嘉莉的认同危机分析研究——从埃里克森的认同危机理论分析《嘉莉妹妹》影视编导专业.docx

嘉莉妹妹是德莱塞的第一部小说，小说以19世纪末20世纪初美国为背景，展示了当时美国社会经历的巨大变革，讲述了贫困的农村少女嘉莉如何从社会底层登上百老汇明星宝座的过程。本论文主要运用美国著名社会心理学家埃里克森的青春期阶段的认同危机理论分析女主人公嘉莉所经历的认同危机。埃里克森认为，人的自我意识的形成和发展可以划分为八个阶段，期中第五个阶段即青春期阶段，主要表现为自我同一性和角色混乱的冲突。在这一阶段,青少年面临许多新的选择机会和社会要求。如果能顺利完成角色转换，则能建立新的身份认同，相反则会造成角色混乱。本文分为三章，从自我、他人、社会的角度分析嘉莉妹妹的认同危机，由被动到主动，最后成功解决成为一位独立的人。借此希望通过对小说主人公嘉莉的分析，能够使读者对青春期阶段的认同危机有一个更加清晰、全面的了解，帮助尤其是青少年阶段的读者更顺利完成角色转换，度过危机，实现自我的成长和发展。关键词：嘉莉妹妹；认同危机；埃里克森；发展AbstractSisterCarrieisthefirstnovelbyTheodoreDreiser.ItshowsthegreatchangesofAmericansocietyattheturnofthe19thandthe20lhcenturiesbydepicitingthestoryofhowCarrie,apoorcountrygirl,becomesafamousstarinBroadway.ThisthesisattemptstoapplyAmericansocialpsychologistErikson,sidentitycrisistheorytoanalyzetheprotagonistCarne,sidentitycrisis.Eriksondividesselfconsciousnessintoeightstages,thefifthofwhichbeingtheadolescencestage,orthestageofegoidentityversusidentitydiffusion.Itisastage,inwhichtheadolescentsattempttoexplorewhotheyareandwhotheyaregoingtobe.Inthisstage,theadolescentsarefacedwithmanynewchoicesandsocialrequirements.Onlythroughsuccessfultransitionfromchildhoodtoadulthoodcantheyformanewselfidentity.Otherwise,theywilldevelopsomekindofroleconfusion.Thispaperisdividedintothreechapters.Fromtheperspectiveofself,othersandsociety,Carriesister'sidentitycrisisisanalyzedfrompassivetoinitiative,andfinallysuccessfullyresolvedtobecomeanindependentperson.HopethatthroughtheanalysisoftheprotagonistCarrie,canmakereadershaveaclearerandmorecomprehensiveunderstandingoftheidentitycrisisintheadolescentstage,especiallyyoungreadershelpstagemoresmoothlythroughthecrisis,roletransformation,selfgrowthanddevelopment.Keywords:SisterCanie;Identitycrisis;Erickson;developmentContentsAbstractinChineseAbstractinEnglishIntroduction0Chapter 1 e1Carrie,sIdentityCrisisinEgo2A. EnvironmentalTransition2B. ConceptionalConflict4Chapter 2 o6Carrie,sIdentityCrisisinAssociation6A.Carrie,sEstrangementwithFamily6B.Carrie,sAttitudetowardsLove6ChapterThree8Carrie,sIdentityCrisisinSociety8A.DegenerationfromToil8B.AwarenessafterDepravity8Conclusion10Notes11Bibliography12Acknowledgments13IntroductionPersonalidentityisthecognitionofoneself.Itisaboutthesamenessofone'sexistence.Inpersonalitystudies,identitymeansone'sessentialandcontinuousself.Inphilosophy,identityisalsocalledsameness,anditiswhatevermakesanentitydefinableandrecognizable.Insocialsciencessuchaspsychologyandsociology,identityisanunbrellateenusedtodescribeindividuality,personalidentity,socialidentity,andculturalidentityofagivenpersonorcharacter.Identityisanissuedevelopedwithmodernity,whichembodiestheresolutionoftraditionandthedrasticchangeoflife.Withthedevelopmentofsociety,people'sidentitiesthatoncewereconstanthavebecomenon-stationary.Asaresult,everyoneisfacedwiththeproblemofreselectingtheiridentities.Identityisanissuethroughoutlifeandquiteconspicuousinadolescence.Adolescenceisthekeystageofidentityinwhichtheadolescentshavetoassumenewrolesandresponsibilitiesalongwiththechangesinthebodyandmind.Onlythroughtheitrgrationofthesenewroleswitholdrolescanoneformacompleteandcoordinatedidentityinordertoavoididentitydiffusion.TheodoreDreiserisoneofthemostprominentwritersofthe20thcenturyAmericanliterature.Heisregardedasanoutstandingfigureinanationalliterarymovement,andasanaturalistandapioneerofAmericanmodemnovels.Hisworksareclosetopeople'slife,honest,boldandfullofpassion.AsaforerunneroftheAmericanmodernnovel,hebroketheimportantroleintimidandgenteeltraditionoftheVictorianperiodandplayedanintroducinganewRealismintoAmericanfiction.HesufferednumerouscondemnationsespeciallyforSisterCarrie.Hedepictstheinnerspiritualworldoftheadolescentsandidentifiescloselywithhischaracters.Inafairlycharacteristiclanguage.Heportraystheinnerstruggleofyoungpeopleandcriticizesthecorruptingworld.Despitetheirowncharacteristics,hisnovelsarenotmovingawayfromthethemeofSisterCarrie:people'sclothes,theirspeechandphysicalexercise.Theindustrialsociety.theplaceofwomen,andtheshapingpowerofone'svision.InSisterCarrie,Dreiserrepresentstheresistanceoftheprotagonistaswellaswhatshesuffersintheprocessofhergrowthfromadolescencetoadulthood.Inthisnovel,theambivalentprotagonistendeavorstoknowherselfanddefineherownidentityinaworldfullofdanger.Bythisnovel,Dreisertoucheduponawiderangeofthemesandexperiences,fromgrindingpovertytoupper-middleclasscomfort,whichchallengedthemainstreamideologyofthe20,hcentury.ThisthesisshallinvestigateintoCame,sidentitycrisisbytryingtoapproachthenovelfromErikErikson'sidentitytheorywhichistobebrieflydiscussedinthefirstchapterinrelationtoSisterCarriespersonalitydevelopmentontheonehandand,ontheother,inhopeofbuildingupakindoftheoreticalfoundationforasubstantialanalysisofCame'sidentitycrisis.Chapterstwo,threeandfourshallfocusonCame,sidentitycrisisitself,includingitscauses,itsmanifestations,anditsfinaloutcome,respectively.Foritscourses,thisthesisshallanalyzetheindifferenceamongpeople,Came'sspiritualalienation,andMinnie'sresponsetoCarrie.Formanifestation,thisthesisshallconcentrateonCame'snegativeidentity,includingheruseofherbodyformaterialinterest,andherintendedphysicalandspiritualalienation.Then,inthelastchapter,thethesisshallinterpretthetransitionthathappenstoCarrie,makingherawareofreallifeandepiphanywhichhasfinallyhelpedhertofindhertrueidentity.ThisthesischoosesTheodoreDreiser,sSisterCarrieasthecriticalobjectbecauseDreiserpresentshisprotagonistveryrealistically.Byexploringtheprotagonist'sinnerworldintheprocessofhersearchingforhertrueidentity,thisstudyintendstohelpreaders,especiallythosewhoareinthesamesituationastheprotagonist,toknowthemselvesandtheworldatlarge,withthehopethattheycandevelopapositiveattitudetofacethesetbackanddifficultiesinlife.ChapterOneCarrie5SIdentityCrisisinEgoA. EnvironmentalTransitionFeminismisamodemterm.Itisaconsciouslyheldideologywhichopposesconsciouslyheldideologiesthatmaintaintheprimacyofmasculineauthorityandpower.Feminismisapoliticalperceptionbasedontwopremises.Firstly,genderisthefoundationofastructuralinequalitybetweenwomenandmen,bywhichwomensuffersystematicsocialinjustice.Secondly,theinequalitybetweenthesexesisnottheresultofnecessitybutisproducedbytheculturalconstructionofgenderdifferences.Thisperceptionprovidesfeminismwithitsdoubleagenda:tounderstandthesocialandpsychicmechanismsthatconstructandperpetuategenderinequalityandthentochangethem.Actuallywomenhavesufferedfromalongtraditionofwhatisgenerallycalledttbiologicalessentialism”,thatisthebeliefthatawoman's,natureisaninevitableconsequenceofherreproductiverole.Whatisnaturaloressentialcannotbechangedinthewaythatsocialattributesofcharactercan,henceifbiologywereactuallytorenderwomenmoresubmissiveandlessadventurousthanmentherewouldbelittlethatanyonecoulddoaboutit.Thiskindofessentialargumenthasbeenusedthroughouthistoryandacrosssocietiestojustifywomen'ssubordination,eventhoughwhaareconsideredtobeessentially,'feminine,rcharacteristicsvaryfromculturetoculture.SimonedeBeauvoirinTheSecondSex,arevolutionarymasterpiece,pointsoutaconceptionof"othemess."Woman"functionsastheotherwhichallowsmentoconstructappositiveself-identityasmasculine.Andbecausewhatisotherdoesnothaveidentityinitsownright,itoftenactsasanemptyspacetobeascribedwhatevermeaningsthedominantgroupchooses.Thuswomenarefrailnotstrong,emotionalnotrational,eldingnotvirile,sothatwomencanbedefinedasthosepositivequalities.Inotherwords,byseeingasothertothemselves,asnot-men,mencanreadinto"femininity,whateverqualitiesareneededtoconstructtheirsenseofthemasculine.Sincemen'sculturaldominanceistheviewsofmenaretakenastheuniversalhumanviewofthings,itisimportanttorecognizethatthefocusoffeministstudiesisthisinstitutionalizedmaleoperatingthroughsocialstructureslikethelaw,education,employment,religion,thefamilyandculturalpractices.NoneoftheseistobeexplainedSimplisticallyintermsofconsciousintent,ofill-willorofconspiracyofindividualmenorevengroupsofmen.Theseself-sustainingstructuresofpower,bymeansofwhichwomen'sinterestsarealwaysultimatelysubordinatedtomaleinterests,constitutethesocialorderknownasttpalriarchy,adesignationwhichappliestoalmostallhumansocieties,pastandpresent.Contemporaryfeministstudiesundergothreestages,whicharereflectedbythreeterms“female","feminine"and"feminist”.Ofthethree,“female”designatesbiologicalsex,'feminine"referstoculturalconceptionsofgenderand"feministinvolvespoliticalperceptionsandaims.Nowthecurrentfeministmovementisexperiencingthethirdphase.Feministtheoryistheextensionoffeminismintotheoreticalorphilosophicaldiscourse.Ilaimstounderstandthenatureofgenderinequality.Itexamineswomen,ssocialroles,experience,interests,andfeministpoliticsinavarietyoffields,suchasanthropologyandsociology,communication,psychoanalysis,economics,literature,education,andphilosophy.Feministtheoryfocusesonanalyzinggenderinequality.Themesexploredinfeminismincludediscrimination,objectification(especiallysexualobjectification),oppression,patriarchy,stereotyping,arthistoryandcontemporaryart,andaesthetics.Feministtheoriesfirstemergedasearlyas1792inpublicationssuchasAVindicationoftheRightsofWomanbyMaryWollstonecraft,“TheChangingWoman,Ain,taWoman,uSpeechafterArrestforIllegalVbtingw,andsoon."TheChangingWoman”isaNavajoMyththatgavecredittoawomanwho,intheend,populatedtheworld.In1851,SqjournerTruthaddressedwomen,srightsissuesthroughherpublication,“Ain,11aWoman.wSojournerTruthaddressedtheissueofwomenhavinglimitedrightsduetomen,sflawedperceptionofwomen.Trutharguedthatifawomanofcolorcanperform(asksthatweresupposedlylimitedtomen,thenanywomanofanycolorcouldperformthosesametasks.Afterherarrestforillegallyvoting,SusanB.Anthonygaveaspeechwithincourtinwhichsheaddressedtheissuesoflanguagewithintheconstitutiondocumentedinherpublication,4*SpeechafterArrestforIllegalvotingnin1872.Anthonyquestionedtheauthoritativeprinciplesoftheconstitutionanditsmalegenderedlanguage.Sheraisedthequestionofwhywomenareaccountabletobepunishedunderlawbuitheycannotusethelawfortheirownprotection(womencouldnotvote,ownproperty,northemselvesinmarriage).Shealsocritiquedtheconstitutionforitsmalegenderedlanguageandquestionedwhywomenshouldhavetoabidebylawsthatdonotspecifywomen.SinceCarrietakesthejob,shewillgooutorlingerinthestreetafterworktowindow-shopandenjoythefascinatingcityscene.Butthistemporaryjobdoesn'tlastlong.Afewdaysaftersheworksintheshoefactory,sheisstruckwithillnessandisfired.Thejust-found-physiologicalsecurityhasbeenshattered.Wherecanshego?Fromwhomcansheseekhelpandcomfort?BythistimetheHanson'shavebeenrathercoldtoherandshehasobviouslybeenaburdentothem.NowCarrieissomewhatdespaired,butbyaccidentsheencountersDrouetinthestreet."DrouetisjustliketheSataninthegardenofEden,whoplaystheroleofSedUCtion”(蒋，127).Outofthecrowdedseaoffacesheappears,asifbymagic,andheimmediatelyrecognizesCarrie.Atthatdepressingperiod,Carriedoesn'tunderstandthetruemeaningofmoney.Infactmoneyis,primarilystandsforandshouldonlybeacceptedasamoraldue-thatitshouldbepaidoutashonestlystoredenergy,andnotasausurpedprivilege'1.(57)ButasforCarrie,herunderstandingofmoneyissomethingeverybodyelsehasandshemustget.Inheropinion,shewouldhavebeencontenttobecastawayuponadesertislandwithabundleofmoney,andonlythelongstrainofstarvationwouldhavetaughtherthatinsomecasesitcouldhavenovalue.WhenCarriearrivesathersister'shome,shefeelsimmediatelyhersister'sleanandnarrowlife.LaterHanson'sindifferencetoherarrivalmakesCarrieboredtodeathtostayinhishouse;Hansonisacold-blooded,poorlypaidandunknownclerk,withhislifebeingwrappedupinatedioustrilogy-gettingupprettyearly,readingnewspaper,andtrickinghis.belovedlittlebabywhoseemstobetheonlythingthatmakes“apleasantsidetohisnature”.AfterCarriesarrival,shebecomesdeeplyconcernedwithnothingelsebutherjob,becauseitisherjobthatguaranteesthepayforherboard.Relyingonthepoorwages,Hanson'sliferiddledbypovertyisrepletewithdullnessandmonotonyandhisHouseisscarcelypaidvisitbyhisfriends,relatives,orcolleagues.Throughyearsofworkingunderpressure,Hansonhasdevelopedamorbiditydisposition.Carrieadmiresfreedominnature.Soshetriesherbesttofindajobtorealizeherdream:Firstsheisfacedwiththeverybasicneedforliving.AccordingtothehumanistictheoristAbrahamMallow,humanneedscanbearrangedinahierarchyrangingfromthemostnecessaryrequirementforsurvivalatthebottomtothemostprofoundexpressionsofhumanpotential;self-actualizationatthelop.Secondly,peopleadoptadoublestandardtojudgemanandwoman.Socialmoresisoftenmorestrictwithwomenthanwithmen.Thatis,womenaremorelikelytobeblamedbythepublicwhilemeninthesimilarsituationscouldeasilybeforgiven.Manyemployersrefusewomenemployees.SoitisverydifficultforCarrietofindajob,especiallywhensheislackingofexperiencesrelated.Andforthosewhoarewillingtohirewomen,veryfewofthemadmittheirworkingabilitiesandtreatthemequallywithmaleworkers.B. ConceptionalConflictAtthebeginning,Carriehasconventionalmoralconcept.Herconventionalmoralityisadurance,makinghersufferingalot.Herinnerconflictbetweentraditionalmoralvalueandconsumerethicbringshernothingbutpain.Whenshelosesthejobandhastogohome,Drouet,smoneysurelyplaysaveryimportanceroleinpreventingthat.However,whenshetakesawaythemoneyofDrouet,s,thefeelingofashamedattacksher.Fromaperspectiveofconventionalviewconcerningtheconceptofmoney,uprimarilystandsforandshouldonlybeacceptedasamoralduethatitshouldbepaidoutashonestlystoredenergy,andnotasausurpedprivilege.,(Dreiser57)Consequently,whenshetakestheDrouet,smoney,“theconsciousnessofshameattackshertosomeextent,andthenshebecomessoweaktotakeil.”(Dreiser58)Withthedisgraceofbeingimmoralinmind,Carrietriestochangethesituationbutinvain,whichcausesnothingsmorethataplethoraofsuffering.Andthen,shecohabitwithDrouet,Carrieisstillconstantlytorturedbytheself-sufferingofmorality."ShelookedintoherglassandsawaprettierCarriethanshehadseenbefore;shelookedintohermind,amirrorpreparedofherownandthewholeworld,sopinions,andsawaworse.Betweenthesetwoimagesshewavered,hesitatingwhichtobelieve.0(Dreiser80)Shethinksherbehaviornotgoodandisstillbotheredwiththeproblemofmoral.ThisresultsthedesiringofmarriagefromCame,shebelievesthatshewillbesavedherfromawkwardsituation,inasense,shetreatedthemarriageasachanceforhertoattuneheractionswithmorality.Thus,sheinsistentlyhopesthatDrouetwouldliketoproposemarrytoher,andthenareasonandthen,thereisreasonandexcuseforhertofeeleasefbrherdiscomfort.WhenshebeginstodatewithHurstwood,shethinks,“IseemtobegettingVerybad.It,swrongtoactasIdo,Iknow.,(Dreiser113)ShealsoimposesthedesiringofmarriageonHurstwood,andconstantlyurgeshimtodothat.Inherconventionalmorality,marriagewilldefinitelyrenderheralegitimatestatus,whichmightleavevariouskindsofreasonsforhertoexplainherimmoralbehavior.Therefore,bythetimeDrouetfindstheaffairofCarrieandHurstwood,andinstantlytellsCarriethetruththatHurstwoodhasmarried,boththewshameofexposure,andshameatHurstwd,sperfidy,attacksher(Dreiser175),soshedecidestoendtheiraffair.WhenHurstwoodhasdeceivedhertoelopewithhimandtoldherthetruth,Carriethinks,"It'sashamewandaerring,.Allthesethingsshowthatsheisstillbotheredwithandsufferingfromtheconflictresultedfromthebondageofconventionalmorality.ChapterTwoCarrie,sIden