讽刺艺术外文翻译.docx

Satire1. DefinitionofsatireFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopediaNottobeconfusedwithsatyr.“Satires“redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeSatires(disambiguation).Satireisatextorperformancethatusesirony,derision,orwittoexposeorattackhumanvice,foolishness,orstupidity.Verb:satirize.Adjective:satiricorsatirical.Apersonwhoemployssatireisasatirist.Usingmetaphors,novelistPeterDeVriesexplainedthedifferencebetweensatireandhumor:"Thesatiristshootstokillwhilethehumoristbringshispreybackalive-oftentoreleasehimagainforanotherchance,OneofthebestknownsatiricalworksinEnglishisJonathanSwift,sGulliver*sTravels(1726).ContemporaryvehiclesforsatireintheU.S.includeTheDailyShow,SouthPark,TheOnion,andFullFrontalwithSamanthaBee.Satireisagenreofliterature,andsometimesgraphicandperformingarts,inwhichvices,follies,abuses,andshortcomingsarehelduptoridicule,ideallywiththeintentofshamingindividuals,corporations,governmentorsocietyitself,intoimprovement.Althoughsatireisusuallymeanttobehumorous,itsgreaterpurposeisoftenconstructivesocialcriticism,usingwittodrawattentiontobothparticularandwiderissuesinsociety.Afeatureofsatireisstrongironyorsarcasm-insatire,ironyismilitant*butparody,burlesque,exaggeration,juxtaposition,comparison,analogy,anddoubleentendreareallfrequentlyusedinsatiricalspeechandwriting.This“militant"ironyorsarcasmoftenprofessestoapproveof(oratleastacceptasnatural)theverythingsthesatiristwishestoattack.Satireisnowadaysfoundinmanyartisticformsofexpression,includingliterature,plays,commentary,televisionshows,andmediasuchaslyrics.2. EtymologyandrootsThewordsatirecomesfromtheLatinwordsaturandthesubsequentphraseLanxsatura.Saturmeant"full"butthejuxtapositionwithLanxshiftedthemeaningto*miseelIanyormedley”:theexpressionLanxsaturaliterallymeans“afulldishofvariouskindsoffruits.”ThewordsaturaasusedbyQuintilian,however,wasusedtodenoteonlyRomanversesatire,astrictgenrethatimposedhexameterform,anarrowergenrethanwhatwouldbelaterintendedassatire.Quintilianfamouslysaidthatsatura,thatisasatireinhexameterverses,wasaliterarygenreofwhollyRomanorigin(saturatotanostraest).HewasawareofandcommentedonGreeksatire,butatthetimedidnotlabelitassuch,althoughtodaytheoriginofsatireisconsideredtobeAristophancs,OldComedy.ThefirstcritictousesatireinthemodernbroadersensewasApuleius.ToQuintilian,thesatirewasastrictliteraryform,butthetermsoonescapedfromtheoriginalnarrowdefinition.RobertElliottwrites:Assoonasanounentersthedomainofmetaphor,asonemodernscholarhaspointedout,itclamoursforextension;andsatura(whichhadhadnoverbal,adverbial,oradjectivalforms)wasimmediatelybroadenedbyappropriationfromtheGreekwordfor“satyr”(satyros)anditsderivatives.TheoddresultisthattheEnglish“satire“comesfromtheLatinsatura;but"satirize”,“satiric”,etc.,areofGreekorigin.Byaboutthe4thcenturyADthewriterofsatirescametobeknownassatyricus;St.Jerome,forexample,wascalledbyoneofhisenemies,asatiristinprose,(,satyricusscriptorinprosa,).SubsequentorthographicmodificationsobscuredtheLatinoriginofthewordsatire:saturabecomessatyra,andinEngland,bythe16thcentury,itwaswritten'satyre.,Thewordsatirederivesfromsatura,anditsoriginwasnotinfluencedbytheGreekmythologicalfigureofthesatyr.Inthe17thcentury,philologistIsaacCasaubonwasthefirsttodisputetheetymologyofsatirefromsatyr,contrarytothebeliefuptothattime.Satireandhumor1.aughterisnotanessentialcomponentofsatire;8infacttherearetypesofsatirethatarenotmeanttobe"funny“atall.Conversely,notallhumor,evenonsuchtopicsaspolitics,religionorartisnecessarily"satirical”,evenwhenitusesthesatiricaltoolsofirony,parody,andburlesque.Evenlight-heartedsatirehasaserious"after-taste”:theorganizersoftheIgNobclPrizedescribethisas“firstmakepeoplelaugh,andthenmakethemthink”.3. SocialandpsychologicalfunctionsSatireandironyinsomecaseshavebeenregardedasthemosteffectivesourcetounderstandasociety,theoldestformofsocialstudy.Theyprovidethekeenestinsightsintoagroup,scollectivepsyche,revealingitsdeepestvaluesandtastes,andthesociety*sstructuresofpower.Someauthorshaveregardedsatireassuperiortonon-comicandnon-artisticdisciplineslikehistoryoranthropology.InaprominentexamplefromancientGreece,philosopherPlato,whenaskedbyafriendforabooktounderstandAtheniansociety,referredhimtotheplaysofAristophanes.Historically,satirehassatisfiedthepopularneedtodebunkandridiculetheleadingfiguresinpolitics,economy,religionandotherprominentrealmsofpower.Satireconfrontspublicdiscourseandthecollectiveimaginary,playingasapublicopinioncounterweighttopower(beitpolitical,economic,religious, symbolic, or otherwise), instance, it forces administrations policies. Satire* s job is to expose obligated to solve them. Karl KrausbychaiIengingleadersandauthorities.Fortoclarify,amendorestablishtheirproblemsandcontradictions,andit,snotsetinthehistoryofsatireaprominentexampleofasatiristroleasconfrontingpublicdiscourse.Foritsnatureandsocialrole,satirehasenjoyedinmanysocietiesaspecialfreedomlicensetomockprominentindividualsandinstitutions.Thesatiricimpulseanditsritualizedexpressions,carryoutthefunctionofresolvingsocialtension.Institutionsliketheritualclowns,bygivingexpressiontotheantisocialtendencies,representasafetyvalvewhichreestablishesequilibriumandhealthinthecollectiveimaginary,whicharejeopardizedbytherepressiveaspectsofsociety.Thestateofpoliticalsatireinagivensocietyreflectsthetoleranceorintolerancethatcharacterizesit,andthestateofcivillibertiesandhumanrights.Undertotalitarianregimesanycriticismofapoliticalsystem,andespeciallysatire,issuppressed.AtypicalexampleistheSovietUnionwherethedissidents,suchasAleksandraSolzhenitsynandAndreiSakharovwereunderstrongpressurefromthegovernment.WhilesatireofeverydaylifeintheUSSRwasallowed,themostprominentsatiristbeingArcadyRankin,politicalsatireexistedintheformofanecdotesthatmadefunofSovietpoliticalleaders,especiallyBrezhnevtfamousforhisnarrow-mindlessandloveforawardsanddecorations.Foritsnatureandsocialrole,satirehasenjoyedinmanysocietiesaspecialfreedomlicensetomockprominentindividualsandinstitutions.Thesatiricimpulseanditsritualizedexpressions,carryoutthefunctionofresolvingsocialtension.Institutionsliketheritualclowns,bygivingexpressiontotheantisocialtendencies,representasafetyvalvewhichreestablishesequilibriumandhealthinthecollectiveimaginary,whicharejeopardizedbytherepressiveaspectsofsociety.讽刺艺术1.定义来自维基百科，自由的百科全书讽刺是用文本或使用嘲笑或机智的方式来揭露或攻击人类的恶习、愚蠢或愚蠢的表现。动词：讽刺。形容词：讽刺或讽刺。采用讽刺的人是一个讽刺作家。使用隐喻，小说家彼得德弗里斯解释了讽刺和幽默的区别:讽刺作家射杀死的同时，幽默作家带来他活着回来的猎物经常以释放他再给我另一个机会。乔纳森斯威夫特的格列佛游记（1726）是英语中最著名的讽刺作品之一。在美国讽刺当代车辆包括每日秀、南公园、洋葱和充分的额骨与萨曼莎蜂。讽刺是一种体裁文学，和有时图形和表演艺术，恶习、愚蠢、滥用，缺点举行了嘲笑，理想的情况下与羞辱的个人、公司、政府或社会本身，到改进的意图。虽然讽刺通常意味着要幽默，其更大的目的往往是建设性的社会批评，使用机智在社会中提请注意特别是和更广泛的问题。讽刺的一个特点是强烈的讽刺-一“在讽刺，讽刺是激进的”但戏仿、滑稽表演、夸张、并列、比较、类比和双关语都经常用于讽刺演讲和写作。这激进的反语或讽刺往往自称的批准（或至少接受作为自然）讽刺作家想要攻击的东西。讽刺现在发现在很多艺术形式的表达，包括文学、戏剧、评注，电视节目和媒体，如歌词。2 .词源和根词讽刺来自拉丁词星期六和随后的短语Lanx饱和度的高低。星期六是满但与Lanx并列转向意义杂记或混合泳：表达Lanx贮水的字面意思是“满菜的各种水果。Word贮水所用的体良，然而，用于表示只有罗马诗歌讽刺，实行六形式，较窄的体裁，而什么会后来作为讽刺不严格体裁。体良有句名言，饱和度的高低，那就是在第六节中的讽刺，是一种文学体裁的全资罗马起源（饱和度的高低限额nostraest）。他意识到和谈到希腊的讽刺，但当时没有不它这个标签，虽然今天的讽刺起源被认为是阿里斯托芬的旧喜剧。第一位评论家使用现代更广泛意义上的讽刺是阿普。到体良讽刺是一种严格的文学形式，但期限很快逃过原始狭隘的定义。罗伯特艾略特写道：当名词进入域的隐喻，正如一位现代学者已经指出，它标榜维护扩展;和饱和度（这有没有动词、形容词或副词的形式）立即扩大拨款从希腊字"SATYROS”和其衍生品。奇特的结果是讽刺英语来自拉丁文的饱和度;但讽刺、讽刺等，都是希腊起源。大约在公元4世纪的讽刺作家来被称为SatyriCus;圣杰罗姆，例如，被称为他的敌人之一散文中的讽刺作家（SatyricusinProSa。随后的正字法修改模糊词讽刺的拉丁文起源:饱和度的高低成为红色，和在英国，16世纪，它写Satyre'。词讽刺源于贮水，和它的起源不受希腊神话人物。在17世纪，语言学家艾萨克朋是第一个提出争议的词源讽刺从SATYROS,与当时的看法相反。3 .讽刺与幽默笑声不是讽刺的一项重要；实际上有类型的讽刺，不是在所有要搞笑相反，并不是所有的幽默，即使是在诸如政治、宗教或艺术是一定“讽刺，即使它使用的反讽、戏仿和滑稽讽刺的工具。即使轻松讽刺的味道很严重售后服务：Ig诺贝尔奖主办方将此描述为第一次让人开怀大笑，然后让他们觉得"。4 .社会和心里学运用讽刺和反语在某些情况下已被视为最有效的源来理解社会，社会研究的最古老的形式。他们提供一组集体心理，揭示其最深层的价值观与品味和社会的权力结构敏锐洞察。有些作者有视为优于非漫画和非艺术学科像历史或人类学的讽刺。在从古希腊的一个突出的例子，哲学家柏拉图时问到一本书了解雅典的社会，一个朋友，向他提到阿里斯托芬的戏剧。从历史上看，讽刺已能满足大众需要揭穿和嘲笑的领先人物在政治、经济、宗教和其他突出领域的权力。讽刺面临公共话语和集体的想象，作为公众舆论配重掌权（不论是政治、经济、宗教、象征性的或以其他方式），具有挑战性的领导人和当局玩。例如，它迫使行政当局澄清、修改或建立他们的政策。讽刺的工作就是揭露问题和矛盾，和它有没有义务来解决这些问题。卡尔克劳斯设置史中的讽刺讽刺作家角色的一个突出的例子作为面对公共话语。为其本质和社会作用，讽刺享有在许多社会中一个特别自由许可证来嘲笑突出的个人和机构。讽刺的冲动和其仪式化的表达方式，开展解决社会矛盾的作用。像仪式的小丑，所表达的反社会的倾向，这样的机构代表一种集体的想象，重新建立平衡和健康的安全阀门受到社会压抑的方面。一个特定社会中的政治讽刺的状态反映了容忍或不容忍行为的特点，和公民自由和人权的国家。在极权政权下任何批评的政治制度和特别是讽刺，是被禁止的。一个典型的例子是苏联持不同政见者，如利润索尔仁尼琴和安德烈萨哈罗夫在哪儿从政府的强大压力下。而讽刺的日常生活在苏联被允许，被阿卡狄兰金最突出的讽刺作家，政治讽刺取笑苏联的政治领导人，尤其是勃列日涅夫，他窄盲目而闻名的轶事的形式存在和爱的奖状和奖章。为其本质和社会作用，讽刺享有在许多社会中一个特别自由许可证来嘲笑突出的个人和机构。讽刺的冲动和其仪式化的表达方式，开展解决社会矛盾的作用。像仪式的小丑，所表达的反社会的倾向，这样的机构代表一种集体的想象，重新建立平衡和健康的安全阀门受到社会压抑的方面。