世界银行-黎巴嫩儿童保育景观的综合评估：一项混合方法研究（英）-2023..docx

P zou< -nsoosQ-qndworldBankgroupFCCOMPREHENSIVEAssessmentoftheP e zou4alnsoosQo_qndCHILDCARE1.ANDSCAPEINLEBANONP zoq<alnsoosQ.2-qnd©2023InternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment/TheWorldBank1818HStreetNWWashingtonDC20433Telephone:Internet:www.worldbank.orgThisworkisaproductofthestaffofTheWorldBankwithexternalcontributions.Thefindings,interpretations,andconclusionsexpressedinthisworkdonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsofTheWorldBank,itsBoardofExecutiveDirectors,orthegovernmentstheyrepresent.TheWorldBankdoesnotguaranteetheaccuracyofthedataincludedinthiswork.Theboundaries,colors,denominations,andotherinformationshownonanymapinthisworkdonotimplyanyjudgmentonthepartofTheWorldBankconcerningthelegalstatusofanyterritoryortheendorsementoracceptanceofsuchboundaries.RightsandPermissionsThematerialinthisworkissubjecttocopyright.BecauseTheWorldBankencouragesdisseminationofitsknowledge,thisworkmaybereproduced,inwholeorinpart,fornoncommercialpurposesaslongasfullattributiontothisworkisgiven.Anyqueriesonrightsandlicenses,includingsubsidiaryrights,shouldbeaddressedtoWorldBankPublications,TheWorldBankGroupz1818HStreetNW,Washington,DC20433,USA;fax:;e-mail:pubrights(三)worldbank.org.COMPREHENSIVEAssessmentoftheCHILDCARELANDSCAPEINLEBANONAMIXEDMETHODSSTUDYACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThisReportwaspreparedbyaWorldBank-InternationalFinanceCooperationteamledbyAngelaElzirAssythatincludedPaolaBuitragoHernandez,MariliaMagalhaes,LamaAbouCharzRheaJabbour,TamaraAzarandYasmineOssaily.FieldworkandsurveyimplementationwasconductedbyStatisticsLebanonandcomplementedwithupdateddatafromnurseriescollectedbyYaraAbouJaoudeandLaraAtallahfromtheWorldBank.ThepublicationbenefitedfrompeerreviewcommentsfromLourdesRodriguezChamussyzAmandaDevercelli,andSAnukriti,andadditionalcontributionsfromJonnaMariaLundvall.TheteamwouldliketothankCynthiaYammineforinvaluableadministrativesupportintheprocess,translatorNaylaYounes,andeditorBurtonBollag.ThedesignofthereportwasdevelopedbySarahAlameddine.TheworkwasconductedunderthegeneralguidanceoftheMashreqCountryDirector,Jean-ChristopheCarret;thePovertyandEquityGlobalPracticeManagersJohannesHoogeveenandAlanFuchs;andtheLebanonCountryOperationsOfficerMounaCouzi.TheteamisgratefulforthesupportandfeedbackreceivedfromMs.PamelaZgheibzheadoftheMotherandChildDepartmentattheMinistryofPublicHealth(MOPH);aswellasfromtheNationalCommissionforLebaneseWomen(NCLW):ClaudineAounzPresident,andJadNajem,headoftheCommitteeonEconomy,LaborandSustainableDevelopment.Theteamisgratefulfortheactiveparticipationandfeedbackontheassessmentandrecommendationfromattendeesinthefollowingroundtables:(i)GovernmentRoundtable:moderatedbyMs.PamelaZgheib(MOPH)andincludingMs.RitaKaram(MinistryofSocialAffairs),Ms.DeniseDahrouj(MinistryofLabor),Ms.LaureWehbe(NationalSocialSecurityFund)andMs.HildaKhoury(MinistryofEducationandHigherEducation);and(ii)CivilSocietyOrganizationsandInternationalAgenciesRoundtable:moderatedbyMs.ShereenAbbadi(WorldBank)andincludingMs.LinaTorossian(InternationalRescueCommittee),Ms.RoubaArja(UNESCWA),Ms.HanaJoujou(SyndicateofNurseryOwnersinLebanon),Ms.FadiaSafi(SESOBEL),andMr.FayezJalloul(AlMabarratAssociation).TheReportwaspreparedaspartoftheMashreqGenderFacility(MGF).https:/www. worldbank.org/en/programs/moshreq-gender-facilityThisFacilityprovidestechnicalassistancetoIraq,JordanandLebanontostrengthentheenablingenvironmentforwomen'seconomicparticipationandimprovewomen,saccesstoeconomicopportunities.TheMGFisaWorldBank-IFCinitiativemainlysupportedbytheUmbrellaFacilityforGenderEquality(UFGE)inpartnershipwiththegovernmentsofCanadaandNorway.UFGEhasreceivedgenerouscontributionsfromAustralia,Canada,Denmark,Finland,Germany,Iceland,Ireland,theNetherlands,Norway,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,theUnitedKingdom,theUnitedStates,theBillandMelindaGatesFoundation,andtheWellspringPhilanthropicFund.ABBREVIATIONSBTBaccalaureateTechniqueCAPIComputerAssistedPersonalInterviewCASCentralAdministrationofStatisticsCATIComputerAssistedTelephoneInterviewCCIA-BMLChamberofCommerce,Industry&Agriculture-BeirutandMountLebanonCCIA-SChamberofCommerce,Industry&Agriculture-SidonandSouthLebanonCERDCentreforEducationalResearchandDevelopmentECCEEarlyChildhoodCareandEducationECDEarlyChildhoodDevelopmentECEEarlyChildhoodEducationFGDFocusGroupDiscussionsHHHouseholdHRHumanResourcesKGKindergartenKllKeyInformantInterviewLBPLebanesePoundLFHLCSLaborForceandHouseholdLivingConditionsSurveyLFPLaborForceParticipationLFPRLaborForceParticipationRateLTLicenseTechniqueFLFPFemaleLaborForceParticipationMAMasterofArtMEHEMinistryofEducationandHigherEducationMENAMiddleEastandNorthAfricaMGFMashreqGenderFacilityMOPHMinistryofPublicHealthMOSAMinistryofSocialAffairsNCLWNationalCommissionforLebaneseWomenNGONon-governmentalorganizationNSSFNationalSocialSecurityFundOECDOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentPhDDoctorofPhilosophyPPESProbabilityProportionatetoEstimatedSizeSDCSocialDevelopmentCenterSLStatisticsLebanonSPGLSyndicatdesProprietairesdeGarderiesauLibanTSTechniqueSuperieureUSDUnitedStateDollarsWBGWorldBankGroupABBREVIATIONS3TABLEOFCONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTS2ABBREVIATIONS3EXECUTIVESUMMARY6S、加口>ai*l121. INTRODUCTION162. METHODOLOGY:MIXEDMETHODSSTUDY213. Policyandlegalframeworkaroundchildcare284. Mappingandsupply-sideassessment324.1. Center-BasedChildcareServices334.2. Mappingofservices:DistributionandCapacity334.3. 2.OperatingstatusduringCOVID-19andtheeconomiccrisis354.4. 3.Characteristicsofoperationofcenter-basedproviders354.5. .Affordability394.15. Costofsupplyingchildcareservices,sourcesoffunding,andfeasibility424.1.6.Quality-relatedaspects454.16. Employer-SupportedChildcareSolutions484.16.1. Employerswithchildcaresupportandfamily-friendlypoliciesinplace494.16.2. Employerswithnochildcaresupportinplace534.16.3. KeyTakeawaysfromInternationalGoodPracticesandExperiences:ALiteratureReview555. DEMAND-SIDEASSESSMENTFORCHILDCARESERVICES565.1. Women,sroleregardingchildcareresponsibilitiesandhouseholdwork575.2. Currentutilizationofchildcareservices605.3. Potentialdemandforchildcareservices615.4. Qualitativeanalysisonparents/expectationstowardschildcareservices655.5. Suggestivewillingnesstopay666. CONCLUSIONSANDPOLICYOPTIONS67REFERENCES73ANNEX 1. ADDITIONALDETAILSONTHEOVERALLMETHODOLOGYFORTHESUPPLYANDDEMANDCOMPONENTS79ANNEX 2. SAMPLINGMETHODOLOGYFORHOUSEHOLD(DEMAND)SURVEY82ANNEX 3. STRUCTUREOFDEMAND-SIDEFOCUSGROUPDISCUSSIONS84ANNEX 4. FAMILY-FRIENDLYPOLICIESINLEBANON85ANNEX 5. MAPPINGOFCENTER-BASEDCHILDCARESERVICES86ANNEX 6. QUESTIONNAIRESCHILDCAREPROVIDERSQUESTIONNAIRE88ANNEX 7. PROFILESOFSURVEYEDBUSINESSES139ANNEX 8. CONSTRUCTIONOFSCOREOFSTRUCTURALQUALITYELEMENTS146Box2.Complexfieldworkleadingtodatalimitation23Box3.ComparisonofmethodologywiththeregionalMashreqcarereport27Figure 1. Overviewofthebenefitsthataccruefromaccesstochildcare18Figure 2. MixedmethodsanalysisOfchildcareservicesinLebanon22Figure 3. ChildcarePolicyGapinMashreqCountriesandMENA29Figure 4. 1.aborforceparticipationratebygovernorateandsex(%),202234Figure 5. Capacityutilization(enrollment/fullcapacity)36Figure 6. Totalcapacityofnurseriesbynumberofchildren36Figure 7. PercentOfchildcarefacilitiesservingvariousagegroups37Figure 8. Daysofoperation,bytype37Figure 9. Distributionofemployed(aged15yearsandabove)accordingtonumberofhoursusuallyworked%,Lebanon,202238Figure 10. Averageandmedianmonthlyfeeofcenter-basedchildcare,byshiftandtypeofprovider,asofApril30-June28,202139Figure 11. Averageandmedianmonthlyfeeofcenter-basedchildcare,bytypeofprovider(Jan-Feb2023)40Figure 12. Criteriaforpricereductions,%responses41Figure 13. Shareofoperationalcostscoveredbystudentfees,privatenurseries(Jan-Feb2023),in%42Figure16,Percentageintotalexpenses,allnurseries(Jan-Feb2023)43Figure 14. AverageincomestatementforprivateprovidersinLebanon(LBPperyearandperchildenrolled),202143Figure 15. Operatingexpendituresasashareoftotaloperatingcostforprivateproviders(%),202143Figure 17. Nurseriesoperationalexpendituresbytypeofproviderandcost44Figure 18. Educationofnurseryteachers/caregiversbytypeofprovider46Figure 19. PrimarycaregiveraveragemonthlysalaryasofApril30-June28202146Figure 20. Averagescoreonchecklistofstructuralqualityelements,privateproviders(n=171)48Figure 21. Distributionofchecklistscoreamongprivateproviders,bylocation48Figure 22. Frequencyofpaidandunpaidmaternityleavedurations50Figure 23. Frequencyofpaidandunpaidpaternityleavedurations50Figure 24. Comparisonofpaidandunpaidmaternityandpaternityleaveofferedbysampledcompanies(n=l)50Figure 25. Distributionofsampledemployersaccordingtofamily-friendlypoliciesthattheycurrentlyofferandplantoofferinthenextyear52Figure 26. Primarymotivationsforofferingchildcaresupport53Figure 27. Topthreeimpactsonbusinessesprovidingchildcaresupport53Figure 28. Employers*provisionofchildcaresupport53Figure 29. Mainreasonsemployersarenotplanningtoprovidechildcaresupporttotheiremployees54Figure 30. probabilityofFLFPbynumberofchildreninthehousehold(0-6years),andeducationlevel,25+,2018/201958Figure 31. Willingnesstousepaiddaycareservicesathouseholdlevel62Figure 32. Willingnesstousefreedaycareservicesathouseholdlevel62Figure 33. Willingnessofwomenandmentousefreeorpaidchildcareservices(children0-4)62Figure 34. Parents'perceptionsofearlychildhoodeducation63Table 1. ChangeinFLFPrateshoulduntappeddemandofchildcareservicesbesatisfied19Table 2. summaryoftheassessmentsconducted23Table 3. ChildcareProvidersInterviewedinLebanon(detailedCAPIsurvey)24Table 4. DescriptiveStatisticsOfSurveyedMothersandHouseholds25Table 5. Characteristicsofselectedfirmsforemployerassessment26Table 6. 1.icensingrequirementsforprivatenurseriesinLebanoncomparedtoOECDaveragestandards31Table 7. Interviewedcenter-basedproviders,bytype35Table 8. Monthlyfeebytypeofproviderduringthefollow-upsurvey-US$paidincash(Jan-Feb2023)40Table 9. Servicepricereduction40Table 10. Arrangementsforfoodatchildcarefacilities41Table 11. Childcaresupportandfamily-friendlypoliciestypicallyprovidedbycompanies49Table 12. Financial,provisionandlegalchallengesthatpreventedemployersfromofferingchildcare54Table 13. Parents,ExpectationsandPreferences65Table 14. Householdsuggestedwillingnesstopayforchildcare66Table 15. AverageamountHHarepayingandsaytheyarewillingtopayforchildcare(0-5years),byGovernorateandintotal66Table 16. Matrixofpotentialreformsandproposedtimeline69EXECUTIVESUMMARYThemultiplecrisesinLebanonhavehadsignificantimpactonpoverty,employmentandjobs.Thecountryisgoingthroughoneofthemostsevereeconomicandfinancialcrisesgloballysincethemid-nineteenthcentury.Thecompoundedeffectsofthedevaluationandinstabilityofthelocalcurrency,thesurginginflationoffuelandfoodpricesandthechallenginghealthconditionsimposedbytheCOVID19pandemichavecontributedtopushinganincreasingnumberofhouseholdsintopoverty,unemploymentandidleness.Thecountry,however,facedimportantlabormarketchallengesevenbeforethecrisesstartedin2019:joblessgrowth,lowlaborforceparticipationrates(especiallyamongwomen),highunemployment(inparticularamongyouth),andskillsmismatch.Moreover,thoseemployedweremostlyworkingininformal,low-productivejobs.Sincethecrisesstarted,joblessness(unemploymentandinactivity)amongtheworkingagepopulationhasincreasedduetolay-offsorpeopleleavingtheirjobsandclosuresofasignificantnumberoffirms,andinformalityhasincreased.ThehigheconomicidlenessamongtheLebaneseisadrainontheeconomyanddoesnotadequatelycaptureorallowforthegrowthofthecountry,shumancapital.Additionally,theBeirutPortexplosioninAugust2020adverselyaffectedthedailyoperationsofalargenumberofbusinessesinthecapital. https:blogs, worldbank.org/arabvoices/what-mega-crises-hove-done-lebanese-firms-and-workersWhiledemographictrendshavereducedthesizeoftheworkingagepopulationand,consequently,thesizeofthelaborforce,prioritizinginvestmenttowardincreasingwomen,sentryintothelabormarketwouldbekeytoextendingthedemographicdividend.InLebanon,fertilityratesdroppedsignificantlyinthe1990sandhavebeenstablesincethe2000sataround2childrenperwoman.Lifeexpectancyhasincreasedconstantlyfrom75to79intwodecades. Population data is based on UN World Population Prospects numbers; fertility rates and life expectancy numbers are based on World Bank Databank.Thesetrendsaffectthesizeoftheworkingagepopulationand,consequently,ofthelaborforceandthesizeofthedependentpopulationtotheworkforce.Theworkingagepopulation(15-64yearsold)wasincreasingconstantlyuntil2015,andLebanoncouldstillbegoingthroughademographictransitionthatwouldallowittocapitalizeonthedemographicdividend.Thismeansthatalarge(andincreasing)shareofthepopulationwasbecomingofworkingage,andthus,thesizeofthelaborforcewouldhavecontinuedtoincrease.However,between2015-2021,theworkingagepopulationdecreasedbyanaveragecompoundedannualgrowthrateof3.5percent.AnotherfactorsignificantlyaffectingthesizeofthelaborforceisthenumberofpeoplewhohaveemigratedfromLebanon,whichisdifficulttoestimatepreciselygiventhelackofofficialdataavailable. Data from UN DESA estimated the net migration in 2022 to stand at -115,100 and the total number of emigrants at mid-year 2020 to be 856,800 people.Emigrationisnotanewphenomenon,andLebanonhasalonghistoryofitscitizensmovingabroad.However,therecentincreaseinemigrationsince2019isnotableforitsscaleandthespeedatwhichithasoccurred,whichhasledtoconcernsaboutbraindrainandthelong-termeconomicandsocialimpactsonthecountry.Thishasstartedtoexertsignificantconstraintsonkeysectors,suchascare,whereemigrationhasledtoreductionsinservicedelivery.InLebanon,mostwomenarenotengagedinanyincome-generatingactivity,beingeithereconomicallyinactiveorunemployed.ThemostrecentlaborforcesurveybytheCentralAdministrationofStatistics(2022followuptotheLaborForceSurvey) http:/www. cos. gov.lbinde×.phplatest-news-en201-labour-forceshowsthat78percentofwomeninLebanonareoutofthelaborforce-thusonly22percentareeconomicallyactive.Formen,itistheotherwayaround,with66percenteconomicallyactiveand34percentconsideredinactive.Inaddition,outoftheeconomicallyactivewomen,33percentareunemployed-comparedto28percentamongmen.Furthermore,averysmallpercentageofwomenisinthepotentiallaborforce. Potential labor force: unavailable jobseekers (persons without employment who are seeking employment but are not available) and available potential jobseekers (persons without employment who are not seeking employment but are available).TheeconomicandfinancialcrisisinLebanonsince2019,coupledwiththeBeirutPortexplosionandtheCOVID-19pandemic,havebeenaset-backforpreviousgainsinwomen/seconomicempowerment.Thisisevidentfromtheresultsoftwolaborfor