美国名人 规划学家 简·雅各布斯.docx

美国名人城市规划学家简雅各布斯JaneJacobs,1916-2006:HerActivismHelpedShapethe1.ookandFeelofCitiesplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-15:00repeatByJiIIMoss2010-2-13VOICEONE:mSteveEmber.VOICETWO:AndmBarbaraKleinwithPEOP1.EINAMERICAinVOASpecialEnglish.TodaywetellaboutJaneJacobs.Shewasanactivistforimprovingcities.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:JaneJacobsJaneJacobswasanactivist,writer,moralthinkerandeconomist.Shebelievedcitiesshouldbedenselypopulatedandfullofdifferentkindsofpeopleandactivities.Shebelievedinthevalueofnaturalgrowthandbigopenspaces.Sheopposedthekindofcityplanningthatinvolvesbigdevelopmentandurbanrenewalprojectsthatteardownoldcommunities.ShewasalsoacriticofpublicplanningOffiCiaISwhowereunwillingtocompromise.Jacobshelpedleadfightstosaveneighborhoodsandlocalcommunitieswithincities.ShehelpedstopmajorhighwaysfrombeingbuiltzfirstinNewYorkCityandlaterinToronto,Canada.Developersandcityplannersoftencriticizedherideas.Yet,manyurbanplanningexpertsagreethatherworkhelpedshapemodernthinkingaboutcities.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:JaneButznerwasborninScranton,Pennsylvania,innineteensixteen.Herfatherwasadoctor.Hermotherwasaformerteacherandnurse.Aftergraduatingfromhighschool,JanetookanunpaidpositionattheScrantonTribunenewspaper.AyearlatersheleftScrantonforNewYorkCity.Duringherfirstseveralyearsinthecitysheheldmanykindsofjobs.Onejobwastowriteaboutworkersinthecity.Shesaidtheseexperiencesgaveherabetterideaaboutwhatworkinginthecitywaslike.Asayoungwoman,Jacobshadmanyinterests,includingeconomics,law,scienceandpolitics.Herhighereducationwasbriefhowever.ShestudiedforjusttwoyearsatColumbiaUniversityinNewYork.Jacobsdidnotcompletehercollegeeducation,butshedidbecomeanexcellentwriterandeditor.WhileworkingasawriterfortheOfficeofWarInformationshemetabuildingdesignernamedRobertJacobs.Innineteenforty-four,theymarried.Theylaterhadthreechildren.Herhusband'sworkledtoherinterestinthemonthlymagazine,ArchitecturalForum.Jacobsbecameatopeditorforthepublication.VOICEONE:ExpertshavedescribedJacobsasawriterwhowrotewell,butnotoften.Sheisbestknownforherbook"TheDeathand1.ifeofGreatAmericanCities."Thebookwaspublishedinnineteensixty-one.Itisstillwidelyreadtodaybybothcityplanningprofessionalsandthegeneralpublic.Expertssay"TheDeathand1.ifeofGreatAmericanCities"isthemostinfluentialbookwrittenaboutcityplanninginthetwentiethcentury.Inthebook,Jacobscriticizedtheurbanrenewalprojectsofthenineteenfifties.Shebelievedthesepoliciesdestroyedexistinginner-citycommunitiesandtheireconomies.Shealsothoughtthatmodernplanningpoliciesseparatedcommunitiesandcreatedunnaturalcityareas.Jacobsdescribedthenatureofcities-theirstreetsandparks,thedifferentculturesrepresentedbycitizensandthesafetyofawell-plannedcity.Safetywasanimportantissueinbigcitiesthathadhighratesofcrime.Jacobswrotethatpeaceonthestreetsofcitiesisnotkeptmainlybythepoliceeventhoughpolicearenecessary.Itiskeptbyasystemofcontrolsamongthepeoplethemselves.Shebelievedtheproblemofinsecuritycannotbesolvedbyspreadingpeopleoutmorethinly.Jacobsarguedthatawell-usedcitystreetissaferthananemptystreet.Safety,sheargued,isguaranteedbypeoplewhowatchthestreetseverydaybecausetheyusethestreetseveryday.VOICETWO:"TheDeathand1.ifeofGreatAmericanCities"becameaguideforneighborhoodorganizersandthepeoplewhoJacobscalled"footpeople."Thesearecitizenswhoperformtheireverydayjobsonfoot.Theywalktostoresandtowork.Theywalktoeatingplaces,theaters,parks,gardensandsportsstadiums.TheyarenotwhoJacobscalled"carpeople"-thosewhodrivetheircarseverywhere.JaneJacobsalsobelievedthatbuildingsofdifferentsizes,kindsandconditionshouldexisttogether.Shepointedtoseveralcommunitiesasmodelsofexcellence.TheseincludeGeorgetowninWashington,D.C.;theNorthEndinBoston,Massachusetts;RittenhouseSquareinPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania,andTelegraphHillinSanFranciscozCalifornia.Shealsosupportedmixed-usebuildingsasawaytoincreasesocialinteraction.Suchbuildingshavestoresandofficesonthegroundfloor.Peopleliveontheupperfloors.Mixed-usebuildingsarealotmorecommoninAmericancitiesthaninthesuburbanareasaroundthem.VOICEONE:JaneJacobsalsonotedNewYorkCity'sGreenwichVillageasanexampleofanexcitingcitycommunity.Thisisoneofthecommunitiesthatwassaved,inpartatleast,becauseofherwritingsandactivism.Innineteensixty-two,Jacobsheadedacommitteetostopthedevelopmentofahighwaythrough1.owerManhattaninNewYorkCity.TheexpresswaywouldhavecutrightthroughGreenwichVillageandthepopularSoHoarea.InfluentialNewYorkCitydeveloperRobertMosesproposedtheplan.Buthugepublicprotestsinnineteensixty-fourledthecitygovernmenttorejectit.Jacobs'book,"TheDeathand1.ifeofGreatAmericanCities"helpedinfluencepublicopinionagainsttheexpressway.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:Innineteensixty-ninezJacobsmovedtotheCanadiancityofTorontowhereshelivedfortherestofherlife.PartofherreasonforleavingtheUnitedStateswasbecausesheopposedtheUnitedStatesinvolvementinthewarinVietnam.Atthattime,shehadtwosonsalmostoldenoughtobecalledforduty.JacobscontinuedtobeacommunityactivistinToronto.ShewasinvolvedinacampaigntostoptheSpadinaExpresswaythroughToronto.ThishighwaywouldhavepermittedpeoplelivinginsuburbanareasoutsideTorontototravelintoandoutofthecityeasily.JacobsorganizedcitizensagainsttheSpadinaExpresswayandthepoliticianswhosupportedit.Oneofhermostimportantissueswasthisquestion:"Arewebuildingcitiesforpeopleorforcars?'Today,expertssayTorontoisoneofonlyafewmajorcitiesinNorthAmericatohavesuccessfullykeptalargenumberofneighborhoodsinitsdowntownarea.Manyexpertsbelievethisisbecauseoftheanti-SpadinamovementledbyJaneJacobs.VOICEONE:JaneJacobsspentherlifestudyingcities.Shewrotesevenbooksonurbanplanning,theeconomyofcities,andissuesofcommerceandpolitics.Herlastbook,publishedintwothousandfour;was"DarkAgeAhead."Init,JacobsdescribedseveralmajorvaluesthatshebelievedwerethreatenedintheUnitedStatesandCanada.Theseincludedcommunityandfamily,highereducation,scienceandtechnologyandagovernmentresponsivetocitizens'needs.In"DarkAgeAhead,"JacobsarguedthatWesternsocietycouldbethreatenedifchangeswerenotmadeimmediately.Shesaidthatpeoplewerelosingimportantvaluesthathelpedfamiliessucceed.In"DarkAgeAhead,"Jacobsalsocriticizedhowpoliticaldecision-makingisinfluencedbyeconomics.Governments,shesaid,havebecomemoreinterestedinwealthyinterestgroupsthantheneedsofthecitizens.Jacobsalsowarnedagainstaculturethatpreventspeoplefrompreventingthedestructionofresourcesuponwhichallcitizensdepend.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:JaneJacobshadhercritics.Manyofthemarguedthatherideasfailedtorepresenttherealityofcitypolitics,whichlanddevelopersandpoliticiansoftencontrol.OthersarguedthatJacobshadlittlesympathyforpeoplewhowantalifestyledifferentfromtheonesheproposed.Still,manyurbanplanningexpertssayherideasshapedmodernthinkingaboutcities.Shehashadamajorinfluencedonthosewhodesignbuildingsandtownsthataimtoincreasesocialinteractionamongcitizens.JaneJacobsdiedintwothousandsixinTorontoattheageofeighty-nine.Herfamilyreleasedastatementonherdeath.Itsaid:"What'simportantisnotthatshediedbutthatshelived,andthatherlife'sworkhasgreatlyinfluencedthewaywethink.Pleaserememberherbyreadingherbooksandimplementingherideas."VOICEONE:ThisprogramwaswrittenbyJillMoss.Itwasproducedby1.awanDavis.mSteveEmber.VOICETWO:AndmBarbaraKlein.YoucanreadscriptsanddownloadaudiofromourWebsite,.JoinusagainnextweekforPEOP1.EINAMERICAinVOASpecialEnglish.