世界经济论坛-产业战略的新时代：通过公私合作应对重大挑战（英）-2024.1.docx

nutr；NDU1.THP-11.Oy1.NDH1.7IiAl'SPr>rrv¾bn11cjf1111CambridgeIndustrialInnovationPolicyTheNewEraofWoR1.DECONOMICFORUMIndustrialStrategies:TacklingGrandChallengesthroughPublic-PrivateCollaborationWHITEPAPERJANUARY2024Images:GettyImages.UnsplashContentsForeword3Executivesummary41 Theneweraofindustrialstrategy52 Grandchallenge1:Achievingenvironmentalsustainabilityofmanufacturing6operations,productsandsupplychains2.1 Keyissues72.2 Underdebate92.3 Casestudies93 Grandchallenge2:Enhancingsupplychaintransparencyandresilience113.1 Keyissues113.2 Underdebate134.3Casestudies134 Grandchallenge3:Acceleratingthescale-upandadoptionofindustrial15technologies4.1 Keyissues154.2 Underdebate174.3 Casestudies175 Grandchallenge4:Securingthefutureofthemanufacturingworkforce195.1 Keyissues195.2 Underdebate215.3 Casestudies216 Grandchallenge5:1.inkingbusinessvaluewithsocialandenvironmental23values6.1 Keyissues236.2 Underdebate256.3 Casestudies25Conclusionandnextsteps27Contributors28Endnotes31DisclaimerThisdocumentispublishedbytheWorldEconomicForumasaresearchcontributiontoaproject,insightareaorinteraction.Thefindings,interpretationsandconclusionsexpressedhereinarearesultofacollaborativeprocessfacilitatedandendorsedbytheWorldEomicForumbutwhoseresultsdonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsoftheWorldEconomicForum,northeauthoringorganizations,entiretyofitsMembers,Partnersorotherstakeholders.Thementioningoffirmnamesorcommercialproductsdoesnotconstituteanendorsementbyanyoftheauthoringorganizations.©2024WorldEconomicForum.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,includingphotopyingandrerdig,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem.January2024TheNewEraofIndustrialStrategies:TacklingGrandChallengesthroughPublic-PrivateCollaborationForewordKivaAllgoodHead,AdvancedManufacturingandSupplyChainsCentre,WorldEconomicForumNobuyaHaraguchiChief,IndustrialPolicyResearchUnit,UnitedNationsIndustrialDevelopmentOrganizationCarlos1.6pez-G6mezHeadofUnit,CambridgeIndustrialInnovationPolicy,IfMEngage,UniversityofCambridgeHistorically,manufacturingindustrieshavefuelledsocialandeconomicgrowth,oftenguidedbyindustrialstrategiesfromtheprivateandpublicsectors.Bytheturnofthe20thcentury,however,thepredominantdiscourseminimizedtheroleofindustrialpolicies.'Arecentshift,influencedbythenewly-emergingBrussels-Beijing-WashingtonConsensus,2issteeringbacktowardsprioritizingindustrialpoliciesasintegraltoeconomicdevelopment.Recognizingthepotentialofindustrialstrategiestoaddresscontemporarychallenges,suchasgeopoliticaltensions,climatechangeandtechnologicaldisruptions,globaladoptionofindustrialstrategiesdoubledwithinadecade,comprising50%ofpoliciesintheGlobalTradeAtlasby2019.3Asindustrialstrategiesregainprominence,theWorldEconomicForum,incollaborationwithCambridgeIndustrialInnovationPolicy(CIIP)attheUniversityofCambridgeandtheUnitedNationsIndustrialDevelopmentOrganization(UNIDO),isactivelyengagingwithgovernmentsandcompanies.Thisllaborationaimstocomprehendmodernindustrialstrategytrendsandshedlightontheopportunitiesforgovernments,theprivatesector,researchorganizationsandcivilsocietytoco-createthenextgenerationofindustrialstrategies.Thispaper,drawingfromourglobalcommunities,structuresthenversationonthefutureofindustrialstrategiesandtheopportunitiesforcollaborationbetweenpublicandprivatesectors.Thegoalistocatalysedialogueonbestpractices,prioritiesandopportunities,ensuringthatindustrialstrategiescontinuetodriveinclusivegrowthamidevolvingglobaldynamics.ExecutivesummaryAdaptiveindustrialpoliciesthatachieveparitybetweensocietalandeconomicsuccessdesirecoordinatedandinclusiveapproaches.FIGURE1Theworldisinaconstantstateofflux,markedbynewtechnologicalinnovations,geopoliticalshifts,andenvironmentalcrises.Industrialstrategiesarenowrecognizedasmultifacetedtools,impactingeconomic,socialandnationalsecuritydimensions.Despitediverseapproachesacrosssectorsandregions,stakeholdersfacecommonchallengesinthisneweraofindustrialstrategy.The2023WorldEconomicForumreportTheFutureofIndustrialStrategies,writtenincollaborationwithCambridgeIndustrialInnovationPolicy(CIIP)andtheUnitedNationsIndustrialDevelopmentOrganization(UNIDO),identifiedfivegrandchallengesthatarefundamentallyshapingthefutureofindustrialstrategies.Thesegrandchallengesareenvironmentalsustainability,supplychainresilience,technologyscale-upandadoption,securingfutureworkforceskills,andlinkingsocialFivegrandchallengesforindustrialstrategiesandbusinessvalue.Thisreportdelvesintothekeyinterventionareaswherethepublicandprivatesectorleadersneedtodesignnewmechanismsforcollaborationandcoordinationifthesechallengesaretobetackledsuccessfully.Basedonaprioritiessneywith32officialsfromgovernments,companies,andresearchorganizations,expertfocusgroupswith26specialists,andacarefulcurationofcasestudies,thisreportoutlinescurrentindustrialstrategyapproaches.Emphasisisgiventoconsensus-drivenapproachesandareasofongoingdebate.Concreteexamplesserveasreferencepointsonapproachesthatcanbetaken.Thegoalistosimplifytheunderstandingofglobalchallenges,informingthedesignofnext-generationindustrialstrategiesandpromotingdialogueamongcompanies,academiaandgovernmentsonbestpractices,priorities,andtransformativeopportunitiesforchange.EnhancingsupplychaintransparencyandresilienceAcceleratingthescale-upandadoptionofindustrialtechnologies1.inkingbusinessvaluewithsocialandenvironmentalvaluesSecuringthefutureofthemanufacturingworkforceAchievingenvironmentalsustainabilityofmanufacturingoperations,productsandsupplychainsTAB1.E1KeyprioritiesbychallengeareaKeyissuesPublicsectorprioritiesPrivatesectorprioritiesAchievingenvironmentalsustainabilityofmanufacturingoperations,productsandsupplychains-Decarbonizingwithinandacrosssupplychains-Reconceptualizingproductdesign,businessmodelsandindustrialprocessestowardscircularityandresourceefficiency-Energyefficiency-Datastandardization-Regulations-Informingconsumers-Riskoffsetting-Bolsteringaffordabilityindevelopingcountries-Increasingresourceefficiencyandmaterialsubstitution-Supplychainpartnerselection-In-houseinnovationhubs-SharingsolutionsanddataacrossthesectorEnhancingsupplychaintransparencyandresilience-Improvingtheunderstandingandend-to-endvisibilityofsupplychains-Widespreadadoptionofresilience-enhancingtechnologyAcceleratingthescale-upandadoptionofindustrialtechnologies-Fosteringnumerousrobustcollaborativelinkages-Integratingindustryperspectives-InterlinkingworkforceskillsdevelopmentandtechnologySecuringthefutureofthemanufacturingworkforce-Ensuringajusttransition-Developingaworkforcefitforthefuture-Makingtrainingmoreaffordable,accessible,andrealistic1.inkingbusinessvaluewithsocialandenvironmentalvalues-Increasedtransparencyofbusinesspractices-Centeringworkers'safety,rights,anddevelopment-Decreasinggenderdisparitiesandpromotingdiversityinthemanufacturingsector-Strengtheninginternationalcoordinationandllaboration- Restructuringessentialsupplychains- 1.ong-termvisibilityofdemand- Regulatoryframeworksonbusinesstransparency- Supportingtechnologyadoption- Stockpilingemergencyresources- Consultativebodies- Datagatheringandbenchmarking- Experimentalspaces- Internationalcollaboration- Mission-setting- Fundingtheriskypartsofinnovation- Early-Stageskillsdevelopment- Integratedapproachtotechnologyandskills- Balancingstabilityandreactivity- Safetynets- Establishingtrainingrequirementsforlargefirms- Bolsteringtransparency- Regulations- Protectingworkers- Informationsharing-Adoptingresilience-enhancingtechnology- Newprofitmodels- 1.ong-termperspective- Groundedriskassessment- 1.iaisingwithacademia- Integratedapproachtoskillsandtechnologydevelopment- Definingtechnologypriorities- Technologyadoptionadvocacy- Developinglearningnetworks-Proactivelypartneringontrainingcurricula-Ufelonglearning-On-the-jobtrainingandre-training-Employeedialoguemechanisms-Usingtechnologyforsafetyimprovements-PromotingrporatesocialresponsibilityacrosssupplychainsDTheneweraofindustrialstrategyIndustrialstrategiesareincreasinglybeingseenasacrucialtoolforeconomicadvancement.tBetween2009and2019,high-incomecountriesimplementedanaverageof95industrialpolicies,comparedtojust18inlow-tomiddle-incomecountries.Afterdecadesofmarginalizingindustrialpolicy,aparadigmshiftisrevitalizingtheroleofproactiveindustrialstrategiesacrosstheprivateandpublicsectors.Now,newproductionecosystemsarebeingintentionallycraftedtotranscendatraditionalfusonefficiencyandprofitabilityinserviceofbroadersocietal,nationalandglobalgoals.Trendsdrivingthisresurgence:Productionandsecurityintersection:Globalevents,includingtheCOVID-19pandemicandgeopoliticaluncertainties,exposedvulnerabilitiesinproductionsystems,promptingare-evaluationoftheimportanceofstrategicplanningbothingovernmentsandmpanies.Focusnowincludesenhancingproductioncapacity,meticuloussupplychainmapping,anddiscussionsonreshoringandnearshoringforeconomicandnationalsecurity. Greenimperative：Growingenvironmentaldisruptionsandasenseofindustryresponsibilityarereshapingbusinesspracticesandgovernmentpolicyfustowardsgreatersustainability.Climatechangeconcernsdriveacollectiveefforttoadopteco-friendlyapproaches. Socialdemands:Industrialstrategyisrecognizedasessentialforcreatingfairersocieties.Increasingly,citizensdemandsustainablebusinesspracticestoaddressenvironmentalissuesandinequality,bothwithinandacrossnations. Futuretechnologies:Thegreenanddigitalrevolutionsnecessitaterapidadaptation.Stayingmpetitiverequiresbusinessesandgovernmentstoembracenewtechnologiesandcultivateafuturereadyworkforce.Globalrebalancing：Thelast20yearswitnessedtheriseofEastAsia,inparticularChina,asthenewindustrialcentreofgravity.TheshareofAsia-PacificdevelopingeconomiesinglobalGDPincreasedthreefoldinthelast20years.4InspiredbyChina'ssuccess,othernationsareadoptingindustrialstrategiesthatemphasizeincreasedstateguidance,thebolsteringofmanufacturingvalueadded,andintegrationintohighervalue-addedsegmentsofglobalvaluechains.Areindustrialstrategieseffectivetoolstorespondtotoday,schallenges?Recognizingthecrucialroleofproductioninnavigatinggeopoliticalturmoil,technologicaladvancementandtheclimatecrisis,industrialstrategiesoffervitalsupportanddirection.Industrialstrategiesareemergingasvitaltoolstoaddresscurrentchallenges,underpinningarangeofSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs).SDG9inparticularplaysapivotalroleindrivingprogressinotherSDGsduetoitsmultipliereffectanditsinterlinkages.5Thesestrategies,therefore,arenotjustabouteconomicgrowth;theyareaboutshapingeconomiesthatcontributetoeconomicsecurity,inclusivegrowthandenvironmentalsustainability.However,therevivalofindustrialstrategiesispredominantlyledbythemostindustrializednations.Between2009and2019,forinstance,high-incomecountriesimplementedanaverageof95industrialpolicies,comparedtojust18inlow-tomiddle-incomecountries.67Thisdisparityhighlightsasignificantchallenge:low-incomecountries,withfewerproductiveandcompetitivemanufacturingsectors,areatadisadvantage.Theintensificationofindustrialstrategiesinadvancedeconomiescouldexacerbateglobaldivides,posingadditionalchallengesfordevelopingcountriesintheirindustrializationjourneys.Therearenoone-size-fits-allsolutions.However,withinthespecificcontextofeachcountry,itisclearthatprivatesectoreffortsaloneareinsufficient.Acollaborativeapproach,wherethestateworksintandemwithcompanies,isessentialforaprosperous,fairandsustainablefuture.Achievingvisionarygoalsrequiresalong-termcommitment,involvingtraining,infrastructuredevelopment,technologydeploymentandtradenegotiations.Respondingtoglobalchallengesisanevolvingprocess,andthisreportoutlinesactionsnotonlyforimmediateneedsbutalsoforfuturetechnological,skillsandenvironmentaldemands.8Grandchallenge1:Achievingenvironmentalsustainabilityofmanufacturingoperations,productsandsupplychainsReachingkeyclimatetargetsisnotpossiblewithoutsignificantindustrialproductiontransformation.Meetingglobalclimatetargetsrequiresadrasticoverhaulofindustrialproduction.Manufacturingandconstructionareresponsibleforalargeshareofglobalgreenhousegasemissionsandotherenvironmentalissuessuchasmaterialdepletionandlandandwaterpollution.Atthesametime,theindustrialsectorstandsattheforefrontofgreentechnologicalsolutionsthataddresstheurgentchallengesposedbyclimatechange.Inthepastdecade,therehasbeenanaccelerationingreentechnologicaladvancements,withmanufacturingfirmsaccountingfor60%ofgreenpatentsglobally.9Withdiverseproductionprocessesandfragmentedsupplychains,transformingthesectorposeschallenges.Addressingthesedemandsrequiresvariedresponsesandstakeholdercoordination.Althoughthepublicandprivatesectorsdifferintheirapproaches,someconsensusemergesonwhatindustrialstrategiescandoforenvironmentalsustainability.&Financialincentivesandtaxbreakscanfurtherencouragecompaniestoadoptenergyefficienttechnologiesandpractices.DecarbonizingwithinandacrosssupplychainsSinceemissionreductiongoesbeyondampany'soperationalprocesses,effectivedecarbonizationdemandssystemiccollaboration.Supplychainemissions,averaging11timeshigherthanoperationalemissions,underscoretheneedforacomprehensiveapproach.10Decarbonizingproductionrequiresactionateverysupplychainlevel,fromrawmaterialstofinaldisposal.Thisextensivetaskinvolvesdatacollectionandspecificactions,likecertificationschemesorinternalmetrics.Industrialstrategiesguideresourceallocationformappingandsecuringpublicsupplychains,enhancingvisibilityforprivatesectororganizations.Reconceptualizingproductdesign,businessmodelsandindustrialprocessestowardscircularityandresourceefficiencyTheprevailingshort-termprofit-focusedeconomicmodelrequiresafundamentalshiftinbusinessandproductionpracticesforasustainablefuture.Centraltothistransformationisthemovefromalineartoacircular,low-carbonmodel.Circularproductioninvolvestransitioningtorenewable,recyclableorbiodegradableinputs.Effortsincludeextendingproductvaluethroughupcycling,redesigningforrepairs,andcombatingplannedobsolescence.Embracinganaccessandperformancemodellikeproductleasing,asincarsharingprogrammes,reducesoverallproduction.EnergyefficiencyBoostingtheenergyefficiencyofindustrialprocessesisuniversallyrecognizedasakeydecarbonizationstrategy.Successfulcasesdemonstratethatsubstantialefficiencygainsarenotonlypossiblebutoftenexceedexpectations.Regnizingtheuseofpublicandprivatestandardsasabenchmark,suchasMinimumEnergyPerformanceStandardsand1.abelsfordesigningenergyefficientappliancesortheISO50001EnergyManagementSystemsstandardsforindustrialoperation,governmentscanincentivizeadherencetointernationalenergyefficiency