植物保护外文文献翻译.docx

附录PlantProtectionAbstractThecardsontheuppersurfacewereblue,saysJohnHowell.Inmanycases,cardsonthelowerleaveswerenotcoveredaswell."Ifgrowerswanttocheckoutcoverageinanykindofcrop,theycangetthesecardsfrommachinerydealers,z,saysHowell."Itisagreatwaytodeterminewhatkindofspraycoverageyouaregetting.Wetestedallthesesprayersat4milesanhourand2milesanhourandwediditwiththedifferenttypesofsprayers.”HeadnoteIncreaseyieldsbymakingsureyourpumpkinandsquashcropsareadequatelycoveredwithacropprotectant.OVERtheyears,diseasepressureonpumpkinsandwintersquash,especiallyintheNortheast,hasbecomemoresevere.Morethan30yearsago,thesecropswerenottypicallysprayedwithfungicidesorinsecticidesbecauseitsimplywasn,tnecessary.Diseaseandinsectpressurewasn*tthatsignificant-backthen.Fastforwardtoabout15yearsago,andthingswerebeginningtochange.AccordingtoJohnHowell,retiredextensionvegetablespecialistattheUniversityofMassachusetts,asdemandforthesecrops,especiallypumpkinsforHalloween,increased,sodidproductionandthespreadofplantdisease,particularlyblackrot.Theresultwasthatsprayingbecameanecessity.z,Growersdidn,twanttodrivethroughtheirfieldswithasprayerbecausetheywouldsquashafewsquash,andpumpkins,“saysHowell.Wehadtoconvincethemthatlosingafewplantsthiswaywasbetterthanlosingmuchmoretodisease.''SprayerVs.SprayerAccordingtoHowell,mostgrowersusehigh-pressurevolumesprayerstoapplyinsecticidesandfungicidestorowcrops.Someuseairblastsprayersandlow-voIumeunits.Frompastresearchsprayinginsecticidesandfungicidesonpumpkinsandsquash,Howelllearnedthatnoneofthesprayertypesworkedaswellastheywouldhavelikedthemto.Low-volumeandairblastsprayersfellshortinbeingabletosuccessfullypenetratethecanopyandachievegoodleafcoverage.1.ow-voIumesprayers,saysHowell,aretypicallyusedtosprayherbicidesdirectlyonthesoil,soapplyingproducttoplantleavestopreventdiseaseisn,tthemaingoal.Theairblastunits,helearned,haddifficultygettingcoverageundertheplantcanopy.Ofthethreetypes,thehigh-pressurevolumesprayersprovidedthebestcoveragetoplantleaves.“Theyalldidagoodjobontheuppersurfacesoftheupperleaves,z,heexplains."However,youalsowanttobeabletogetthelowerleavesthatarelowerinthecanopyandtheundersidesofthoseleaves,aswell.Ithinkslowlymoregrowersarebecomingmoreawareofthisissuewithspraycoverage.”Duringhisresearch,Howellemployedtheuseofwater-sensitivecards.Theseyellowcardswereclippedonthetopupperleavesofplantsandonleaveslowertotheground.Waterwassubstitutedforacropprotectantsoresearcherscouldwalkthroughthefieldsaftertheplantsweresprayed.Cardsthatgotwetturnedblue.Thecardsontheuppersurfacewereblue,saysHowell.Inmanycases,cardsonthelowerleaveswerenotcoveredaswell."Ifgrowerswanttocheckoutcoverageinanykindofcrop,theycangetthesecardsfrommachinerydealers,“saysHowell."Itisagreatwaytodeterminewhatkindofspraycoverageyouaregetting.Wetestedallthesesprayersat4milesanhourand2milesanhourandwediditwiththedifferenttypesofsprayers.*Usingahigh-pressuresprayerfilledwithwater,theseyellowwatersensitivecardsturnedbluewherewaterdropletshitthem.Thetopcard?ineachcolumnisfromanupperleaf,topsurface.Thesecondcardisfromanupperleaf,underside;thethirdcardisalowerleaf,topsurface;andthefourth(lowest)cardisfromcloverleaf,underside.Itwasdifficulttoachievegoodcoverageontheundersidesofleaves.Howelladdsthatsprayingpumpkinsandsquashareparticularlychallenging,thankstotheamountoffoliagethatneedstobecovered.Researchersalsoareusingwater-sensitivecardstotestthecoverageoffungicidesandinsecticidesonothercrops,suchassweetcorn,hesays.SidebarUseTheRightNozzleJOHNHowell,aretiredvegetableextensionspecialistattheUniversityofMassachusetts,saysgrowersshoulduseahigh-pressuresprayerontheirpumpkinandsquashplantsandtheyshoulduseasolid-conenozzle.Mostsprayers,hesays,comewithhollow-conenozzles."Asolidconehasanarrowerangleandtendstopushthespraymaterialfurtherintothefoliage,*heexplains.Healsotellsgrowerstonotexceedspeedsof2milesperhourwhensprayingbecauseittakestimetopushthespraymaterialdownintothecanopy.“Ifyouaretravelingtoofast,youwon,tgetgoodpenetrationofthefoliage,“hesays.z,Youhavetogivethesolutiontimetogetdownintothefoliageasyoupassoverthecrop.”Anglingthenozzlealsohelps.Onmostboomorhigh-pressuresprayers,growerscanloosentheclampsontheboom,andangleitabout15to20degreesforwardasopposedtofacingitstraightdown.Bysettingthenozzleonanangle,ittendstostiruptheleavesalittlebitandaidsinthepenetrationofthecanopy,saysHowell.植物保护摘要在上表面的卡是蓝色的，说约翰豪厄尔。在许多情况下，在下部叶卡也没有涉及。“如果种植者想看看在任何一-种作物的覆盖面，他们可以从机械经销商那里得到卡片，“豪威尔说。“确定你正在用什么样方式来喷涂覆盖面这是伟大的。我们在4英里的时速和2英里的时速测试所有这些喷雾器，我们用不同类型的喷雾器来测试。通过确保你增加南瓜和西葫芦作物涵盖量，来增加作物保护剂的产量。多年来，尤其是在东北，疾病对南瓜、冬瓜的压力变得更加严重。30多年前，这些作物通常不喷洒杀菌剂或杀虫剂，因为它根本没有必要。病虫害压力并不显著。当时的情况。快速回到大约15年前，事情开始发生变化。据约翰豪威尔位退休的常识渊博的麻省理工大学的蔬菜专家，他认为，随着这些作物，尤其是万圣节南瓜的需求的增加而加速了植物疾病的传播，特别是黑腐病。其结果是，喷洒农药成为必然。“种植者不希望驾驶一个携带喷雾器的机械驶过自己的田地，因为他们会损失几个南瓜，”豪威尔说。“我们必须说服他们，通过这种方式失去几个南瓜，比被一些植物的疾病夺去更多的南瓜要好。”不同喷雾器的比较据豪威尔介绍，大部分种植者通过用高压喷雾器喷洒杀虫剂和杀菌剂来保护中耕作物。有的用鼓风喷雾机和低容量喷雾器。,豪威尔了解到，从过去的南瓜和西葫芦喷洒杀虫剂和杀菌剂的研究来看，喷雾器类型没有一次达到他们预期的效果。低容量喷雾器和鼓风喷雾机没有能够成功地渗透，实现良好的叶冠层覆盖。豪威尔说，低容量喷雾器通常用于在土壤上直接喷洒除草剂，使植物叶片应用产品，以防止疾病，但不是主要目标。他还了解到，鼓风喷雾机很难作用到树冠覆盖下的植物。在这三种类型中，高压容量喷雾器对植物的叶子起到了最好的覆盖效果。“所有喷雾器都对叶子上表面的效果不错，”他说。“不过，你也希望能够使较低的叶片，在树冠较低处，同样有很好的效果。我想慢慢地越来越多的种植者会意识到喷雾覆盖这个问题。”在他的研究中，豪威尔采用了水敏卡。这些黄色卡片被夹在植物的叶子的上表面和下表面。对保护者来说，水是一种作物保护剂，研究人员可以通过步行后，植株喷洒。湿了的卡变成了蓝色。在上表面的卡是蓝色的，Howell说。在许多情况下，在下部叶卡也没有涉及。“如果种植者想看看在任何一种作物的覆盖面，他们可以从机械经销商这些卡片，”豪威尔说。“这是一个伟大的方式来确定什么样的喷涂覆盖面越来越像你。我们测试在4英里的时速和2英里的时速所有这些喷雾器和我们和不同类型的喷雾器它。”使用装满了水的高压喷雾器，当水滴落到上面的时候，这些黄水敏卡变成了蓝色。是最高的卡吗？是在每一列叶子的最顶面。第二张卡片是从上面叶子的下表面，第三卡是下面叶子的上表面，第四张卡在底面。这很难实现的叶片的良好覆盖。霍维尔补充说，由于大量的叶子覆盖，喷涂南瓜和壁球特别具有挑战性。研究人员还使用水敏卡来测试杀菌、杀虫剂剂在其他作物，如甜玉米，的覆盖面。使用正确的喷嘴约翰豪威尔是一位退休的在马萨诸塞大学的蔬菜推广专家说，种植者应该使用他们的南瓜和西葫芦植株高压喷雾器，他们应该使用实心锥喷嘴。他说，大多数喷雾器使用空心锥喷嘴。“一个实心锥角范围较窄，而且往往难以把喷涂药剂推入叶子。”他说。他还告诉种植者不能在超过每小时2英里的速度时喷涂，因为它需要时间来推入树冠下的喷涂材料。“如果你喷洒得太快，药剂在树叶间没有良好的穿透力。”他说，“药剂落在树叶需要时间，你必需给它充足的时间。”角度加工喷嘴也很有帮助。在大多数高压喷雾器，种植者可以向前降低角度加工夹具约15至20度，而不是面对它直降角度。通过设置一个角度喷嘴，更趋向于促进药剂在在叶片冠层一点点渗透，豪威尔说。