联合国贸易发展委员会-衡量全球工业大麻产品出口（英）-2024.3_市场营销策划_2024年市场报告.docx

©2024.UnrtedNationsThisworkisavailablethroughopenaccess,bycomplyingwiththeCreativeCommonslicencecreatedforintergovernmentalOrQaniZations,atprhC>00Tefindrjs.intrpretatisandconclusionsexpressedhereinarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheUnitedNations<xitsofficiate<xMemberStates.Thedesignationsemployedandtheprsetatiofmaterialanymapinthisworkdono(implytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheUnitedNatkxisconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountrv.territ<xv.cityOfarea(XofitSauthorities,OfconcerningtheCtelimitatonofitsfrtiers(xboundaries.MentonOfanyfirmOrlicensedprocessdoesnotimplytheendorsementoltheUnitedNations.Photocopiesandreproductionsofexcerptsareallowedwithpropercredits.Thispublicationhastbeenformallyedited.UnitedNationSPubIiCatiOnissuedbvtheUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopmentUNCTADQlTaCOM/2024/1SBN:978-92-1-358928-1ThispublicationservesasasupplementtotheNovember2022specialeditionoftheCommOditieSataGfancesenes,onInciustrialMmdThedumentwaspreparedbytheDivisiononInternationalTradeandCommoditiesofUNCTAD,bvateamledbvMarFuoazzaandbenefitedfromthecommentsandGuidanceofRodr100Carcamo,aswellasmmetsfromClovisFreireandSofiaDominquez.UNCTADgratefullyacknowledgesthevaluableinsightsanddatacontributionsofTedHaney(CanadianHempTradeAssiationandFIHO)andfurthermmentsfrommembersoftheFIHOResearchandStandardsCommittee.Thisdocumentencompassestrade-relateddetailsandmirrorsdeliberationsattheworkshoponindustrialhemp,organizedbytheCommoditiesBranchofUNCTADinJanuary2023(https:IJnCtadOfmeetigWOfkShOPindustrahem".Thecontentreflectsdiscussionsattheworkshopandincorporatesinsightsfromdiscussionsatsubsequentmeetinqs.ThedocumentlayoutwascarriedoutbyDanidleBoqIio(DivisiononInternationalTradeandCommodities.UNCTAD).NotesThedataforChinadonotincludethoseforHongKong(SpecialAdministrativeReoion),Macao(SpecialAdministrativeRegion)andTaiwanProvinceofChina.ReferencetotheEuropeanUnionistoall27MemberStatesoftheEuropeanUnion.Theterm"dollar”Orthe$symbolreferstotheUnitedStatesdollarunlessotherwisestated.ThetermSbilHon”sinifes1,000million;theterm-tons”referstometrictons.ExportsarevaluedFOB(freeonboard)andimportsCIF(cost,insuranceandfreight)unlessotherwisespecified.Useofanr>dashHbetweenyearssignifiesthefullperiodinvolved,includingthehitialandfinalyears.A*l,Gylbl.¾FIHOFederationofinternationalhemporganizationsHSHarmonizedSystem(HarmonizedCommodityDescriptionandCodingSvstenitinful(WorldCustomsOrQanization)NTMNOntariffmeasureTHCTBtrahYdroCannabinOlUNCOMTRADEUnitedNatiOnSCommodityTradeStatistics(database)UNCTADUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopmentTableofcontents1. Introduction12. Hempproductsininternationalandnationalproductclassifications12.1 Hecnpversuscannabis22.2 HempintheHSclassification22.3 Hempinnationalclassificatis33. CalculatingWortdexportsofhempproducts43.1 Hempsseedsandbwxodcts-43.2 Hempfibersandyam73.3 Processedtextiles124. Concludingremarks14Annex161. IntroductionTheincompletecoverageofhempproductsintradestatisticsposesachallengetoQaininQathotouhUnderstandinaofexistinaindustrialhemomarkets,indudinthevaluationofk)balexportsforeachspecifichempproduct.Ininternationaltradestatistics,particularlyintheUNCOMTRADE,databaseusingthesix-diqitleveloftheHarmonizedSystem(HS)classification,onlythreehemp-relatedproductsareincluded.Otherrecognizedhempproducts,suchashempseeds,lackdedicatedsix-digitHScodes.Thisimpliesthatasubstantialportionofhempproducttrade,theextentofwhichisunknown,remainsunacuntedforininternationalproductclassifications.Toobtainamorempreensiveunderstandingofthescaleandcompositionofinternationaltradeinhempproducts,thisstudyexplorednationalsourcesoftradestatisticsinadditiontotheinformationprovidedbyUNCOMTRADE.However,nationalclassifications,thoughalignedwiththeWOddCustomsOrganizationHSclassificationuptosixdigits,divergebevondthatlevel.Thisdiscreoancvinproductdefinitionsamonvariousnationaltradestatisticsmpiicatscompahsos,necessitatinqaQQreatonatthe6-d*itleveltoestimateglobalvalues.Basedontheinformationgatheredfromthesesources.12additionalHS&digitproductCateQO<ieswereidentified,rrespondingto20newproductdefinitionsbevondthesixdigitscategoriesavailableinUNCOMTRADETheestimatedvalueofglobalexportsofhempseedsandrelatedproductsfromnationalsourceswasapproximatelyUSS122millionin2022.whiletheglobalexportsvalueforpressedhemptextilesproductsnearlyreachedUS$50million.Forcomparison,globalexportsofhemofibersandvarnrecordedinUNCOMTRADEamountedtoaDDcoximatelvUSS50miNk>n.Thissuggeststhatthemagnitudeofglobalexportsofbe<npproductsisSiqnificanttyunderestimatedbythedataavailableinthelattersource.Intotal,bycombininginformationfrombothUNCOMTRADEandnationaltradestatisticssources,itisaooroximatedthataround60countriesenaedintheexDortofvariousindustrialhempproductsfrom2019to2022.Approximatelyone-thirdoftheseexportinnationsareclassifiedasdevelopingcountries.NortAmericaandEuropearetheregionsmostDrominentivinvokedinher11DDroductexportsfollowedbvAsiaandSouthAmerica.Chinastandsoutasthemostdiversifiedcountryintermsofhe<npproductexports?followedbyIndia,theUnitedStates,Canada,andseveralEuropeannations.ThisNoteisorganizedasfollows.Section2discusseshempproductsvefageinnationalandIbeinternationalHSclassifications.Section3providesselectedyearlyandquarterlyinformationaboutexportsofhempproductsacrossthreecategories:seeds,fibersandprocessedtextilesSectk)n4providessomeconcludingremarks.2. HempproductsininternationalandnationalproductclassificationsTeHarmonizedSystemHS)isastandardizednumericalmethodforClaSSifyinQtradedproducts,assigningspecificsix-digitcodestovariousclassificationsandcommodities.Adoptedby212countries,ter11tones,customsunions,oreconomicunions,itservesastherSeeMtDS/ComtradeDIUS.uo0/jChnaexportsaNhe11oDruductsinductedinnationalandntemationaldassfcatio11sdiscussedbekw.foundationfortheirCustomstariffsandthecompilationofinternationaltradestatistics?ThemostrecenteditionofteHSclassification,implementedin2022,encompasses5.613HScodes.WMnl)rsareresoonstotelotmanammorethan9B%ofworldtrade.Th©lullmmbersoisBvaiabteattts2zwMoycoomChXalmedaMCQWttokMal!lxfi4ODcDQmeoCIailxeiamlewhCQatEaCtaKiaItieSstotwu11tnesZoouotnes_aDeDQ-bsdt2dtuwebItsfirstedition(i.e.theHS1988/92)counted5228图codes.4UNCTAD.2022.Commodrtvat-a-lanoe:SoeciaJissueOrIndustrialhemo.GenevaandNewY(Xkt1.eamcantooConMnCamaUnoMBMhouchtoamuchImoreMIhanIowwlnatoos.See,'工Thisclassificationisfundamentaltoallnationalproductclassifications.CountrieshavetheHeXibilitVtoextendtheinitialsixdiitsbvaddingIonoercodesformoredetailedclassificationpurposes.2.1 HempversuscannabisAsdiscussedextensivelyinUNCTAD(2022Findustrialhempandcannabisarethesameplant(i.e.theCannabiSSama1.)exceptforthecontentintheirftowerinqtopsfinTetrahydrocannabinol(THC)acannabinoidwrthpsychotropicpcoperties.CannabisreferstovarietiesoftheplantwitharelativelyhighTHCntentandareinmostcountriessubjecttospecificregulationsdefininqtheirIeqailyauthorizeduses.Suchdistinctionalsoappearsinproductclassifications.TheHSclassificationincludesOn卜oneproductattheSdiaitlevelwithanexplicitreferencetoTHC.ItbelongstotheHeterocvclk:ComooundswithOXYQenetero-atom(三)onlyHS4-diitcategory(i.e29.32)andrrespondstoHScode2932.95definedasTtrahydrocanabinols(allisomers).IncountriesclassificationsdifferentqualificationsoftheCannabisSatig1.plantareadopteddependingonwhetherthevarietiesunderconsiderationhavepsycotrop<cpcopertiesornot.Wbenpsychotropiceffectscanbeexpectedbytheconsumptionofthedescnbedproductthenthewordcannabisisusedalone.Chinaforinstance,usesthewordhempinthe12.11CateQorYtodefinethe1211.90.3930DrOdUetandthewordcannabistodefinetheproduct1301.90.9020inthelacs,gumsandresinsSubcateqory.TeIeoalstatusoftheCannabiSSativa1.plantvarietyundernsiderationcanalsobementionedexDicittv.Itcanbeassociatedwithotherreferencessuchasmarijuanaorhashis.ArqentinaclassificationincludesCannabissatrva1.productsinthegroupoflac,naturalgums,resins,gum-resinsandOleoresinswhichareCleartyidentifiedasnarcotic,namelytheproductsbelongingtothe1301.90.90.1subgroupandcoded1301.90.90.11OWUruguay,foritspart,mentionsexplicitlytheTHCcontentindryweight.Theclassificationdistinguishesbetweenproductswitacontentbelow1percentfromproductswithacontentabove1percent.Whenproductshavenopsychotropicpropertiesbyessencethewordshemportruehemportehemp(CannabiSSatiVaUareused.IntheHSclassificationhempDroductsaredefinedashemo(CannaaSSatiVaUproducts.2.2 HempintheHSclassificationTheHSdassificationencompassesonlythreehempproductsasreportedinTableA.1oftheannex,eachassociatedwithadistinctlevelofprocessing.Tfirstproduct(HScode530210),definedasraworrettedbuttspunhemp.rresD011dstorawhempfibers.Thesecondproduct(HScode530290)Cateaodzedasprocessedhemp(otherthanretted)butnotson,truehemptowandwaste(idudin½amwasteandoamettedSfoC依canbelinkedtosemi-processedhempfibers.Theinclusionoftowandwastemayrotbeentirelyjustified.astheymightbensidedby-productsratherthansecni-processedproducts.TheRepublicofKoceanationalclassificationmakesacleardistinctionbetweenthreesubproductsoftheHS5302.90product.Hemptowisseparatedfromhempwasteandfromotherprocessedhemo(butnotsoun).ThelasthemoDfodUCtaoDanintheHSclassification(HSCOde530820,shemoyamandrepresentsthemostprocessedoroductamonthethreeincludedintheHSclassification.TheEU-27considerstwodifferenttypesofhempyam(coded5308.20),namelyyamputupforretailsaleandyamputupbrwholesale.2.3 HempinnationalclassificationsOverall,about20hempproductsareaddedtotheonesincludedintheHSclassificationa$showninTableA.2.TheCanadianclassificationenmpassesthemostextensiverangeofhempproducts,spanningfromseedstocarpets.Similarly,theUnitedStatesclassificationincludesarelatrvevextensivearravofhemoproducts,veri11eve<vthinfromseedstowovenfabrics.Notably,botuntriesutilizedistinctproductdescriptionsandcodes,whetherdealingwithimportsofexrts.AsshowninTableA2,mostcountriesthatincludehempproductsintheirnationalclassificationotherthanthosedefinedintheHSclassification,includeso11ehempoilseedsproductsunderthe12.07category(oilseeds).Somesubcategoriesofoilseedsarealsonsidered.Canadadifferentiatesbetweenseedsforsowingandseedsforotherpurposes.TheUnitedStateshaveadoptedthesametvDofdistinctionsince2021.BothcountriesnsidertwoSubcateoonesfortheirimportsbutnotforteirexports.DespitebothcountriesaDDinasimilarDcoductdescriDtk>n.oroductdesVafVbevodsixdigits.Forinstance,seedsforsowingarecoded1207.99.0011inCanadaand1207.99.0340intheUnitedStates.ThesamedistinctionbetweenusesexistsinAruentinaandMorocconatk)nalclassifications.Productcodesaredifferentagain.Seedsforsowingarecoded1207.99.10.1BinArgentinaand1207.99.1100inMoroc.Classifyingseedsfromsowingandseedsforotherusesdifferentlycanbemotivatedbythefactthatdifferentregulationsapptydependingonthealuse.Inmostcases,seedsforsowingmustbdongtoapredeterminedsetofplantvarietiesinaccordancewithprevailingregulations.AnothertypeofdistinctionismadebyNewZealand.Threesubcategoriesarensidfd:wholeseeds(coded1207.99.00141.),hulledseeds(coded1207.99.0017E),andothers(coded1207.99.0024H).Itcanbearguedthatifnodistinctionismad©betweenseedsforsowinandseedsforotheruses,aliedreulat>onsmaybeperceivedastrestrictive.Seedsdonotntainanycannabinoidseventhoughsometracesduetontaminationcanstillbefound.Consequently,huledseedsorwholeseedsnotforsowingShoddnotbeconsideredaspotentiallyviolatingnarcoticsregulations.Thisalsoappliestohempoilsclassifiedunderthe15.15(vegetablefatsandoils)productcatQ<xyandOiIbWProdUCtsuchasoilcakeclassifiedunderthe23.06.AmongstthereviewedclassificationsonlythoseoftheUnitedStatesandCanadaincludebothtypesofproducts,aainwithdifferentcodesbeyondthesix-dksitlevel(2306.90).Thesecondmostrepresentedhempproductinnationalclassificationiswovenfabrics.SeveralcountriessuchJaoan.theUS.theRepublcofKoreaandChinaincludethatproductbeyondthe6-digitHSlevelwithinthe53.11(non-cottonwovenfabrics)categcxy.Boththeproductdefinitionandtheassociatedproductcodedifferacrossnationalclassifications.Theadditionalhempproductsappearinginnationalclassificationsarec11tryspecific.Forinstance.NewZealandistheonlycountryreportedheretoincludehempflour(coded1208.90.001OBandhempmeal(coded1208.90.0015F).Chinaistheonlyuntrvconsideringhempinthe12.11HS4-diqitcategory(plantsandpartsofplantsusedinpharmacy).Twine,cordagesandropesofhempareincludedintheUnitedKingdomclassifications(coded5607.90.9010),narrowwovenfabricsofhempareincludedbyAustralia(coded5806.39.10).Argentinaincludesseveralcodesrelatedtoaccessoriesinthe65.02(Hat-shapes)and65.04(hatsandotherheadgear)HS4-digitcategories.Incertaininstances,productsubcategoriesthatextendbeyondthesix-digitleveldonotsolelyconsistofhemp-basedproducts.Anexampleisthecategoryofcarpetsandothertextilefloorcoverings(57.02),asspecifiedintheCanadiannationalclassification.Indeed,thissubcategoryencompassesnotonlyhempproductsbutalsothosemadefromflaxtoworjute.Asimilarobservationholdstrueforsacksandbags(63.05)asdefinedinNewZealand,wherethesubcategoryencompassesitemscraftedfrombothhempandphormiumtenax(NewZealandflax).Althoughthefocusofthisnoteisonhempproducts,cannabisproductsfoundinnationalclassificationsareshowninTableA.3.Thelatteressentiallyrelatetoproductsretrievedfromcannabisflowersandrefertoeithermedicaloradultuse.SuchproductsareintroducedbyseveralcountriesinsevendifferentHS4-digitcategories:06.02(Uruguay),12.09(Uruguay,Canada),12.11(Canada,Japan,Indonesia,VietNam),13.01(Argentina,Canada,China,Indonesia,VietNam),13.02(Argentina,Canada,Japan,Indonesia,VietNam),and30.04(Japan,Canada).Themostrepresentedproductsinnationalproductclassificationsareresins,thatbelongtotheHS4-digit13.01category,andvegetablesapsandextracts,thatbelongtotheHS4-digit13.02category.3. CalculatingworldexportsofhempproductsThefollowinganalysisdelvesintothreecategoriesofhempproducts,presentedindescendingorderbasedontheirglobalexportvalues.Theexportvaluespresentedresultfromathoroughexaminationofbothinternationalandnationalclassifications,asoutlinedinsection2.Allestimatesbasedonnationalclassificationsinvolveaggregatinganyinformationbeyondsixdigitstothesix-digitleveltoalignwiththeinternationalHarmonizedSystem(HS)classification.AsTableA.2shows,theaggregationofexportsofhempproductsbasedoninformationprovidedbydifferentnationalstatisticsmayobscurevaryingproductdescriptionsacrossnationalclassificationsatthetarifflinelevel,suggestingthatonlypartialandincompleteperspectivesonglobalexportsmaybeobtainedwithexistingdata.Moreover,somecountries,suchasCanadaandtheUnitedStates,employdistinctcodesintheirnationalstatisticsforexportedandimportedproducts.Thismayalsocomplicatethegenerationofcomparablestatisticsonglobalexportsofhempproducts.Inmostcases,globalvaluesareestimatedusingimportinformation,asitisgenerallymorepreciselyreportedthanexportinformation.However,whenproductsareintroducedbyalimitednumberofcountries,bothimportandexportinformationareretainedforestimationpurposes.3.1 Hempsseedsandby-products