世界银行-释放印度浮动太阳能光伏的潜力（英）-2023..docx

PZuoaJnsoosQ-qndworldBankgroupSZVIi1lP zOfn4alnsoosQUNLOCKINGTHEPOTENTIALOFFLOATINGSOLARPHOTOVOLTAICSININDIAVolumeimainreport。二q11dworldBankgroupUnlockingthepotentialofFLOATINGSOLARPHOTOVOLTAICSININDIAVOLUME1:MAINREPORTOCTOBER2023DisclaimerThestudyfocusesonFloatingSolarPhotovoltaics(FSPV)basedpowerplantsoninlandwaterbodiesanddetailsofapplicablestandardsareincludedintheVolume2:GuidanceDocument.ThestudyreflectstheviewoftheWorldBankanddoesnotnecessarilyreflecttheviewoftheGovernmentofIndia(GoI)andthefindingsofthestudyarenotbindingontheGol.FOREWORDbyCountryDirector,IndiaRampinguprenewableenergyisanintegralpartoflndia,splanstoreducegreenhousegasemissionstomeetitsNationallyDeterminedContributions(NDC)undertheParisAgreement.Inthiscontext,Indiaistakingrapidstepstoincorporateabundantlyavailableandaffordablerenewableresourcesintoitsenergymix.YetwhileIndia'srenewableenergyresourcesarewidelyavailable,theyoftencannotbefullyutilizedduetoavarietyoffactors,suchasthepaucityoflargetractsofsuitableland,orthehighopportunitycostofland,amongothers.ThisreportbuildsacompellingcaseforIndiatolookbeyondlandandinstituteanecosystemthatsupportstheinstallationandoperationalizationoffloatingsolarphotovoltaics(FSPV)powerplants.Sincetheseplantsareinstalledontheunderutilizedsurfacesoflargewaterbodies,nolandneedstobedivertedfromotheruses.TheinstallationofFSPVsalsospursjobcreationandcatalyzesthedevelopmentofadomesticvaluechainassomeofthecomponents,suchasfloaters,needtobemanufacturedclosetoinstallationsites.Theyalsoprovidearangeofotherbenefitsastheygeneraterelativelymorepowerthanground-mountedsolarplants(duetothecoolingeffectofwater)andbetterutilizesharedinfrastructuresuchastransmissionsystems,whereveravailable.Indiahasanestimatedpotentialofabout300gigawattsofFSPVbutlessthan350megawattshasbeenrealizedtodate.ThereportanalysestheconstraintsleadingtothemoderatepaceofFSPVinstallationinthecountryanddrawsfromglobalexperiencetosuggestmeasuresthatcanunlocktheFSPVpotentialinIndiaandotherSouthAsiancountries.Thereportalsoprovidesinsightsonthetechnicalstandardstobeadoptedintheuseoffloatingsolartechnology.Ihopethisstudycontributestowardsdeepeningtheunderstandingofpolicymakersanddevelopersandfacilitatesthedeploymentoffloatingsolarpowerplants,contributingtotheachievementofIndia'sNDCobjectives,promotingenergyindependenceandcreatingjobsforthepeople.AugusteTanoKouameCountryDirector,IndiaTheWorldBankACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThisreportisananalyticalstudyof44UnIockingthePotentialofFloatingSolarPhotovoltaicsinIndia”byaWorldBankteamledbySurbhiGoyal(SeniorEnergySpecialist)andcomprisedofSatakiBhattacharya(EnergyConsultant)andVivekJha(EnergyConsultant)withlogisticalsupportprovidedbyNeetuSharda(ProgramAssociate).TheteamacknowledgesthevaluableinsightsandcommentsofpeerreviewersfromtheWorldBank:JariVayrynen(SeniorEnergySpecialist)andZuzanaDobrotkova(SeniorEnergySpecialist),andfromInternationalFinanceCorporation:IbanVendrellArmengol(SeniorIndustrySpecialist).Theirinputsandadvicehaveenrichedthisreport.TheteamisalsogratefultoMinistryofPowerandMinistryofNewandRenewableEnergyfortheirinvaluablecommentsonthereport.TheWorldBankteamgreatlyvaluestheinsightsprovidedbyCecileFruman(Director,SouthAsiaRegionalIntegrityandEngagement).Theteamappreciatesthestrategicguidance,adviceandsupportprovidedbyDemetriosPapathanasiou(GlobalDirectorEnergy&Extractives)andSimonJ.Stolp(PracticeManager-SouthAsiaEnergyandExtractives).AconsortiumofDNVGLandErnst&YoungundertookrequiredassessmentsandmarketstudiesonFloatingSolarprojectsinIndia.TheDNVteamcomprisedofAlokKumar,SilpaBabu,JayachandranKasi,GijoGeorge,AseemDhingra,AlexArgyros,ModiniYantrapatiandBalasubramoniamSivasubramaniam.TheErnst&YoungteamcomprisedofAshishKulkarni,ShreyasGaur,KJCVinodKumar,MalayNigam,VishalSrivastavaandSusmitDatta.WewishtoacknowledgethefinancialandtechnicalsupportprovidedbySouthAsiaWaterInitiative(SAWI) The South Asia Water Initiative (SAWI) was a multi-donor Trust Fund supported by the UK, Australia and Norway and managed by the World Bank. SAWI supported a rich portfolio of activities designed to increase regional cooperation in the management of the major Himalayan river systems in South Asia to deliver sustainable, fair and inclusive development and climate resilience. It did this through four complementary outcome areas: strengthening awareness and knowledge on regional water issues; enhancing technical and policy capacity across the region; dialogue and participatory decision processes to build trust and confidence; and scoping and informing investment designs. Its work, structured across three river basins (Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra) and the Sundarbans Landscape, spanned seven countries: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Nepal and Pakistan.andtheinsightsfromJanetMinatelli(SeniorOperationsOfficer),HallaMaherQadummi(SeniorWaterEconomist)andSarwatBatool(SeniorExecutiveAssistant).ThereportalsobenefittedfromtheinputsprovidedbytheExternalAffairSandCommunicationsteamledbySonaThakur(SeniorExternalAffairSOfficer),VinitaRanade(Consultant)andNitikaManSinghMehta(Consultant).TableofcontentsAbbreviationsixExecutiveSummaryxiii1. .Introduction12. MappingoftheValueChainandIdentificationofBarriers72.1. ValueChainMapping92.2. ValueChainAssessment152.3. Recommendations383. BenchmarkingtheFSPVEcosysteminIndiaAgainstInternationalPractices473.1. Approach&Methodology513.2. Benchmarking523.3. KeyObservationsfromOtherCountries693.4. KeyTakeaways,ObservationsfromGlobalPracticesandAssociatedRisksofFSPV703.5. AssociatedRisksandMitigationStrategiesforIndia774. ReviewofTechnicalStandardsandTenders814.1. Manufacturing844.2. EquipmentandTechnicalSpecifications864.3. Design874.4. Testing884.5. MeteorologicalMeasurements894.6. MaterialStorageatSite904.7. OtherRequirements905. RegionalCo-operationandStatusofFSPVinSouthAsianCountries915.1. Countries935.2. LessonsLearned1005.3. DeploymentModel1015.4. KnowIedgeTransferIOIAppendixAppendix A: DetailsofStakeholders107Appendix B: MethodologyforShortlistingoftheCountriesforBenchmarkingStudyI16Appendix C: FloatingSolarPlantsinJapan,NetherlandsandVietnamI19Appendix D: FloatingSolarPlantsinIndia120ListofPolicies,PermitsandApprovals1221.istofFiguresFigure 1.1: Globalinstalledcapacityoffloatingsolar3Figure 1.2: Country-wiseFSPVinstalledcapacities4Figure 2.1: ValuechainofFSPVprojects9Figure 2.2: Keystakeholdersinthevaluechain14Figure 2.3: Marketreadinessofvaluechain-assessmentelements15Figure 2.4: Resultofassessment38Figure 3.1: MechanismofpowerprocurementbyelectricityretailersinJapan53Figure 3.2: FiTmechanisminJapan54Figure 3.3: FrameworkforREprojectauctionsinJapan55Figure 3.4: GreenbondfinancedFSPVplantinJapan56Figure 3.5: Kyocera,s13.7MWFSPVplantonadamreservoir57Figure 3.6: FSPVplantlocatedonanirrigationpondinJapan58Figure 3.7: SustainablebankfinancedFSPVprojectinNetherlands63Figure 3.8: Partnershipbetweenadeveloperandaresearchinstitute64Figure 3.9: EvolutionofFiTprograminVietnam66Figure 3.10: IFI(ADB)financedFSPVplantinVietnam67Figure 3.11: I:FSPVprojectinvolvingcollaborationbetweenprivateorganisationsandgovernmentinVietnam68Figure 3.12: TrendofFiTratesinJapan73Figure 4.1: FSPVSystemComponents83PointsofattentioninanFSPVsystem841.istOfTabIesTable 2.1: Table1.1:ScenariosforUpscalingofFSPV5Table 2.2: 1.istofmajorequipmentapplicableforthedifferentvaluechainphases9Table 2.3: ServicesapplicableforthedifferentvaluechainphasesIITable 2.4: Skillsetsapplicableforthedifferentvaluechainphases12Table 2.5: StakeholdersdirectlyinvolvedintheFSPVvaluechain14Table 2.6: Stakeholdersfromrelevantparallelsectors15Table 2.7: Marketreadinessofvaluechain16Table 2.8: Definitionofriskparameters18Table 2.9: Annualmanufacturingcapacity(2023)offloatsinIndia24Table 2.10: ImpactofBarriersontheRiskParameters29Table 2.11: Summaryofrecommendations39Table 2.12: I:FixedassumptionsforLCOEcalculations44Table 2.13: VariableassumptionsforLCOEcalculations45Table 3.1: SummaryofBusinessModelsinInitialProjects50Table 3.2: FiTperkWhforsolarprojectsinJapan55Table 3.3: ComponentmanufacturersorsuppliersinJapan59Table 3.4: ComponentmanufacturersorsuppliersinVietnam68Table 3.5: FiTratesinTaiwanforsolarsystems70Table 3.6: Summaryofobservationsinkeyareas71Table 3.7: TargetsforREinthethreeshortlistedcountries71Table 3.8: Keyobservationsonbusinessmodels76Table 4.1: RisksandmitigationstrategiesforIndia78Table 4.2: 1.imitationsofexistingstandardsandtechnicalrequirementsoftenders85Table 4.3: ReferencestandardsintendersformajorequipmentinFSPVplant85Table 4.4: Dataavailablefromtenderanddatatobecollectedbybidder87Table5.1:TotalelectricityinstalledcapacityinSriLankaasof202193Table5.2:TotalelectricityinstalledcapacityinBangladeshasofJan202395Table5.3:TotalelectricityinstalledcapacityinPakistanasofJune202296Table 4.5: KeydriversforfloatingsolarinSouthAsiancountries100ABBREVIATIONSACAlternatingCurrentADBAsianDevelopmentBankAsiaEDGEAsiaEnhancingDevelopmentandGrowththroughEnergyASTMASTMInternationalBHELBharatHeavyElectricalsLimitedBISBureauofIndianStandardsBoSBalanceofSystemCAPEXCapitalExpenditureCEACentralElectricityAuthorityCEBCeylonElectricityBoardC日GChiefElectricalInspectortoGovernmentCERCCentralElectricityRegulatoryCommissionCODCommercialOperationDateZChemicaIOxygenDemandCPPIBCanadaPensionPlanInvestmentBoardCTUCentralTransmissionUtilityCUFCapacityUtilizationFactorCWCCentralWaterCommissionDCDirectCurrentDHDDaMiHydropowerJointStockCompanyDISCOMsDistributionCompaniesDNVDetNorskeVeritasDPPADirectPowerPurchaseAgreementDVCDamodarValleyCorporationEGATElectricityGeneratingAuthorityofThailandEPCEngineering,procurement,andconstructionE&SEnvironmentandSocialESCAPEconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaandthePacificESIAEnvironmentalandSocialImpactAssessmentESMFEnvironmentandSocialManagementFrameworkESSEnvironmentalandSocialStandardsEVNVietnamElectricityFATFactoryAcceptanceTestFlFinancialIntermediariesFiPFeedinPremiumFiTFeedinTariffFoSFactorofSafetyFSPVFloatingSolarPhotovoltaicsFYFinancialYearGDPGrossDomesticProductGHGGreenhouseGasesGISGeographicInformationSystemGolGovernmentofIndiaGPSGlobalPositioningSystemGVMCGreaterVisakhapatnamMunicipalCorporationGWGigaWattHDPEHighDensityPolyethyleneHPPHydropowerplantsHSEHealth,SafetyandEnvironmentIBAImportantBirdAreasICMBAImportantCoastalandMarineBiodiversityAreasIECInternationalElectrotechnicalCommissionIFIInternationalFinancialInstitutionIITIndianInstituteofTechnologyIPIngressProtectionIPPIndependentPowerProducerIREDAIndianRenewableEnergyDevelopmentAgencyLimitedIRENAInternationalRenewableEnergyAgencyISAInternationalSolarAllianceIUCNInternationalUnionforConservationofNatureIVNInstituteforNatureEducationandSustainabilityJRlJapanResearchInstituteKSEBKeralaStateElectricityBoardLCOELevelizedcostofenergyLNGLiquefiedNaturalGasMETIMinistryofEconomy,TradeandIndustryMNREMinistryofNewandRenewableEnergyMoEFCCMinistryofEnvironmentForest&ClimateChangeMOITMinistryofIndustryandTradeMoPMinistryofPowerMoUMemorandumofUnderstandingMPWRDMadhyaPradeshWaterResourcesDepartmentNDANon-disclosureagreementNETRANTPCEnergyTechnologyResearchAllianceNGTNationalGreenTribunalNHPCNationalHydroPowerCorporationNISENationalInstituteofSolarEnergyNRELNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratoryNSMNationalSolarMissionO&MOperation&MaintenanceOMPLONGCMangalorePetrochemicalsLimitedONGCOilandNaturalGasCorporationOPEXOperatingExpensePGCILPowerGridCorporationofIndiaLimitedPHpowerofHydrogenPPAPowerPurchaseAgreementPPEPersonalProtectiveEquipmentPMCProjectManagementConsultancyPSAPowerSaleAgreementPVPhotovoltaicQA/QCQualityAssuranceZQuaIityControlQAPQualityAssurancePlanR&DResearch&DevelopmentRERenewableEnergyRESCORenewableEnergyServiceCompanyRGCCPPRajivGandhiCombinedCyclePowerPlantRoWRightofWayRUMSLRewaUltraMegaSolarLimitedSAARCSouthAsianAssociationforRegionalCooperationSAREHSouthAsiaRegionalEnergyHubSBIStateBankofIndiaSCADASupervisoryControlandDataAcquisitionSCGSiamCementGroupSDE+StimulationofSustainableEnergyProductionandClimateTransitionSEACSolarEnergyApplicationCentreSEBStateElectricityBoardSECISolarEnergyCorporationofIndiaLimitedSERCStateElectricityRegulatoryCommissionSOPStandardOperatingProcedureSTUStateTransmissionUtilityTERITheEnergyandResourcesInstituteTPPThermalPowerPlantTWTeraWattUSAIDUnitedStatesAgencyforInternationalDevelopmentUVUltravioletVGFViabilityGapFundingWAPDAWater&PowerDevelopmentAuthorityWB/WBGWorldBank/WorldBankGroupEXECUTIVESUMMARYDevelopingcountries,inordertoavoidtheworstconsequencesofachangingclimateareidentifying,assessing,anddeployingrenewableenergysolutionsatscalethatcanfacilitateinfulfillingtheirclimateanddevelopmentobjectives.Thisistransformativeforcountriesthataredependentoncostlyenergyimportsandareexposedtobothpricevolatilityandenergysecurityriskifthefuelsupplyispartiallyorfullydisrupted These fuel supply disruptions could be caused by regional conflicts, geopolitical tensions or the financial situation of local utilities - all of which undermine economic growth and development objectives.Withinthisframeofreference,thedevelopingeconomiesareincorporatingavailable,reliableandaffordableresourcestopowertheireconomicactivitiesandmeettheirnationaldevelopmentobjectives For example, India's envision to achieve net zero by 2070. The net zero commitment is buttressed by enterprising but ambitious near-term targets such as 500 GW of renewables capacity. 50 percent of requirements to be met with renewables, one billion tonne reduction in cumulative emissions and 45 percent lower emissions intensity of gross domestic product (GDP) by 2030.Althoughrenewableenergyresourcesarewidelyavailableinmanydevelopingcountries,theyoftencannotbefullydevelopedandutilizedduetoavarietyoffactorsthatinclude,amongstothers,availabilityofsuitablelandparcels(largetractswithlittleornoundulations)forestablishingutilityscalesolarplantswhichhavelargespatialfootprints,alternateusesofavailablelandthatmayleadtounwarrantedland-energyconflicts,or,absenceoftechnicalknow-howandvaluechains.Theseimpedimentstoestablishinglargescalerenewableenergyprojects,thoughsignificant.makethemostcompellingcasefordevelopingcountriestowardsinstitutinganecosystemthatsupportstheinstallationandoperationalizationoffloatingsolarphotovoltaic(PV)plants(FSPV).AnF