美国名人 女摄影师 玛格丽特·伯克-怀特.docx

美国名人女摄影师玛格丽特伯克怀特MargaretBourke-White:AFearlessNewsPhotographerplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-15:23repeatByShelleyGollust2009-5-9VOICEONE:mBarbaraKlein.VOICETWO:AndmSteveEmberwithPeopleinAmericainVOASpecialEnglish.TodaywetellaboutphotographerMargaretBourke-White,oneoftheleadingnewsreportersofthetwentiethcentury.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:Ayoungwomanissittingonherkneesontopofalargemetalstatue.Sheisnotinapark.SheisoutsideanofficebuildinghighaboveNewYorkCity.Theyoungwomanreachedthestatuebyclimbingthroughawindowonthesixty-firstfloor.Shewantedtogetabetterpictureofthecitybelow.ApictureofMargaretBourke-WhitetakenbythephotographerAnselAdamsThewomanisMargaretBourke-White.Shewasoneoftheleadingnewsreportersofthetwentiethcentury.Butshedidnotwritethenews.Shetoldherstorieswithacamera.Shewasafearlesswomanofgreatenergyandskill.HerworktookherfromAmerica'sMidwesttotheSovietUnion.FromEuropeduringWorldWarTwotoIndia,SouthAfricaandKorea.Throughherwork,shehelpedcreatethemodernartofphotojournalism.Insomeways,Bourke-Whitewasawomanaheadofhertime.Sheoftendidthingslongbeforetheybecameacceptedinsociety.Shewasdivorced.Sheworkedinaworldofinfluentialmen,andearnedtheirpraiseandsupport.Sheworetrousersandcoloredherhair.Yet,inmoreimportantways,shewasawomanofandforhertimes.Shebecameinvolvedintheworldaroundherandrecordeditinpicturesforthefuture.(MUSIC)MargaretBourke-WhitewasborninNewYorkCityinnineteen-oh-four.WhenMargaretwasveryyoung,thefamilymovedtoNewJersey.Hermother,MinnieBourke,workedonpublicationsfortheblind.Herfather,JosephWhite,wasanengineeranddesignerintheprintingindustry.Healsolikedtotakepictures.Theirhomewasfilledwithhisphotographs.SoonyoungMargaretwashelpinghimtakeanddevelophisphotographs.Whenshewaseightyearsold,herfathertookherinsideafactorytowatchthemanufactureofprintingpresses.Inthefoundry,shesawhotliquidironbeingpouredtomakethemachines.Sherememberedthisforyearstocome.MargaretattendedseveraluniversitiesbeforecompletingherstudiesatCornellUniversityinIthacazNewYorkinnineteentwenty-seven.Shestudiedengineering,biologyandphotography.Shemarriedwhileshewasstillastudent.Butthemarriageonlylastedoneyear.VOICEONE:MargarettookthenameBourke-Whitezthelastnamesofhermotherandfather.Innineteentwenty-eight,shebeganworkinginthemidwesterncityofCleveland,Ohio.ItwasthenoneofthecentersofAmericanindustry.ShebecameanindustrialphotographerattheOtisSteelCompany.Inthehot,noisyfactorieswheresteelwasmade,shesawbeautyandasubjectforherpictures.Shesaid:"Industryisalive.Thebeautyofindustryliesinitstruthandsimpleness.Everylinehasapurpose,andsoisbeautiful.Whateverartwillcomeoutofthisindustrialagewillcomefromthesubjectsofindustrythemselves.whichareclosetotheheartofthepeople."ThroughoutAmericaandEurope,engineersandbuildingdesignersfoundbeautyintechnology.Theirmachinesandbuildingshadartisticforms.InNewYork,theMuseumofModernArtopenedinnineteentwenty-nine.Oneofitsgoalswastostudytheuseofartinindustry.Bourke-White'sphotographicexperimentsbeganwiththeuseofindustryinart.VOICETWO:Bourke-White'sfirstpicturesinsidethesteelfactoryinClevelandwereafailure.Thedifferencebetweenthebrightburningmetalandtheblackfactorywallswastooextremeforhercamera.Shecouldnotsolvetheproblemuntilshegotnewequipmentanddiscoverednewtechniquesofphotography.Thenshewasabletocapturethesharpdifferencebetweenlightanddark.Themovementandpowerofmachines.Theimportanceofindustry.Sometimesherpicturesmadeyoufeelyouwerelookingdownfromagreatheight,orupfromfarbelow.Sometimestheyledyoudirectlyintotheheartoftheactivity.InNewYork,awealthyandinfluentialpublishernamedHenry1.ucesawBourke-White'spictures.1.ucepublishedamagazinecalledTime.Hewantedtostartanewmagazine.ItwouldbecalledFortune,andwouldreportaboutdevelopmentsinindustry.1.ucesentatelegramtoBourke-White,askinghertocometoNewYorkimmediately.SheacceptedajobasphotographerforFortunemagazine.Sheworkedtherefromnineteentwenty-ninetonineteenthirty-three.(MUSIC)"FortPeckDamzMontana"takenbyMargaretBourke-Whitein1936VOICETWO:MargaretBourke-Whitetoldstoriesinpictures,oneimageatatime.Sheusedeachsmallimagetotellpartofthebiggerstory.Thetechniquebecameknownasthephotographicessay.Othermagazinesandphotographersusedthetechnique.ButBourke-White-morethanmostphotographers-hadunusualchancestodevelopit.VOICEONE:Intheearlynineteenthirties,shetraveledtotheSovietUnionthreetimes.1.atershewrote:"Nothinginvitesmesomuchasacloseddoor.IcannotletmycamerarestuntilIhaveopenedthatdoor.AndIwantedtobefirst.Ibelievedinmachinesasobjectsofbeauty.SoIfeltthestoryofanationtryingtoindustrialize-almostovernight-wasperfectforme."VOICETWO:OnherfirsttriptotheSovietUnion,Bourke-WhitetraveledontheTrans-SiberianRailway.Shecarriedmanycamerasandexamplesofherwork.WhenshearrivedinMoscow,aSovietofficialgaveheraspecialtravelpermit,becausehelikedherindustrialphotographs.ThepermitorderedallSovietcitizenstohelpherwhileshewasinthecountry.Bourke-WhitespoketogroupsofSovietwritersandphotographers.Theyaskedheraboutcameratechniques,andalsoaboutherprivatelife.Afteronegathering,severalmensurroundedherandtalkedforalongtime.TheyspokeRussian.Notknowingthelanguage,Bourke-Whitesmiledinagreementateachmanashespoke.Onlylaterdidshelearnthatshehadagreedtomarryeachoneofthem.Herassistantexplainedthemistakeandsaidtothemen:"MissBourke-Whitelovesnothingbuthercamera."Bytheendofthetrip,MargaretBourke-WhitehadtraveledeightthousandkilometersthroughouttheSovietUnion.Shetookhundredsofpictures,andpublishedsomeoftheminherfirstbook,"EyesonRussia."ShereturnedthenextyeartoprepareforaseriesofstoriesfortheNewYorkTimesnewspaper.AndshewentbackathirdtimetomakeaneducationalmoviefortheKodakfilmcompany.Bourke-WhitevisitedSovietcities,farmsandfactories.Shetookpicturesofworkersusingmachines.Shetookpicturesofpeasantwomen,villagechildren,andeventhemotherofSovietleaderJosephStalin.Shetookpicturesofthecountry'slargestbridge,andtheworld'slargestdam.Sheusedherskillinmixingdarknessandlighttocreateworksofart.Shereturnedhomewithmorethanthreethousandphotographs-thefirstwesterndocumentaryontheSovietUnion.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:MargaretBourke-Whitehadseenagreatdealforsomeonenotyetthirtyyearsold.Butinnineteenthirty-four,shesawsomethingthatwouldchangeherideaoftheworld.FortunemagazinesentheronatripthroughthecentralpartoftheUnitedStates.Shewastoldtophotographfarmers-fromAmerica'snorthernborderwithCanadatoitssouthernborderwithMexico.Someofthefarmerswerevictimsofaterribleshortageofrain,andoftheirownpoorfarmingmethods.Thegoodsoilhadturnedtodust.Andthewindblewthedustovereverything.Itgotintomachinesandstoppedthem.Itchasedthefarmersfromtheirland,althoughtheyhadnowhereelsetogo.VOICEONE:Bourke-Whitehadnevergivenmuchthoughttohumansuffering.Afterhertrip,shehadadifficulttimeforgetting.Shedecidedtouseherskillstoshowallpartsoflife.Shewouldcontinuetakingindustrialpicturesofhappy,healthypeopleenjoyingtheirshinynewcars.Butshewouldtelladifferentstoryinherphotographicessays.Underonepictureshewrote:"Whilemachinesaremakinggreatprogressinautomobilefactories,theworkersmightbeunder-paid.Picturescanbebeautiful.Buttheymusttellfacts,too,"WewillcontinuethestoryofphotographerMargaretBourke-Whitenextweek.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:ThisprogramwaswrittenbyShelleyGollust.Itwasproducedby1.awanDavis.OurstudioengineerwasTomVerba.mSteveEmber.VOICEONE:AndmBarbaraKlein.JoinusagainnextweekforPeopleinAmericainVOASpecialEnglish.