【社媒营销分析报告】美国社交媒体及青年精神卫生报告-英.docx

SocialMediaandYouthMentalHealthTheU.S.SurgeonGenerasAdvisoryContentsAbouttheAdvisory3SocialMediaandYouthMentalHealth4SocialMediaHasBothPositiveandNegativeImpacts5onChildrenandAdolescentsThePotentialBenefitsofSocialMediaUseAmongChildrenandAdolescents6ThePotentialHarmsofSocialMediaUseAmongChildrenandAdolescents6WhatDrivesMentalHealthandWell-BeingConcerns:8ASnapshotoftheScientificEvidencePotentialRiskofHarmfromContentExposure8PotentialRiskofHarmfromExcessiveandProblematicUse9CriticalQuestionsRemainUnanswered11KnownEvidenceGaps11WeMustTakeAction:AWayForward13WhatPolicymakersCanDo15WhatTechnologyCompaniesCanDo16WhatParentsandCaregiversCanDo17WhatChildrenandAdolescentsCanDo18WhatResearchersCanDo19Acknowledgments20Endnotes21AbouttheAdvisoryASurgeonGenerasAdvisoryisapublicstatementthatcallstheAmericanpeople,sattentiontoanurgentpublichealthissueandprovidesrecommendationsforhowitshouldbeaddressed.Advisoriesarereservedforsignificantpublichealthchallengesthatrequirethenation,simmediateawarenessandaction.ThisAdvisorycallsattentiontothegrowingconcernsabouttheeffectsofsocialmediaonyouthmentalhealth.Itexploresanddescribesthecurrentevidenceonthepositiveandnegativeimpactsofsocialmediaonchildrenandadolescents,someoftheprimaryareasformentalhealthandwell-beingconcerns,andopportunitiesforadditionalresearchtohelpunderstandthefullscopeandscaleofsocialmedia,simpact.Thisdocumentisnotanexhaustivereviewoftheliterature.Rather,itwasdevelopedthroughasubstantialreviewoftheavailableevidence,primarilyfoundviaelectronicsearchesofresearcharticlespublishedinEnglishandresourcessuggestedbyawiderangeofsubjectmatterexperts,withprioritygivento,butnotlimitedto,meta-analysesandsystematicliteraturereviews.Italsooffersactionablerecommendationsfortheinstitutionsthatcanshapeonlineenvironments-policymakersandtechnologycompanies-aswellasforwhatparentsandcaregivers,youngpeople,andresearcherscando.ForadditionalbackgroundandtoreadotherSurgeonGeneral'sAdvisories,visitSurgeonGenera1.govSocialMediaandYouthMentalHealthSocialmedia1usebyyouthisnearlyuniversal.Upto95%ofyouthages13-17reportusingasocialmediaplatform,withmorethanathirdsayingtheyusesocialmediaualmostconstantly/2Althoughage13iscommonlytherequiredminimumageusedbysocialmediaplatformsintheU.S.,3nearly40%ofchildrenages8-12usesocialmedia.4Despitethiswidespreaduseamongchildrenandadolescents,robustindependentsafetyanalysesontheimpactofsocialmediaonyouthhavenotyetbeenconducted.Thereareincreasingconcernsamongresearchers,parentsandcaregivers,youngpeople,healthcareexperts,andothersabouttheimpactofsocialmediaonyouthmentalhealth.56Moreresearchisneededtofullyunderstandtheimpactofsocialmedia;however,thecurrentbodyofevidenceindicatesthatwhilesocialmediamayhavebenefitsforsomechildrenandadolescents,thereareampleindicatorsthatsocialmediacanalsohaveaprofoundriskofharmtothementalhealthandwell-beingofchildrenandadolescents.Atthistime,wedonotyethaveenoughevidencetodetermineifsocialmediaissufficientlysafeforchildrenandadolescents.Wemustacknowledgethegrowingbodyofresearchaboutpotentialharms,increaseourcollectiveunderstandingoftherisksassociatedwithsocialmediause,andurgentlytakeactiontocreatesafeandhealthydigitalenvironmentsthatminimizeharmandsafeguardchildren,sandadolescents1mentalhealthandwell-beingduringcriticalstagesOfdevelopment.Upto95%ofyouthages13-17reportusingasocialmediaplatform,withmorethanathirdsayingtheyusesocialmediaHalmostconstantly.,SocialMediaHasBothPositiveandNegativeImpactsonChildrenandAdolescentsTheinfluenceofsocialmediaonyouthmentalhealthisshapedbymanycomplexfactors,including,butnotlimitedto,theamountoftimechildrenandadolescentsspendonplatforms,thetypeofcontenttheyconsumeorareotherwiseexposedto,theactivitiesandinteractionssocialmediaaffords,andthedegreetowhichitdisruptsactivitiesthatareessentialforhealthlikesleepandphysicalactivity.6Importantly,differentchildrenandadolescentsareaffectedbysocialmediaindifferentways,basedontheirindividualstrengthsandvulnerabilities,andbasedoncultural,historical,andsocio-economicfactors.718Thereisbroadagreementamongthescientificcommunitythatsocialmediahasthepotentialtobothbenefitandharmchildrenandadolescents.69Braindevelopmentisacriticalfactortoconsiderwhenassessingtheriskforharm.Adolescents,ages10to19,areundergoingahighlysensitiveperiodofbraindevelopment.10-11Thisisaperiodwhenrisk-takingbehaviorsreachtheirpeak,whenwell-beingexperiencesthegreatestfluctuations,andwhenmentalhealthchallengessuchasdepressiontypicallyemerge.12-1314Furthermore,inearlyadolescence,whenidentitiesandsenseofself-worthareforming,braindevelopmentisespeciallysusceptibletosocialpressures,peeropinions,andpeercomparison.11'13Frequentsocialmediausemaybeassociatedwithdistinctchangesinthedevelopingbrainintheamygdala(importantforemotionallearningandbehavior)andtheprefrontalcortex(importantforimpulsecontrol,emotionalregulation,andmoderatingsocialbehavior),andcouldincreasesensitivitytosocialrewardsandpunishments.1516Assuch,adolescentsmayexperienceheightenedemotionalsensitivitytothecommunicativeandinteractivenatureofsocialmedia.16Adolescentsocialmediauseispredictiveofasubsequentdecreaseinlifesatisfactionforcertaindevelopmentalstagesincludingforgirls11-13yearsoldandboys14-15yearsold.17Becauseadolescenceisavulnerableperiodofbraindevelopment,socialmediaexposureduringthisperiodwarrantsadditionalscrutiny.SocialMediaHasBothPositiveandNegativeImpactsonChildrenandAdolescentsThePotentialBenefitsofSocialMediaUseAmongChildrenandAdolescentsSocialmediacanprovidebenefitsforsomeyouthbyprovidingpositivecommunityandconnectionwithotherswhoshareidentities,abilities,andinterests.Itcanprovideaccesstoimportantinformationandcreateaspaceforself-expression.9Theabilitytoformandmaintainfriendshipsonlineanddevelopsocialconnectionsareamongthepositiveeffectsofsocialmediauseforyouth.1819TheserelationshipscanaffordopportunitiestohavepositiveinteractionswithmorediversepeergroupsthanareavailabletothemOfflineandcanprovideimportantsocialsupporttoyouth.18Thebufferingeffectsagainststressthatonlinesocialsupportfrompeersmayprovidecanbeespeciallyimportantforyouthwhoareoftenmarginalized,includingracial,ethnic,andsexualandgenderminorities.2012122Forexample,studieshaveshownthatsocialmediamaysupportthementalhealthandwell-beingoflesbian,gay,bisexual,asexual,transgender,queer,intersexandotheryouthsbyenablingpeerconnection,identitydevelopmentandmanagement,andsocialsupport.23Sevenoutoftenadolescentgirlsofcolorreportencounteringpositiveoridentity-affirmingcontentrelatedtoraceacrosssocialmediaplatforms.24Amajorityofadolescentsreportthatsocialmediahelpsthemfeelmoreaccepted(58%),liketheyhavepeoplewhocansupportthemthroughtoughtimes(67%),liketheyhaveaplacetoshowtheircreativeside(71%),andmoreconnectedtowhat,sgoingonintheirfriends,lives(80%).25Inaddition,researchsuggeststhatsocialmedia-basedandotherdigitally-basedmentalhealthinterventionsmayalsobehelpfulforsomechildrenandadolescentsbypromotinghelp-seekingbehaviorsandservingasagatewaytoinitiatingmentalhealthcare.826272829ThePotentialHarmsofSocialMediaUseAmongChildrenandAdolescentsOverthelastdecade,evidencehasemergedidentifyingreasonsforconcernaboutthepotentialnegativeimpactofsocialmediaonchildrenandadolescents.AlongitudinalcohortstudyofU.S.adolescentsaged12-15(n=6,595)thatadjustedforbaselinementalhealthstatusfoundthatadolescentswhospentmorethan3hoursperdayonsocialmediafaceddoubletheriskofexperiencingpoormentalhealthoutcomesincludingsymptomsofdepressionandanxiety.30SocialMediaHasBothPositiveandNegativeImpactsonChildrenandAdolescentsAsof2021,8thand10thgradersnowspendanaverageof3.5hoursperdayonsocialmedia.31InauniquenaturalexperimentthatleveragedthestaggeredintroductionofasocialmediaplatformacrossU.S.colleges,theroll-outoftheplatformwasassociatedwithanincreaseindepression(9%overbaseline)andanxiety(12%overbaseline)amongcollege-agedyouth(n=359,827observations).32Thestudy'sco-authoralsonotedthatwhenappliedacrosstheentiretyoftheU.S.collegepopulation,theintroductionofthesocialmediaplatformmayhavecontributedtomorethan300,000newcasesOfdepression.32133Ifsuchsizableeffectsoccurredincollege-agedyouth,thesefindingsraiseseriousconcernsabouttheriskofharmfromsocialmediaexposureforchildrenandadolescentswhoareatamorevulnerablestageofbraindevelopment.1.imitsontheuseofsocialmediahaveresultedinmentalhealthbenefitsforyoungadultsandadults.Asmall,randomizedcontrolledtrialincollege-agedyouthfoundthatlimitingsocialmediauseto30minutesdailyOverthreeweeksledtosignificantimprovementsindepressionseverity.34Thiseffectwasparticularlylargeforthosewithhighbaselinelevelsofdepressionwhosawanimprovementindepressionscoresbymorethan35%.35Anotherrandomizedcontrolledtrialamongyoungadultsandadultsfoundthatdeactivationofasocialmediaplatformforfourweeksimprovedsubjectivewell-being(i.e.,self-reportedhappiness,lifesatisfaction,depression,andanxiety)byabout25-40%oftheeffectofpsychologicalinterventionslikeself-helptherapy,grouptraining,andindividualtherapy.36Inadditiontotheserecentstudies,correlationalresearchonassociationsbetweensocialmediauseandmentalhealthhasindicatedreasonforconcernandfurtherinvestigation.Thesestudiespointtoahigherrelativeconcernofharminadolescentgirlsandthosealreadyexperiencingpoormentalhealth,37,38.39aswasforPartiCUlarhealthoutcomeslikecyberbullying-relateddepression,40bodyimageanddisorderedeatingbehaviors,41andpoorsleepqualitylinkedtosocialmediause.42Forexample,astudyconductedamong14-year-olds(n=10,904)foundthatgreatersocialmediausepredictedpoorsleep,onlineharassment,poorbodyimage,lowself-esteem,andhigherdepressivesymptomscoreswithalargerassociationforgirlsthanboys.43Amajorityofparentsofadolescentssaytheyaresomewhat,very,orextremelyworriedthattheirchild'suseofsocialmediacouldleadtoproblemswithanxietyordepression(53%),lowerself-esteem(54%),beingharassedorbulliedbyothers(54%),feelingpressuredtoactacertainway(59%)1andexposuretoexplicitcontent(71%).44WhatDrivesMentalHealthandWell-BeingConcerns:ASnapshotoftheScientificEvidenceScientificevidencesuggeststhatharmfulcontentexposureaswellasexcessiveandproblematicsocialmediauseareprimaryareasforconcern.PotentialRiskofHarmfromContentExposureExtreme,inappropriate,andharmfulcontentcontinuestobeeasilyandwidelyaccessiblebychildrenandadolescents.Thiscanbespreadthroughdirectpushes,unwantedcontentexchanges,andalgorithmicdesigns.Incertaintragiccases,childhooddeathshavebeenlinkedtosuicide-andself-harm-relatedcontentandrisk-takingchallengesonsocialmediaplatforms.45-46Thiscontentmaybeespeciallyriskyforchildrenandadolescentswhoarealreadyexperiencingmentalhealthdifficulties.47Despitesocialmediaprovidingasenseofcommunityforsome,asystematicreviewofmorethantwodozenstudiesfoundthatsomesocialmediaplatformsshowlivedepictionsofself-harmactslikepartialasphyxiation,leadingtoseizures,andcutting,leadingtosignificantbleeding.48Further,thesestudiesfoundthatdiscussingorshowingthiscontentcannormalizesuchbehaviors,includingthroughtheformationofsuicidepactsandpostingofself-harmmodelsforotherstofollow.Socialmediamayalsoperpetuatebodydissatisfaction,disorderedeatingbehaviors,socialcomparison,andlowself-esteem,especiallyamongadolescentgirls.49-505152Asynthesisof20studiesdemonstratedasignificantrelationshipbetweensocialmediauseandbodyimageconcernsandeatingdisorders,withsocialcomparisonasapotentialcontributingfactor.41Socialcomparisondrivenbysocialmediaisassociatedwithbodydissatisfaction,disorderedeating,anddepressivesymptoms.53-545556Whenaskedabouttheimpactofsocialmediaontheirbodyimage,nearlyhalf(46%)ofadolescentsaged13-17saidsocialmediamakesthemfeelworse,40%saiditmakesthemfeelneitherbetternorworse,andonly14%saiditmakesthemfeelbetter.57Additionally,roughlytwo-thirds(64%)ofadolescentsare“often"or“sometimes”exposedtohate-basedcontent.58Amongadolescentgirlsofcolor,one-thirdormorereportexposuretoracistcontentorlanguageonsocialmediaplatformsWhatDrivesMentalHealthandWell-BeingConcerns:ASnapshotoftheScientificEvidenceatleastmonthly.24Inareviewof36studies,aconsistentrelationshipwasfoundbetweencyberbullyingviasocialmediaanddepressionamongchildrenandadolescents,40withadolescentfemalesandsexualminorityyouthmorelikelytoreportexperiencingincidentsofcyberbullying.5960Nearly75%Ofadolescentssaysocialmediasitesareonlydoingafairtopoorjobofaddressingonlineharassmentandcyberbullying.61Inaddition,socialmediaplatformscanbesitesforpredatorybehaviorsandinteractionswithmaliciousactorswhotargetchildrenandadolescents(e.g.,adultsseekingtosexuallyexploitchildren,tofinanciallyextortthemthroughthethreatoractualdistributionofintimateimages,ortosellillicitlymanufacturedfentanyl).626364AdoIescentgirlsandtransgenderyoutharedisproportionatelyimpactedbyonlineharassmentandabuse,whichisassociatedwithnegativeemotionalimpacts(e.g.,feelingsad,anxiousorworried).65-66Nearly6-in-10adolescentgirlssaythey,vebeencontactedbyastrangeroncertainsocialmediaplatformsinwaysthatmakethemfeeluncomfortable.24PotentialRiskofHarmfromExcessiveandProblematicUseExcessiveandproblematicuseofsocialmediacanharmchildrenandadolescentsbydisruptingimportanthealthybehaviors.Socialmediaplatformsareoftendesignedtomaximizeuserengagement,whichhasthepotentialtoencourageexcessiveuseandbehavioraldysregulation.67686970Pushnotifications,autoplay,infinitescroll,quantifyinganddisplayingpopularity(i.e.,*likes,),andalgorithmsthatleverageuserdatatoservecontentrecommendationsaresomeexamplesofthesefeaturesthatmaximizeengagement.Accordingtoonerecentmodel,nearlyathird(31%)ofsocialmediausemaybeattributabletoself-controlchallengesmagnifiedbyhabitformation.71Further,someresearchersbelievethatsocialmediaexposurecanoverstimulatetherewardcenterinthebrainand,whenthestimulationbecomesexcessive,cantriggerpathwayscomparabletoaddiction.68-72Smallstudieshaveshownthatpeoplewithfrequentandproblematicsocialmediausecanexperiencechangesinbrainstructuresimilartochangesseeninindividualswithsubstanceuseorgamblingaddictions.73-74Inanationallyrepresentativesurveyofgirlsaged11-15,one-thirdormoresaytheyfeel“addicted”toasocialmediaplatform.24OverhalfofteenagersreportthatitwouldbehardtogiveWhatDrivesMentalHealthandWell-BeingConcerns:ASnapshotoftheScientificEvidenceupsocialmedia.2Nearly3-in-4teenagersbelievethattechnologycompaniesmanipulateuserstospendmoretimeontheirdevices.68Inaddition,accordingtoasurveyof8thand1Othgraders,theaveragetimespentonsocialmediais3.5hoursperday,1-in-4spend5+hoursperdayand1-in-7spend7+hoursperdayonsocialmedia.31Excessiveandproblematicsocialmediause,suchascompulsiveoruncontrollableuse,hasbeenlinkedtosleepproblems,attentionproblems,andfeelingsofexclusionamongadolescents.43-7576-77Sleepisessentialforthehealthydevelopmentofadolescents.Asystematicreviewof42studiesontheeffectsofexcessivesocialmediausefoundaconsistentrelationshipbetweensocialmediauseandpoorsleepquality,reducedsleepduration,sleepdifficulties,anddepressionamongyouth.42Poorsleephasbeenlinkedtoalteredneurologicaldevelopmentinadolescentbrains,depressivesymptoms,andsuicidalthoughtsandbehaviors.78-79-80Onatypicalweekday,nearly1-in