【土木建筑】现代景观规划设计理论与方法.ppt

1,智能、绿色建筑与中国建筑节能策略,2,一、中国建筑节能二阶段目标及其意义Objectives and significance for the 2-phase energy saving of buildings in China 二、“信息”的特征与智能绿色建筑Characteristics of“information”and intelligent green buildings三、绿色建筑与一般建筑的区别Differences between green buildings and general ones 四、推行绿色建筑的一般对策Basic countermeasures to initiate green buildings五、启动中国绿色建筑运动的杠杆强化对地方政府的激励 The lever to start up the green building initiative of China enhanced incentive to local governments,3,一、中国建筑节能二阶段目标及其意义,1中国城镇化与建筑耗能,预计到2030年城镇化率每年平均提高11.5个百分点,Chinas urbanization and energy consumption by buildings,By 2030,the urbanization rate of China will increase by 11.5 percentage points per annum on an average basis.(Picture 5),Objectives and significance for the 2-phase energy saving of buildings in China,4,5,6,1中国城镇化与建筑耗能,每年约有1200万1500万人从农村移民到城市，从现在开始将转移5亿人口,Chinas urbanization and energy consumption by buildings,About 1215 million people will migrate from rural areas to urban areas each year.From now,500 million people will migrate.,每个城镇人口平均耗能水平为农村人口的33.5倍,Each urban population consumes energy 33.5 times as much as by rural population.,7,1中国城镇化与建筑耗能,每年约新建20亿平方米建筑,Chinas urbanization and energy consumption by buildings,2.0 billion square meters of buildings are built each year.,现有440亿平方米存量建筑中，绝大部分是高耗能建筑,Most of the existing 44 billion square meters of buildings in stock are high-energy-consuming buildings.,8,2建筑全过程的物质与能源消耗,Materials and energy consumption in the overall process of building,9,3建筑节能二阶段目标,第一阶段：Phase 1:,Objectives for the 2-phase energy saving of buildings,2010年全面启动建筑节能和推广绿色建筑,In 2010,launch the initiative of energy saving of buildings and promote green buildings.,平均节能率达到50,Average energy saving rate will reach 50%.,10,3建筑节能二阶段目标,第二阶段：Phase 2:,Objectives for the 2-phase energy saving of buildings,2020年进一步提高建筑节能标准,Further improve the energy saving standards of buildings in 2020.,平均节能率达到60，东部地区可达更高的标,Average energy saving rate will reach 60%,much higher in eastern regions.,11,3建筑节能二阶段目标,如果完成上述目标，2020年，中国建筑能耗可减少3.35亿吨标准煤，相当于整个英国2002年的能耗总量,Objectives for the 2-phase energy saving of buildings,If the above objectives can be reached,the energy consumption by buildings in China will reduce by 335 million tons of standard coal in 2020,equivalent to the total energy consumption throughout UK in 2002.,12,13,3建筑节能二阶段目标,空调高峰负荷可减少约8000万KW/h，相当于4.5个三峡电站的满负荷的发电量,Objectives for the 2-phase energy saving of buildings,Peak load of air-conditioners will reduce by 80 million KW/h,equivalent to the electricity power generated by 4.5 Three Gorges Power Stations in full load.,如果我国2020年建筑能耗能达到发达国家20世纪末的水平，节能效果将更显著,In 2020,if the energy saving of buildings in China can reach the level of developed countries in the late 20th century,the energy saving effect will be more distinct.,14,4德国的节能经验,住宅最大允许供暖需求的发展,Energy saving experience of Germany,油 品 危 机,油 品 危 机,15,“信息”无限的可压缩性，甚至不占据物理空间和零质量，建筑的智能化并不减少建筑有效空间,“Information”infinitely compressible,even occupies no physical space and zero mass.The intelligentization of buildings will not reduce the effective space of buildings.,二、“信息”的特征与智能绿色建筑,Characteristics of“information”and intelligent green buildings,16,“信息”无限的可复制性，无任何有形磨损，建筑智能的系统设计方案可为全人类所共享,“Information”infinitely reproducible,without any visible wear and tear.The intelligent system design of buildings can be shared by the entire human being.,“信息”无限的可传输性，使户主对建筑功能的远距离实时控制成为可能,“Information”infinitely transmissible,makes it possible for householders to conduct remote real-time control to the buildings functions.,17,“信息”收集、处理和传输具有极低的能耗，甚至零能耗。有助于实现智能绿色建筑的目标：更多的应用“信息”，更少的使用“能源”,“Information”with extremely low energy consumption in collection,processing and transmission,even to zero energy consumption,which will help reach the aim of intelligent and green buildings:more application of“information”,and less application of“energy sources”.,18,“信息”极大的外部性，梅特卡夫准则：信息网络的价值与联网的用户数的平方成正比。“物以稀为贵”变成了“物以多而贵”。越来越多的绿色建筑智能化，就能形成功能越来越强化的虚拟世界。足不出户实现虚拟沟通、集体娱乐甚至工作就成为可能，将会减少交通的能耗,“Information”extremely exterior.Maitcarf rules:the value of an information network is proportional to the square of the number of subscribers accessing the network.“Things are precious as they are rare”becomes“things are precious as they are numerous.”More and more green buildings get intelligent,which will cause a virtual world with more and more powerful functions.It will be possible for virtual communication,collective amusement and even working without going out of your door,which will reduce the traffic energy consumption.,19,传统的建筑智能化往往是由：楼宇自动化系统（BAS）、办公自动化系统（OAS）和通讯自动化系统（CAS）组成。但根据以上的信息定义，智能绿色建筑将进一步综合运用最新的4C技术，即计算机（computer）、控制（control）、通讯（communication）和CRT图形显示技术，不仅实现以上三大系统的整合优化，而且能够通过室内外的传感系统监测气温、湿度、风速、光照强度等变化，并根据这些参数控制窗户、空调系统和能源再生系统，以求得最高的室内工作生活质量与最少的自然干扰相统一。,Intelligentization of traditional buildings is usually consisted of Building Automatization System(BAS),Office Automation System（OAS）and Communication Automatization System（CAS）.However,according to the information definition mentioned above,intelligent and green buildings will further be applied the latest four-C technologies synthetically,namely computer,control,communication and Graphic Reveal Technology(CRT),they can not only conformity and optimize former three systems,but also monitor those changes such as temperature,humidity,wind speed and intensity of illumination etc through outdoor and indoor sensing system,at same time,they can control windows,air-conditioning system and energy regeneration system according to these parameter so as to achieve perfect combination of the highest indoor living and working quality and lowest natural interference.,20,三、绿色建筑与一般建筑的区别,Differences between green buildings and general ones,21,第一，一般建筑在结构上趋向于封闭，在设计上力求与自然环境完全隔离，室内环境往往是不利于健康的；而绿色建筑的内部与外部采取有效连通的办法，会对气候变化自动进行自适应调节，就像鸟儿一样，它可以根据季节的变化换羽毛。建筑有自己的神经（智能），变化羽毛等于交换节能围护装置和性能。,First,general buildings tend to be closed in structure,and completely separated from the natural environment in design.Indoor environment is not healthful;but green buildings,with their connected inside and outside,may adjust themselves to gear to the climate changes,just like birds that can change their feather by the season changes.Buildings have their own nerves(intelligence).To change the“feather”is just to exchange the energy saving maintenance devices and performance.,22,第二、一般建筑随着建筑设计、生产和用材的标准化、产业化，大江南北建筑的形式一律化、单调化造就了“千城一面”；而绿色建筑推行本地材料，尊重几千年的地方文化传统，真正造就凝固的音乐，建筑将随着气候、自然资源和地区文化的差异而重新呈现不同的风貌。,Second,general buildings are unvaried along with the standardization and industrialization of design,production and materials as well as the unvaried and toneless forms of buildings across China;but for green buildings,local materials are applied,and local cultural traditions of thousands of years are respected to solidified music.Buildings will vary with the climate,natural resources and regional culture.,23,第三、一般建筑是一种商品，建筑的形式往往不顾环境资源的限制，片面追求批量化生产，低成本建设，自我创造形象；而绿色建筑则将被看作一种资源，建筑及其城市发展都将以最小的生态和资源代价，在广泛的领域获得最大利益。,Third,general buildings are a kind of commodity.The form of building always disregards the restriction of natural resources.Theres a unilateral pursuit of batch production,low-cost construction,and self-creation of image.But green buildings will be regard as a kind of resource.Buildings and the development of their cities will be at minimum cost of ecology and resources,and obtain maximum benefit in extensive fields.,24,第四、一般建筑追求“新、奇、特”“大、洋、贵”，追求标志效应，欧陆风或风盛行；而绿色建筑的建筑形式也将从与大自然和谐相处中获得灵感，“美存在于以最小的资源获得最大限度的丰富性和多样性”。人类对建筑美的感知将建立在生态影响的基础上，而不是建立在精美艺术细节、夸张的形式主义上。重返2000多年前古罗马杰出建筑师维特鲁威提出的“紧固、适用、愉悦”六字真经上。,Fourth,general buildings tend to be new,original,special,big,exotic,and expensive,and seek for landmark effect,with European or any other styles prevailing.But green buildings will obtain inspiration from the harmony with the nature.“Beauty exists in the maximum richness and diversity obtained from the minimum resources”.Humans perception of architectural beauty will be based upon the ecological effect,instead of the exquisite artistic details and exaggerated externalism,thus back to the“fastening,applicable and pleasant”principle set forth by an outstanding architect in ancient Roma more than 2000 years ago.,25,第五、一般建筑能耗非常大，建筑业是所有产业中的耗能（50%）大户和污染大户（污水排放50%）；绿色建筑极大的减少了能耗，甚至自身产生和利用可再生能源，“零能耗”（广泛利用太阳能、风能、地热能）和“零排放”建筑。发电节能提高5%，汽车节能提高10%极为困难，而建筑节能轻易可达50-60%。,Fifth,general buildings are highly energy consuming.The building sector is a major energy consumer（contributing 50%）and pollution maker（contributing 50%to the polluted water）among all sectors;green buildings reduce the energy consumption greatly,they can even generate and utilize reusable energy sources(extensive utilization of solar energy,wind energy and geothermal energy)to realize“zero energy consumption”and“zero emission”.Its very hard to increase the energy saving by 5%in the electricity generation,and by 10%in the automobiles.But the energy saving of buildings can reach 50-60%easily.,26,第六，一般建筑仅在建造过程或者是使用过程中对环境负责，是狭义的“以人为本”；而绿色建筑是在建筑的全寿命周期内，为人类提供健康、适用和高效的使用空间，最终实现与自然共生，从被动的减少对自然的干扰，到主动地创造环境的丰富性，减少资源需求上来，从狭义的“以人为本”转向子孙后代和全人类的“以人为本”。Sixth,general buildings are only responsible for the environment during the construction or use,and are person centered in a narrow sense;but green buildings tend to protect the environment to the full extent,reduce pollution,provide the human beings a healthy,applicable and efficient space in the whole life of the building,A passive reduction of disturbance to the nature is turned into the active creation of diversified environment and the reduction of resource demand,and the person-centered conception in narrow sense is turned into the person-centered conception for the future generations and the entire human being.,27,四、推行绿色建筑的一般对策,Basic countermeasures to initiate green buildings,28,全面启动北方地区的供热体制改革，新推行集中供热的地区与城市全部采用新体制,Fully launch the heat supply system in the northern region of China.New system will be implemented in all regions and cities where central heating is just initiated.,强制性执行现有的建筑节能标准,Implement the existing energy saving standards for buildings in a compulsive way.,29,制定新的内容更宽泛的建筑节能标准与技术规范,Develop new and more inclusive standards and technical specifications for energy saving of buildings.,执行建筑节能标准应是实际工作的最低要求，鼓励地方政府和企业超标准执行,To implement the energy saving standards for buildings shall be the minimum requirement in the practical work.Local governments and enterprises are encouraged to implement beyond the standards.,30,建筑节能标准要从设计、施工、运行扩展到建筑的节水、节材和减少温室气体和废水、垃圾排放。建筑节能应扩展到建筑的全过程,Energy saving standards for buildings shall be extended from the design,construction and operation to the water saving,material saving,reduction of greenhouse gas,wastewater,and garbage emission in buildings.Energy saving of buildings shall be extended to the full process of building.,31,财政投资和补贴的公共建筑，应率先达到严格的节能标准和绿色建筑规范，鼓励地方制订和执行更高的节能标准,Public buildings receiving fiscal investment and subsidy shall take the lead to meet the energy saving standards and green building criterions.Local governments are encouraged to develop and implement higher energy saving standards.,对高级公寓和标志性的公共建筑应执行更高的节能标准,Higher energy saving standards shall be implemented for high-grade apartments and landmark public buildings.,32,英国伦敦 London of UK,33,Build a green building rating system and relevant incentive programs adapted to the situation of China.,建立适应中国国情的绿色建筑分等评级制度及相应的奖励方法,34,五、启动中国绿色建筑运动的杠杆强化对地方政府的激励,The lever to start up the green building initiative of China enhanced incentive to local governments,35,各地气候条件和发展程度差异极大的中国，推行绿色建筑必须充分依靠地方政府的主动性和创造性,The initiativeness and creativity of local governments must by relied on to initiate green buildings in China,where with significantly varied climate conditions and development levels.,36,上海实例 Examples of Shanghai,37,表1 住宅建筑发展与既有住宅建筑节能改造预测,Table 1 Development of Dwelling Buildings and Forecast of Energy Saving Renovation for Already Existing Dwelling Buildings,38,表2 公共建筑发展与既有公共建筑节能改造预测,Table 2 Development of Public Buildings and Forecast of Energy Saving Renovation for Already Existing Public Buildings,39,表3 住宅建筑节能预测,Table 3 Predicted Energy Saving in Dwelling Buildings,40,表4 公共建筑节能预测,Table 4 Predicted Energy Saving in Public Buildings,41,定期全面部署和检查地方政府建筑节能实施计划及其进展情况,Regularly deploy and inspect the local governments building energy saving plans and the progress of implementation.,将建筑节能率列入对地方政府领导政绩考核的绿色GDP指标体系中,Involve the building energy saving rate into the system of green GDP indicators for the rating of government officials performance.,42,将建筑节能及绿色建筑的推广作为评选国家园林城市、环保模范城市、生态城市和人居奖等荣誉称号的必要条件之一,Use the building energy saving and promotion of green buildings as one of the necessary conditions for such honors as national garden city,model city of environmental protection,ecological city and human inhabitation award.,鼓励地方政府制订高标准节能建筑、绿色建筑的税收等优惠政策,Encourage local governments to develop preferential tax and other policies for energy saving buildings with higher standards and green buildings.,