美国国家科学基金会（NSF）-2024年科学与工程状况（英）-2024.docx

)2024THESTATEOFU.S.SCIENCE&ENGINEERINGScience&EngineeringIndicatorsNATIONA1.SCIENCEBOARDNationalScienceBoardDanielReed,NationalScienceBoardChairPresidentialProfessorofComputationalScienceandProfessorofComputerScienceandElectricalandComputerEngineeringUniversityofUtahVictorR.McCrary,NationalScienceBoardViceChairVicePresidentforResearchandGraduateProgramsandProfessorofChemistryUniversityoftheDistrictofColumbiaSudarsanamSureshBabuGovernorsChairofAdvancedManufacturingandProfessorofMechanicalEngineeringandMaterialsScienceOakRidgeNational1.aboratoryandUniversityofTennessee,KnoxvilleDeborah1.oewenbergBallWilliamH.PayneCollegiateProfessorofEducationUniversityofMichiganRogerN.BeachyProfessorEmeritusofBiologyWashingtonUniversityinSt.1.ouisVickiChandlerProvostMinervaUniversityMaureen1.CondicAssociateProfessorofNeurobiologyandAnatomyUniversityofUtah,SchoolofMedicineAaronDominguezProvostCatholicUniversityofAmericaSureshV.GarimellaPresidentUniversityofVermontDarioGilSeniorVicePresidentandDirectorofResearchIBMDorotaGrejner-BrzezinskaDistinguishedUniversityProfessorand1.owberB.StrangeEndowedChairTheOhioStateUniversityMelvynHUff1.ecturerUniversityofMassachusettsDartmouthSteven1.eathPresident(retired)IowaStateUniversityandAuburnUniversityMatthewMalkanDistinguishedProfessorofPhysicsandAstronomyUniversityofCalifornia,1.osAngelesJuliaM.PhillipsExecutiveEmeritusSandiaNational1.aboratoriesMarviMatosRodriguezDirectorofEngineeringinMobilityandSurveillancefortheP-8AirVehicleIntegratedProductTeamBoeingCompanyScottStanleyVicePresidentOfTechnoIogyTechnoPlanetKeivanStassunStevensonProfessorofPhysicsandAstronomyVanderbiltUniversityAlanSternAssociateVicePresidentandSpecialAssistanttothePresidentSouthwestResearchInstituteMerlinTheodoreGroup1.eaderfortheAdvancedFibersManufacturingGroupintheManufacturingScienceDivisionOakRidgeNational1.aboratoryWandaE.WardExecutiveAssociateChancellorforPublicEngagementUniversityofIllinoisUrbana-ChampaignBevleeWatfordProfessorofEngineeringEducationandAssociateDeanforEquityandEngagementVirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversityStephenH.WillardBiotechnologyExecutiveand1.awyerHeatherWilsonPresidentUniversityofTexas,ElPasoSethuramanPanchanathan,MemberexofficioDirectorNationalScienceFoundationJohnJ.Veysey,ExecutiveOfficerBoardOfficeDirectorNationalScienceBoardNationalScienceBoardScience&EngineeringIndicators2024TheStateofUSScienceandEngineering2024March2024NSB-2024-3PrefaceTheNationalScienceBoard(Board,NSB)isrequiredundertheNationalScienceFoundation(NSF)Act,42U.S.C.§1863(j)(I)topreparethebiennialScienceandEngineeringIndicators(Indicators)reportforandtransmitittothepresidentandCongresseveryeven-numberedyear.ThereportispreparedbytheNationalCenterforScienceandEngineeringStatistics(NCSES)withinNSFundertheguidanceoftheBoard.IndicatorsprovidesinformationonthestateoftheU.S.scienceandengineering(S&E)enterpriseovertimeandwithinaglobalcontext.Thereportisapolicy-relevant,policyneutralsourceofhigh-qualityU.S.andinternationaldata.Theindicatorspresentedinthereportarequantitativerepresentationsrelevanttothescope,quality,andvitalityoftheS&Eenterprise.Thissummaryreport.TheStateofU.S.ScienceandEngineering,detailskeyfindingsfromtheninethematicreportsthatmakeupIndicators,providingin-depthdataandinformationonscience,technology,engineering,andmathematics(STEM)educationatalldegreelevels;theSTEMworkforce;publicperceptionsandawarenessofscienceandtechnology;U.S.andinternationalresearchanddevelopmentperformance;invention,knowledgetransfer,andinnovation;andU.S.competitivenessinhigh-technologyindustries.Indicatorsalsoincludesaninteractive,onlinetoolthatenablesstatecomparisonsonavarietyofS&Eindicators.Thissummaryreport,theninethematicreports,andtheonlineStateIndicatorsdatatooltogethermakeupthefullIndicatorssuiteofproducts.TableofContentsKeyTakeaways2Introduction3Talent:U.S.andGlobalSTEMEducationand1.aborForce4ElementaryandSecondaryMathematicsandScienceS&EHigherEducationintheUnitedStatesInternationalS&EHigherEducationandStudentMobilityTheSTEM1.aborMarketandtheEconomyDemographicCompositionoftheSTEMWorkforceAmericans,PerceptionsaboutScientistsDiscovery:U.S.andGlobalR&D5GlobalR&DU.S.R&DPerformanceandFundingTrendsFederalAgencyFundingofR&DandS&EGraduateStudentsTranslation:U.S.andGlobalScience,Technology,andInnovationCapabilities22ResearchPublicationsInventionandInnovationKnowledge-andTechnology-IntensiveIndustryOutputConclusion35Glossary36DefinitionsKeytoAcronymsandAbbreviationsReferences40Notes43AcknowledgmentsandCitation45AcknowledgmentsCoverImageCreditRecommendedCitationContactUs46ReportAuthorsNCSESKeyTakeaways NationalassessmentsshowasharpdeclineinelementaryandsecondarystudentmathematicsperformancesincetheCOVID-19pandemic.From2019to2022,averagemathematicsscoresoffourthandeighthgradestudentsdroppedtolevelslastmeasuredapproximately20yearsago. Enrollmentofinternationalscienceandengineering(S&E)graduatestudentsatU.S.institutionshasrapidlyincreasedfromapproximately200,000in2020,apandemic-eralowpoint,tonearly310,000in2022.InternationalstudentsontemporaryvisasaccountedforaboutathirdofS&Emaster'sanddoctoraldegreerecipientsatU.S.institutionsin2021. TheU.S.science,technology,engineering,andmathematics(STEM)workforcecomprised36.8millionpeopleindiverseoccupationsthatrequireSTEMknowledgeandexpertisein2021,accountingfor24%ofthetotalU.S.workforce.JustoverhalfofSTEMworkersdidnothavebachelor,sdegreesorhigher.Foreign-bornindividualsmadeup19%ofallSTEMworkersand43%ofdoctorate-levelscientistsandengineers. Womenaccountforlowersharesofdegreerecipientsinengineeringandcomputerandinformationsciencesthanmen.WomenareunderrepresentedintheSTEMworkforce,andtheyaccountedfor35%ofallSTEMworkersin2021.Hispanicor1.atino,BlackorAfricanAmerican,andAmericanIndianorAlaskaNativeindividualsareunderrepresentedamongS&Edegreerecipientsatthebachelor,sdegreelevelandaboveandalsoamongSTEMworkerswithatleastabachelor'sdegree. TheUnitedStatesisthelargestperformerofresearchanddevelopment(R&D),with$806billioningrossdomesticexpendituresonR&Din2021.OthertopR&D-performingcountriesincludeChina($668billion),Japan($177billion),Germany($154billion),andSouthKorea($120billion).TheUnitedStatesisalsoamongtheworld'smostR&D-intensiveeconomies,withR&Dexpendituresequaling3.5%ofitsgrossdomesticproductin2021. TheabsoluteamountoffederallyfundedR&Dincreasedfrom201Ito2021;however,duetosignificantgrowthinR&Dfundedbybusinesses,theshareoftotalU.S.R&Dfundedbythefederalgovernmentdecreasedfrom30%in2011to19%in2021.Thebusinesssectornowfunds36%ofbasicresearch,closetothe40%shareofbasicresearchfundedbythefederalgovernment. ThefederalgovernmentisthelargestsupporterofacademicR&D,funding52%ofallR&Dperformedbyhighereducationinstitutionsandsupporting15%offull-timeS&Egraduatestudentsin2021. S&Earticlespublishedinopen-accessjournalsincreasedover50-foldinthepasttwodecades,from19,000articlespublishedin2003to992,000articlesin2022. Indicatorsofglobalscience,technology,andinnovation(STI)capabilities,suchasS&Eresearchpublications,patenting,andknowledge-andtechnology-intensive(KTI)industryoutput,areconcentratedintheUnitedStates,EastandSoutheastAsia,andEurope.Overthepastdecade,ChinahassignificantlyincreaseditsshareofglobalSTIcapabilities. ChinaisthetopoverallproducerofS&EpublicationsandinternationalpatentsandhasthegreatestKTImanufacturingoutput.TheUnitedStates,whichhasagreatershareofitspublicationsamongthemosthighlycitedS&Eresearch,istheworldleaderinKTIservices.ThesetwocountriesarethelargestcontributorstoaglobalnetworkOfartificialintelligence(AI)researchpublishing. 1.ikeK-12educationoutcomes,innovationcapabilitiesandtheSTEMlaborforcearenotuniformacrosstheUnitedStates.U.S.patentingactivityisconcentratedalongthecoastsandinpartsoftheGreat1.akesregion,Te×as,andtheRockyMountains,adistributionsimilartothatofSTEMemploymentandKTIindustryproduction.IntroductionTheStateofU.S.ScienceandEngineeringsummarizeskeyindicatorsthatassessthestatusofthescienceandengineering(S&E)enterprisewithintheUnitedStatesandillustratetheU.S.globalpositioninmultipleaspectsoftheS&Eenterprise.Thisreportprovideshigh-levelfindingsfromtheninethematicreportsthatmakeupScienceandEngineeringIndicators2024.SelecteddatafromtheninethematicreportsaregroupedhereintothreemajorsectionsthatrelatetotheS&Eenterprise:talent,discovery,andtranslation.ThesethreecomponentscollectivelysupportU.S.globalcompetitivenessinscience,technology,andinnovation(STI),inthatscience,technology,engineering,andmathematics(STEM)talentcontributestoscientificdiscovery,whichinturnistranslatedtosocietyandtheeconomythroughinnovation.ThefirstsectionofthereportdescribesthestatusoftheU.S.STEMeducationsystemfromelementarythroughthedoctorallevelandtheSTEMworkforce,includingthecontributionsOfinternationalstudentsandworkers.ItalsodetailstheAmericanpublic,sperceptionsaboutscientists.Thesecondsection,onresearchanddevelopment(R&D),discussesthepositionoftheUnitedStatesamongthetopR&D-performingcountriesandanalyzespatternsofU.S.R&DfundingandperformanceamongeconomicsectorsandbytypeofR&D,ThethirdandfinalsectionfocusesonoutputsoftheS&EenterprisetoprovideinsightintohowtheUnitedStatesandothermajorcountriesandregionscontributetoglobalknowledgeandinnovation.Finally,thereportcontainsasidebarwithselectindicatorsofnationalinvestmentsandcapabilitiesincriticalandemergingtechnologies(seesidebarCriticalandEmergingTechnologies).Talent:U.S.andGlobalSTEMEducationand1.aborForceAgloballycompetitiveSTEMeducationsystemequipsAmericanswiththeskillsandknowledgeneededtoparticipateintheSTEMworkforce.STEMworkerswithabroadrangeofeducationalcredentialssustaintheU.S.researchenterpriseanddriveinnovationincriticalandemergingtechnologies,supportingthenation,scompetitivenessintheglobaleconomy.ElementaryandSecondaryMathematicsandScienceElementaryandsecondaryeducationinmathematicsandsciencearethefoundationforentryintopostsecondarySTEMmajorsandSTEM-relatedoccupations.1PriortotheCOVID-19pandemic,theUnitedStatesrankednearthemiddleofadvancedeconomiesbasedoninternationalmathematicsandscienceassessmentsofstudents(FigureI).In2019,averageTrendsinInternationalMathematicsandScienceStudy(TIMSS)assessmentscoresofU.S.eighthgradestudentsinmathematics(515)andscience(522)weresimilartotheaverageamongadvancedeconomies(532inmathematicsand527inscience).AveragescoresofstudentsfromadvancedeconomiesinEastandSoutheastAsia-Singapore,Taiwan,SouthKorea,JapanwereamongthehighestandweresignificantlyhigherthanaveragescoresofU.S.studentsinbothmathematicsandscience.2FigureI.AverageTIMSSmathematicsandsciencescoresofstudentsingrade8amongparticipatingadvancedeconomies:2019Note(三):TIMSSisTrendsinInternationalMathematicsandScienceStudy.ThescaleforTIMSSscoresis0-1.000.Source(三):InternationalAssociationfortheEvaluationofEducationalAchievement,TIMSSt2019.Indicators2024:K-/2Education700TheCOVID-19pandemicledtoseveredisruptionsinelementaryandsecondarystudentlearningintheUnitedStates,beginningwiththeabruptswitchtoremoteinstructionformanystudentsinMarch2020.Studentmathematicsperformanceshowedasharpdeclinein2022,comparedwithpre-pandemicperformancein2019.From2019to2022,theoverallaveragescoresforeighthgradersonthemainNationalAssessmentofEducationalProgress(NAEP)mathematicsassessmentdroppedforallstudents,althoughthedeclinewasnotstatisticallysignificantforallracialandethnicgroups(Figure2).3Averagescoresinmathematicsforallstudentsin2022werelowerthanallpreviousassessmentssince2005forfourthgradersandsince2003foreighthgraders.AllstudentsAsian(White.MorethanoneraceNativeHawaiianorOtherPacificIslanderHispanicor1.atino.AmericanIndianorAlaskaNative9.BlackOrAfricanAmericanNote(三):NAEPisNationalAssessmentofEducationalProgress.Dataarcnotavailableforallyears.ThescaleforNAEPmathematicsassessmentscoresis0-500forgrade8.Hispanicor1.acinomaybeanyrace;racecategoriesexcludeHispanicorigin.Averagescoresdeclinedfrom2019to2022byStaciscicallysignificantamountsforallracialandethnicgroupsshownexceptforAmericanIndiansorAlaskaNativesandNaciveHawaiiansorOtherPacificIslanders.Source(三):NCSES.specialtabulations(2022)ofthemainNAEP2000-22mathematicsassessments.NCES.Indicators2024:K-12EducationTheNAEPlong-termtrendmathematicsassessment,anothernationalassessmentofmathematics,alsoshowsasignificantpost-pandemicdeclineinstudentscores(Figure3).From2020to2023,theaveragescoreforall13-year-oldstudentsdroppedby9points.Amongstudentracialandethnicgroups,scoredeclinesincludeda20-pointdropforAmericanIndianorAlaskaNativestudentsanda6-pointdropforWhitestudents.ScoresforstudentsintheIOthpercentilethosescoringnearthelowendofallassessmenttakersdroppedby14points,whereasscoresforstudentsinthe90thpercentiledroppedby6points.Asaresult,thegapbetweenstudentsscoringintheIOthpercentile(213)andthe90thpercentile(322)widenedto109points,thelargestithasbeensincetheassessmentbeganin1978.Withrespecttostudentsocioeconomicsutus,studentseligibleforfreeorreduced-pricelunch-acommonlyusedindicatoroffamilypovertyscoredsignificantlylowerin2023(253)thanstudentsineligiblefortheprogram(287).Bothgroupsofstudentsexperiencedsignificantdeclinesintestscoresfrom2020to2023.Figure3.Changeinaveragestudentscoresfor13-year-oldstudentsontheNAEPlong-termtrendmathematicsassessment,bystudentcharacteristic:2020-23-20StudentcharacteristicNote(三):NAEPisNationalAssessmentofEducationalProgress.Hispanicor1.atinomaybeanyrace;racecategoriesexcludeHispanicorigin.DataforNativeHawaiianorOcherPacificIslanderstudenuaresuppressedforreasonsofconfidentialityand/orreliability.Changesinaveragescoresfrom2020to2023forallgroupsshownareSUCisticaIIysignificantacthe0.10level.Source(三):NCSES.specialtabulations(2023)ofthe2020and2023NAEPlong-termtrendmathematicsassessments.NCES.Indicators2024:K-/2EducationS&EHigherEducationintheUnitedStatesAlthoughsomestudentstransitiondirectlyfromhighschooltotheSTEMlaborforce,thenation,sS&EenterprisedependsheavilyonrecipientsofhighereducationdegreesinS&Efields(seeGlossarysectionforalistofS&Efields).4ThenumberofcertificatesanddegreesawardedinS&Efieldsincreasedateachdegreelevelinthepastdecade,withtotalS&Eawards(includingallcertificatesandassociate's,bachelor,s,master's,anddoctoraldegrees)increasingfrom982,000in2012to1,310,000in2021.TheshareofdegreesawardedinS&Efieldsincreasedforalllevelsexceptdoctoraldegrees;however,theshareofdegreesawardedinS&Efieldswasthehighestatthedoctorallevel,with66%ofdoctoraldegreesawardedinS&Efields.ManygroupsofAmericansremainedunderrepresentedamongS&EdegreerecipientswhencomparedtotheirshareoftheU.S.populationages20-34yearsold.ThepercentageofwomenvariedsignificantlydependingonS&Efield,withwomenaccountingforthelowestsharesofdegreerecipientsinengineering(24%ofbachelor,sdegreesin2021)andcomputerandinformationsciences(22%).In2021,AmericanIndianorAlaskaNative,BlackorAfricanAmerican,andHispanicor1