美国名人 环保主义者 作家 蕾切尔·卡逊.docx

美国名人环保主义者作家蕾切尔卡逊RachelCarsonz1907-1964:EnvironmentalistandAuthorplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-18:06repeatBy1.awanDavis2010-3-13Photo:usgs.govEnvironmentalistandWriterRachelCarsonFAITH1.APIDUS:PeopleAmerica,aprograminSpecialEnglishontheVoiceofAmerica.Today,SteveEmberandRichKleinfeldttellaboutscientistRachelCarson.HerworkstartedtheenvironmentalprotectionmovementintheUnitedStates.(MUSIC)STEVEEMBER:RachelCarsonwasbornonMaytwenty-seventh,nineteen-oh-seveninSpringdale,Pennsylvania.Rachel'sfather,RobertCarsonzwasasalesmanwhoinvestedinlocalland.Hepurchasedtwenty-sixhectaresoflandtomakeahomeforhisfamily.Theareawassurroundedbyfields,treesandStreaMissTheCarsonfamilyenjoyedlivinginthebeautiful,countryenvironment.Rachel'smother,MariaCarson,hadbeenaschoolteacher.Shelovedbooks.Shealsolovednature.Rachelwastheyoungestofthreechildren.Hersisterandbrotherwerealreadyinschoolwhenshewasborn.SoMissusCarsonwasabletospendalotoftimewithRachel.SheshowedRachelthebeautyofnature.ShealsotaughtRacheladeeploveforbooks.MissusCarsonbecamethemostimportantinfluenceonRachel'slife.RICHK1.EINFE1.DT:Rachelwasaquietchild.Shelikedtoreadandtowritepoemsandstories.Shewasveryintelligent.Ataveryearlyageshedecidedshewantedtobeawritersomeday.Herfirstpublishedstoryappearedinachildren'smagazinewhenshewastenyearsold.RachelwenttothePennsylvaniaCollegeforWomen.ShestudiedEnglishbecauseshewantedtobecomeaprofessionalwriter.Yet,shefeltshedidnothavetheimaginationtowritecreativestories.ShechangedherareaofstudyfromEnglishtoscienceaftershetookabiologycoursethatsheliked.Herprofessorsadvisedhernottostudyscience.Theysaidtherewasnofutureforawomaninscience.fws.orgSTEVEEMBER:Innineteentwenty-nine,Rachelgraduatedfromcollegewithhighhonors.ShewonafinancialawardtostudyatJohnsHopkinsUniversityinBaltimore,Maryland.Innineteenthirty-two,sheearnedamaster'sdegreeinzoology,thescientificstudyofanimals.ShetaughtzoologyattheUniversityofMarylandforafewyears.Duringthesummers,shestudiedtheoceananditslifeformsattheWoodsHoleMarineBiological1.aboratoryinMassachusetts.Thatiswhenshebecameinterestedinthemysteriesofthesea.(MUSIC)RICHK1.EINFE1.DT:Rachel'slifechangedgreatlyinthemiddlenineteenthirties.Herfatherdiedsuddenlyinnineteenthirty-five.HeleftverylittlefinancialsupportforRachel'smother.ItwasduringtheeconomicdeclineintheUnitedStatescalledtheGreatDepression.Rachelnowhadtosupporthermotherandherself.Sheneededmoremoneythanherteachingjobcouldprovide.Shebeganpart-timeworkforafederalgovernmentagency,theBureauofFisheriesinWashington,D.C.Oneyearlater,Rachel'ssisterdied.Hersisterwasthemotheroftwoyounggirls.Rachelandhermothercaredforthegirls.Rachelnowhadtosupporthermother,twoniecesandherself.Again,sheneededajobwithbetterpay.STEVEEMBER:AfulltimejobforabiologistopenedattheUnitedStatesBureauofFisheries.RachelCarsonwastheonlywomantotryfortheposition.Shehadthehighestscoreofallpeoplecompetingforthejob.MissCarsongotthepositioninAugust,nineteenthirty-six.Shewaschosentoworkintheofficeofthechiefofthebiologydivision.Herfirstjobwastowriteaseriesofprogramscalled"RomanceUndertheWaters."Theserieswasbroadcastonradioforayear.ShecontinuedtowriteandeditpublicationsfortheBureauofFisheriesformanyyears.Thebureauwashappytohaveascientistwhowasalsoanexcellentwriter.RachelCarsonprovidedinformationtothepublicininterestingandunderstandableways.fws.orgRachelCarsonwrotePenAgainstPaperfortheAmericanDepartmentofStateRICHK1.EINFE1.DT:Innineteen-forty,theUnitedStatesBureauofFisheriesandtheBiologicalSurveyjoinedtobecometheFishandWildlifeService.MissCarsoncontinuedasoneofthefewwomenemployedthereasascientist.Theotherwomenworkedasofficeassistants.Whileshewasworkingforthegovernment,MissCarsonwroteatnightandonweekends.Innineteenthirty-sevenshewroteareportaboutsealife.ItwascalledUndersea.Itappearedinthemagazine,AtlanticMonthly.Aneditoratapublishinghouseencouragedhertowriteabookabouttheseaforthegeneralpublic.Soshedid.Herfirstbook,"UndertheSeaWind,"waspublishedinnineteenforty-one.STEVEEMBER:Innineteenforty-eight,MissCarsonbeganworkingonanotherbook,"TheSeaAroundUs."Itbecameherfirstbest-sellingbook.RachelCarsonalwaysresearchedcarefullywhenshewrote.Shegatheredinformationfrommorethanonethousandplacestowrite"TheSeaAroundUs."Shealsowroteletterstoexpertsallovertheworld.STEVEEMBER:"TheSeaAroundUs"waspublishedinnineteenfifty-one.Itwasnumberoneonthebest-sellerlistformorethanayear.ItwontheNationalBookAward."TheSeaAroundUs"madeRachelCarsonfamous.Themoneythebookearnedeasedherfinancialresponsibilitiesforthefirsttimeinyears.Innineteenfifty-two,MissCarsonwasabletoleaveherjobattheFishandWildlifeServiceandspendhertimewriting.MissCarsonmovedtoahomeonthecoastofMaine.Thereshestudiedtheecologyofthesea.Hernextbook,"TheEdgeoftheSea,"waspublishedinnineteenfifty-five.Ittoldoftheconnectionofalllivingcreaturesinareaswherelandandoceanmeet.(MUSIC)RICHK1.EINFE1.DT:RachelCarson'smostfamousbook,"SilentSpring"waspublishedinnineteensixty-two.Theideaforthebookdevelopedfromasuggestionfromafriend.Rachel'sfriendownedaprotectedareaforbirds.AnairplanehadflownovertheareawherethebirdswerekeptandspreadapowerfulchemicalcalledDDT.Itwaspartofaprojecttocontrolmosquitoes.ManysongbirdsandharmlessinsectswerekilledbytheDDT.MissCarsonandotherscientistswereveryconcernedabouttheharmfuleffectsofDDTandotherinsect-killingchemicalscalledpesticides.AfterWorldWarTwo,thesepoisonouschemicalswerewidelyusedtocontrolinsects.Pesticidesweresprayedalmosteverywhereincludingagriculturalfieldsandcommunities.DDTandotherpesticideshadbecomepopularwiththepublicandthegovernmentbecausetheyweresoeffective.Manufacturingthesechemicalshadbecomeahugeindustry.STEVEEMBER:RachelCarsontriedtogetmanymagazinesinterestedinpublishingareportaboutthesubject.However,nonewouldagreetopublishanythingaboutsuchadisputedsubject.Theysaidnoonewantedtohearthatindustrialcompaniescouldcausegreatecologicaldamage.MissCarsonbelievedthepublicneededtoknowaboutthisimportantissue.Shedecidedtowriteabookaboutit.Shecollectedfactsfromexpertsfromallovertheworld.ShegatheredstudiesthatshowedtheharmfuleffectsofDDT；includingdecliningbirdpopulationsandincreasedhumancancers.Inherbook"SilentSpring,"MissCarsonquestionedtherightofindustrialcompaniestopollutewithoutconsideringtheeffectsontheenvironment.MissCarsonarguedthatthiskindofpollutionwouldresultinever-decreasingpopulationsofbirdsandotherwildlife.Shesaidthiswouldleadtothelossofthewonderfulsoundsofnature.Thechemicalpoisoningoftheenvironment,shesaid,wouldcauseasilentspring.RICHK1.EINFE1.DT:Thechemicalindustryfeltthreatened.Industryspokesmenandothercriticssaidthebookwasnon-scientificandemotional.Theymisunderstoodthemessageofthebook.MissCarsondidnotsuggestthatallpesticidesbebanned.Sheurgedthatcontrolofthesesubstancesbegiventobiologistswhocouldmakeinformeddecisionsabouttherisksinvolved.Supportforthebookincreased.Bytheendofnineteensixty-two,thereweremorethanfortybillsinstatelegislaturesproposingtocontrolpesticides.Finally,inNovember,nineteensixty-nine,theUnitedStatesgovernmentruledthattheuseofDDTmuststopintwoyears.RachelCarsondidnotlivetoseehowherbookinfluencedthegovernment'sdecisiontobanDDT.Shediedofbreastcancerinnineteensixty-four.Shewasfifty-sixyearsold.STEVEEMBER:TwomemorialshonorRachelCarson.OneistheRachelCarsonNationalWildlifeRefugeinMaine.TheotheristheRachelCarsonHomesteadinSpringdale,Pennsylvania,thehomeshelivedinwhenshewasachild.Educationprogramsareofferedtherethatteachchildrenandadultsaboutherenvironmentalvalues.RachelCarson'svoiceisaliveinherwritingsthatexpressthewonderandbeautyofthenaturalworld.Andherworldwideinfluencecontinuesthroughtheactivitiesoftheenvironmentalprotectionmovementshestarted.(MUSIC)FAITH1.APIDUS:ThisSpecialEnglishprogramwaswrittenby1.awanDavis.ItwasproducedbyPaulThompson.YourannouncerswereSteveEmberandRichKleinfeldt.mFaith1.apidus.JoinusagainnextweekforanotherPeopleinAmericaprogramontheVoiceofAmerica.