美国名人记者爱德华·默罗.docx

美国名人记者爱德华默罗EdwardR.Murrow,1908-1965:TheFamousRadioandTelevisionReporterHelpedCreateModernNewsBroadcastingplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-15:13repeatByGeorgeGrow2008-5-24VOICEONE:mFaithLapidus.VOICETWO:AndmSteveEmberwithPEOPLEINAMERICAinVOASpecialEnglish.Today,wetellthestoryofEdwardR.Murrow,afamousradioandtelevisionbroadcaster.Hehelpedcreateanddevelopmodernnewsbroadcasting.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:EdwardR.MurrowEgbertRoscoeMurrowwasborninnineteen-oh-eightinthestateofNorthCarolina.HisparentslivedonafarminanareacalledPolecatCreek.TheMurrowsweremembersoftheQuakers,areligiousgroupknownforitshumanitarianactivitiesandoppositiontowar.WhenhewasaboytheMurrowfamilymovedacrossthecountry.TheysettledinthewesternstateofWashington,neartheborderwithCanada.VOICETWO:Incollege,EgbertMurrowchangedhisnametoEdward.HecompletedhiscollegeeducationatWashingtonStateCollegeinnineteenthirty.Edwardwasactiveincollegepolitics.HeservedaspresidentoftheNationalStudentFederation.Heorganizeddebatesandothereventsforthestudentorganization.HealsotraveledthroughouttheUnitedStatesandEurope.EdMurrowjoinedtheInstituteofInternationalEducationinnineteenthirty-two.Heservedasassistantdirectorofthegroup.Duringthisperiod,hemarriedayoungwomanhehadmetatastudentconference.HernamewasJanetBrewster.Theylaterhadonechild,ason.VOICEONE:EdwardR.MurrowacceptedajobwiththeColumbiaBroadcastingSysteminnineteenthirty-five.HisjobwastogetfamouspeopletospeakonCBSradioprograms.Twoyearslater,MurrowwasnameddirectoroftheCBSEuropeanofficeandmovedtoLondon,England.HisjobwastogetEuropeanofficialsandexpertstoprovidecommentsforCBSbroadcasts.Murrowwastwenty-nineyearsoldandthecompany'sonlyrepresentativeinEurope.VOICETWO:ThesituationinEuropewasbecomingtense.AdolfHitlerandhisNazipartyhadcometopowerinGermany.Upuntilthattime,radionewsintheUnitedStateswasmostlyopinions,orcommentary.CBSofficialswereconcernedaboutpermittingnewsbroadcastsbyreporters.MurrowofferedajobtoWilliamL.Shirer,anewspaperreporter.Thetwomenwantedtodosomethingdifferent.Theywantedtopresentradioreportsaboutwhattheyhadseenandheard.InMarch,nineteenthirty-eight,thetwomenmaderadiobroadcastinghistory.Theyproducedathirty-minutebroadcasttoreportontheseizureofAustriabyNaziGermany.ThatmeantgettingpeopleinBerlinandotherEuropeancapitalstocommentonthenewsstory.MurrowtraveledtoViennatoreportonNaziforcesenteringtheAustriancapital.ThebroadcastalsoincludedreportsfromLondon,Berlin,Paris,FranceandRome,Italy.Itwasahugesuccess.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:MurrowreturnedtoLondonandcontinuedhisbroadcastsasWorldWarTwostarted.Heopenedthereportswiththewords,"ThisisLondon."Murrowwasanexcellentreporterwhochosehiswordswithgreatskill.HisreportsseemedtobringthewarhometoAmericans.Forexample,hedescribedtheBattleofBritainashesawandexperiencedit.Insomeofhisreports,listenerscouldhearthesoundofbombexplosionsorairraidwarnings.Once,Murrowbroadcastfromthetopofabuildinganddescribedwhathesaw.HereispartofonereportfromAugustthirty-first,nineteenthirty-nine.MurrowdescribesplansbyBritishofficialstomovechildrenawayfromcoastalareas:EDWARDR.MURROW:"Schoolchildrenwillbetakenbytheirteacherstohomesinsaferdistrictswheretheywillbehousedbypeoplewhohavealreadyofferedtoreceivethemandlookafterthem.Allparentsofschoolchildrenarestronglyurgedtolettheirchildrengo.Parentswillbetoldwheretheirchildrenareassoonastheyreachtheirnewhomes."VOICETWO:MurroworganizedateamofreporterswhosenameswouldbecomewellknowntoAmericanlisteners.TheyincludedCharlesCollingwood,RobertTroutzEricSevereid,andHowardK.Smith.Theteamhadelevenmembers.Theywerecalled"theMurrowboys."TheyreportednewsfromthemajorEuropeancapitals.TheirreportswereheardontheCBSradioprogram"WorldNewsRoundup."Thesemenestablishedthetraditionsofbroadcastjournalism.Mostofthereportershadworkedfornewspapersormagazines.Theyhadlearnedtoworkquicklyandclearly,muchneededqualitiesinradio.TheMurrowboysweretohaveapowerfuleffectonAmericanbroadcastingforyearstocome.EdwardR.Murrowtookhislistenersplacestheyhadneverbeen.Heletthemexperiencethingstheycouldnotimagine.Forexample,afterWorldWarTwo,hewasamongthefirstAlliedreporterstovisittheBuchenwaldprisoncampoperatedbytheNazisinGermanyduringthewar.Thisishowhedescribedtheprisonersthere:EDWARDR.MURROW:"Aswewalkedintothecourtyard,amanfelldead.Twoothers,theymusthavebeenoversixty,werecrawlingtowardthelatrine.Isawit,butwillnotdescribeit.Inanotherpartofthecamp,theyshowedmethechildren,hundredsofthem.Somewereonlysix.Onerolleduphissleeveandshowedmehisnumber.Itwastattooedonhisarm."(MUSIC)VOICEONE:MurrowwasfamouswhenhereturnedhometotheUnitedStatesafterthewar.HisworkinEuropeguaranteedhimaplaceinthehistoryofnewsreporting.HewasappointedvicepresidentofNewsatCBSinnineteenforty-six.However,heresignedfromthepositionthefollowingyearandreturnedtobroadcasting.Murrowrecordedaseriesofrecordalbumswithaproducer,FredFriendly.Theserieswascalled"ICanHearItNow."Theseprogramspresentedhistoricaleventsthroughrecordingsofspeechesandnewsbroadcasts.LateMurrowandFriendlydevelopedasimilarweeklyradioshow.Itwascalled"HearItNow."VOICETWO:IntheUnitedStates,theriseoftelevisioninthenineteenfiftiesendedtheperiodcalledtheGoldenAgeofRadioBroadcasting.Mostofthepopularshowsdisappearedfromradio.Moreandmorepeoplestartedwatchingtelevision.SoEdMurrowandhisboysmovedtotelevision.HejoinedwithFredFriendlytocreatetheseries"SeeItNow."Thisshowlastedfromnineteenfifty-onetonineteenfifty-eight.Thefirst"SeeItNow"showedthefirsttelevisionpicturesbroadcastfrombothcoasts.ItshowedtheBrooklynBridgeinNewYorkCityandtheGoldenGateBridgeinSanFrancisco,California.SenatorJosephMcCarthyInoneprogram,"SeeItNow"examinedaccusationsmadebySenatorJosephMcCarthy.HehadaccusedgovernmentofficialsofbeingsupportersormembersoftheCommunistParty.TheprogramshowedthatSenatorMcCarthyhadnorealevidencefortheaccusations.Somepeoplesaytheprogramhelpedtoendthesenator'shuntforCommunists.Expertssaytheprogramwasimportantinthehistoryoftelevision.Otherbroadcastson"SeeItNow"concernedimportantissuesofrace,warandgovernmentdishonesty.VOICEONE:Murrowalsostartedanothertelevisionshowcalled"PersontoPerson."Hespokewithfamouspeopleintheirhomes.OneprogramvisitedEleanorRoosevelt,wifeofformerPresidentFranklinD.Roosevelt.TheshowalsovisitedactressMarilynMonroe,actorMarlonBrandoandSenatorJohnF.Kennedy.EdMurrowalsoproducedanumberofspecialinvestigativeprogramsforCBS.Onesuchprogramwascalled"HarvestofShame."Itshowedthehardlivesandpoorlivingconditionsoffarmworkerswhomovefromplacetoplace.SomepeoplesaythisbroadcastwassopowerfulthatitinfluencedAmericanlawmakerstopassmeasurestoprotectthesemigrantworkers.VOICETWO:Murrow'sreportingandchoiceofsubjectsoftenledtodisputeswithhissupervisorsatCBS.AfterJohnRKennedywaselectedpresident,heaskedthenewsmantoleadtheUnitedStatesInformationAgency.Murrowservedastheagency'sdirectorfromnineteensixty-onetonineteensixty-four.Thenheretiredfromthejob.Murrowwassickwithlungcancer.Hehadsmokedcigarettesformuchofhislife.Hediedinnineteensixty-fiveathisfarminPawling,NewYork.Hewasfifty-sevenyearsold.Bythetimehedied,Murrowhadwonallofthetopawardsgiventoreporters.Healsoreceivedhonorsfromfivecolleges.PresidentLyndonJohnsongavehimtheMedalofFreedom.ThatisthehighesthonorapresidentcangivetoanAmericancitizen.Today,EdwardR.Murrowisrememberedforhisinfluenceonbroadcastingandthequalityofhisreporting.FormerCBSchairmanWilliamPaleyoncesaidMurrowwasamanmadeforhistimeandwork.Paleycalledhimastudent,athinkerand,atheart,apoetofmankind.Asaresult,hesaidzMurrowwasagreatreporter.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:ThisprogramwaswrittenbyGeorgeGrow.LawanDaviswasourproducer.mFaithLapidus.VOICETWO:AndmSteveEmber.JoinusagainnextweekforPEOPLEINAMERICAinVOASpecialEnglish.