的)磨损；损耗典型例句Thesearethefirstmachinesthatcanstandthewearandtearofcontinuouslycrushingglass.这些是第一批能经得住连续碾碎玻璃造成的磨损的机器。Theymustendurewearandtear.它们必须能够经得起磨损。28 .conclusionn.结论；推论典型例句Wecansafelydrawsomeconclusionsfromourdiscussion.从讨论中我们可以有把握地得出一些结论。思维拓展makeaconclusion下结论cometo/draw/arriveat/reacha/theconclusion得出结论inconclusion(=toConCIUde)最后，总之(常作插入语)jump/leaptoconclusions/theconclusionthat.匆忙下结论，贸然断定concludevt.&vi.结束;推断出conclude(sth.)以结束()ConeIUde(从)推断出/断定conclude.(tobe).断定(是)1.etusconcludeourmeetingwithasong.请让我们用一首歌来结束我们的会议。Whatdoyouconcludefromthefacts?从这些事实中你得出了什么结论？即时训练vecometotheconclusjon(conclude)thathe,snottherightpersonforthejob.29 .penicillinn.青霉素；盘尼西林典型例句Hewastreatedwithpenicillininjections.他接受了青霉素注射。Onedoseofpenicillincanwipeouttheinfection.一剂青霉素即可消除感染。30 .fleevt.(fled,fled)迅速离开；逃跑典型例句Hespentsixmonthsinprisonbeforefleeingthecountry.他在逃离那个国家之前坐了六个月的牢。ManyGermanartistsfledtoAmericaatthebeginningofWorldWarII.二战开始时，很多德国艺术家逃到了美国。易混辨析flee与escapeflee只说明动作，不强调结果；escape逃离，结果是成功的。Theenemyfledindisorderbutonlyafewofthemnarrowlyescapeddeath.敌人纷纷逃跑，但只有少数侥幸逃生。即时训练Antheteachersandstudentsmanagedtoflee(flee)theburningteachingbuilding.Heappliedforasylum(政治庇护)in1987afterfleeing(flee)thepolicebackhome.31 .circumstancen.usuallypl.条件；环境；状况典型例句In/Underthecircumstanceshefeltunabletoacceptthejob.在这种情况下，他觉得无法接受这项工作。IknowIcantrustthewomaninanycircumstances.我知道我在任何情况下都能信任那个女人。思维拓展in/underthecircumstances在这种情况下，既然如此in/undernocircumstances决不，无论如何都不(置于句首时，句子部分倒装)即时训练一CanIusethetelephoneonthetable,sir?一Undernocircumstancesis(be)anyoneallowedtousethetelephoneintheofficeforpersonalaffairs.ThecompanyreservestherighttocancelthisagreementincertainCircumstances(Circumstance).32 .noVeliStn.小说家noveln.(长篇)小说典型例句Shewasesteemedtheperfectnovelist.她被认为是最完美的小说家。Foranovelist,that,squiteanaccomplishment.对于一个小说家来说，那是一个了不起的成就。Heisworkingonanewnovel.他正在写一部新小说。Haveyoureadhernewnovel?你看过她新出的小说了吗？33 .flownvi.流；流动；流畅；供应;.流；流动Thisvalveregulatestheflowofwater.这个阀门调节水流。Astheyflowsouth,thefiveriversconverge.这5条河向南流，最终汇合在一起。34 .flowchart流程图典型例句Thisflowchart,shownbelow,summarizestheoverallcostingprocess.这张流程图如下所示，概括了成本计算的全程。Whydon,tWestartbymakingaflowchartfromthenotesourtutorgaveus?我们为什么不从导师给我们的笔记开始，做一个流程图呢？35 .foundvt.创建;建立;把建立在【教材原句Jfoundedmodemnursing创立了现代护理制度【归纳拓展】befoundedin建立于befoundedon/upon建立在基础上;(建筑物)建立在上foundern.创始人;创建者;缔造者foundationn.地基;基础,根据laya(film/solid)foundationfor.为打下(坚实的)基础【背佳句】TheHuoshenMountainHospitalfoundedintendayshasbeenputintouseinordertofightagainstCOVID-19.为了抗击新型冠状病毒肺炎,在十天内建成的火神山医院已经投入使用了。练出神单句语法填空(I)AdamSmithisconsideredoneofthefounders(found)ofclassicaleconomics.(2)Theteacherfoundedhissystemoflanguageteachingon/uponthebeliefthatspeakingshouldcomebeforereading.(3)TsinghuaUniversity,founded(found)in1911,ishometoagreatnumberofoutstandingindividuals.写精彩完成句子背诵(4)通过共同合作,我们能够为经济持续发展奠定扎实的基础。Byworkingtogether,wecanIayaSKlidfoundationforsustainableeconomicdevelopment.1.1 infervt.推断;推定典型例句WhatcanWeinferabouttheauthorfromthetext?从文章中我们能推断出作者的什么信息？WhatcanWeinferfromthepassageabouttheauthor?我们可以从文章中推断出关于作者的什么信息？37 .politiciann.从政者；政治家；政客典型例句Thisisawilypolitician.这是一个狡猾的政客。Herepresentsanewbreedofpolitician.他代表着新一类的政治家。Asapoliticianhehasoftencourtedcontroversy.作为政治人物，他常常招致争议。38 .numerousadj.众多的；许多的典型例句Numerousmarriagesnowendindivorce.现在许多婚姻都以离婚而告终。Wildboararenumerousinthevalleys.这些山谷里有无数的野猪。Hehasbeenlateonnumerousoccasions.他已经迟到过无数次了。39 .theoryn.理论；学说典型例句Onetheoryaboutthemoonisthatitisapiecebrokenofffromtheearth.有一种关于月球的学说认为它是地球分离出的一部分。Thistheoryshouldbeprovedbeforeitisused.在运用这个理论前要对它进行证明。思维拓展intheory(反inpractice)理论上Yourplanisgoodintheory,butdoesitworkinpractice?你的计划在理论上不错，但实施起来行吗？即时训练Weshouldcombinetheory(理论)withpractice.40 .relativityn.相对论；相对性典型例句Accordingtothetheoryofrelativity,nothingcantravelfasterthanlight.根据相对论，任何东西都无法超越光速。Einstein1Stheoryofrelativitywonforhimunivers