Devinit-2022年援助：官方发展援助的关键事实（英）.docx

developmentinitiativesJanuary2024Aidin2022:KeyfactsaboutofficialdevelopmentassistancefactsheetContentsKeyfactsaboutODAin20222Introduction4ODAfrombothgovernmentsandmultilateralsincreased5Ukrainewasthestandoutrecipientofaidin20227Health,refugeesindonorcountriesandhumanitariansectorsreceivedthemostaidin202281.essthanaquarterofaidwasdisbursedtocountriesgroupedasleastdevelopedand/orlow-income10TotalbilateralODAmarkedashavingaclimateobjectivereacheditshighesteveramountin202212Theamountofgender-relatedODAreachedanall-timehighin2022butitsshareoftotalODAfellfromthepreviousyear14AnincreasedproportionofbilateralODAwasspentwithinthecountrythatprovidedit15Aboutthedatainthispaper17Appendix 1 18Appendix 2 20Notes21KeyfactsaboutODAin20221. TotalC)DAgrossdisbursementsfromDACdonorsandmultilateralOrQaniSatiOnSincreased24%in2022toarecordhiqhOfUS$269billion,fromUS$217billionin2021,thisWaSthehiqhestannualDerCentaQnincreaseSinCe2006JHowever,thisincreasewasdrivenalmostentirelybysupporttoUkraineandcostsassociatedwithhostingrefugeesindonorcountries.Discountingthese,aidincreasedbyamodest3.1%.22. AidPrOVidedbvQoVeITImentSroseby27%(US$39.3billion)io2022toreachUS$183.3billion.MUItilateralC)DAdisbursementsroseby17%(US$12.8billion)toreachUS$86.1billion.Again,withUkraineandin-donorrefugeecostsexcluded,bilateralandmultilateralODAroseby2.9%and3.4%respectively.3. UkraineWaStheStandolJtreeiPiemin2022.receivingUS$29.2billion-morethanthenextfiverecipientscombined,andtheall-timeIarqeStamountreceivedbvaCoUntryrecipientinhistory.IndiaandBangladeshwerethesecondandthirdlargestrecipientsrespectively.4. HeaKhWaSthelargestSeCtOrin2022,andsectorsrelatedtoCriSiS-refugeesindonorcountries,andhumanitarianSeetorS-receivedtheSeCondandthirdIarqeStamountsOfODAin2022.1.argeincreasesinhealthODAinrecentyearsaremostlydrivenbyCovid-19response.Aidtorefugeesindonorcountriesmorethandoubled.5. 1.eSSthanaClilarter(24%)OfC)DAWaSdisbursedtoCoUntriUSarouoedasIeaStdevelopedand(Xow-incomein2022(afallfrom31%in2021).ThisisduetoincreasedsupporttoUkraineandrefugeesindonorcountriesdrivingthevolumeoftotalODAup,whileODAtoleastdevelopedcountries(1.DCs)sawanabsolutefallinODAvolumesover2021-2022.6. TotalbilateralODAmarkedashavi11QaCIimateObieCtiVeQreWinVoIIJmeterms.BilateralclimateODAfromDACcountriesincreasedby25%in2022(fromUS$31.2billionin2021toUS$39.1billionin2022),itshighestevervolume.However,therearecontinuingconcernsabouttheaccuracyofclimatefinancefiguresasmeasuredwiththeRio-markers,whichareknowntobeUSedinconsistentlyacrossproviders.Dlarecurrentlyengaginginworkthatattemptstobetterunderstandhowprovidersdecidewhichprojectstocountasclimate.7. TheamountOfgender-relatedODAgrewin2022,increasing5.8%On2021.However,almostallofthisgrowthwasdrivenbyothersector-focusedprojectsthatdonorsmarkedasrelevantforgenderoutcomes.ODAtoprojectsthathadgenderastheirprincipalobjectiveincreasedonlymarginally,andhasremainedlargelyunchangedsince2019.8. SiQnifiCantQroWthinin-donorrefugeeCoStSresultedinanincreasedDrOPOrtionOftotalODAbei11DSnentWithintheCOUntrVthatPrOVidedit(i.e.wasnottransferredtoarecipientcountry).Asashareoftotalbilateralaidandfundingtomultilaterals,nontransferaidrosefrom14%in2021to19%in2022.9. TheVOlUmeOfbilateralC)DAIOanSarewinVOliJmetermsandasaShareOftotalODA.BilateraltransferloansfromDACdonorsincreasedbyathirdon2021levels,thejointhighestrateofannualgrowthinthelastdecade,toreacharecordUS$36billion.IntroductionThisresourcehighlightskeyfactsfromDevelopmentInitiatives*analysisofglobalaidreportedin2022.Weusethemostrecentlyavailabledataset(dataforcalendaryear2022publishedinlateDecember2023).3Thisfactsheetincludesdataonaid(specifically。什icialdevelopmentassistance-ODA)reportedtotheOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentsDevelopmentAssistanceCommittee(OECDDAC).4FormoreaboutOECDDACdata,seeAbOUtthedata.ThedatasetallowsustoanalysebilateralODA(whereonegovernmentprovidesODAdirectlytoanothercountry)andODAdisbursementsfrommultilateralorganisations(whereorganisationsliketheUNorWorldBankprovideODAtocountries).TheCovid-19pandemicresultedinasignificantincreaseinglobalextremepoverty.Whileglobalpovertyhasrecoveredtoclosetopre-pandemiclevels(8.6%in2023comparedwith9.1%in2019),progresshasbeensetbackbythreeyears.Furthermore,whilepovertyinmiddle-incomecountrieshasdeclined,thepoorestcountriesandthoseaffectedbyfragilityandconflictstillhavehigherpovertyratesthanbeforethepandemic.5In2022,themajorityofcrisesarestilllong-termandcomplex.Awidespreadincreaseinthenumberofpeopleinneedwasdrivenbothbyexistingcrisesworseningandmajornewcrises,particularlyinUkraine,Afghanistan,PakistanandMyanmar.6ODAplaysacriticalrole,particularlyincountriesfacingthebiggestchallengeswheredomesticresourcesarescarceandaccesstointernationalmarketsisdifficult.InthisfactsheetweanalyseanumberofODAtrendsduringtheperiod2012-2022andunpackwhatthenumberstellusaboutwhereandhowODAisspent. ReadmorefromDlOnODA. ShareyourthoughtswithusonTWitteror1.inkedln SignuptoournewsletterODAfrombothgovernmentsandmultilateralsincreasedFigure1:ODAfromDACcountriesandmultlaterals(US$billions)Source:OECDDACdataNotes:GrossODAdisbursementsfromDACdonorsandmultilateralorganisations,constant2021prices.suo三一qssIn2022,DAC-membergovernmentsandmultilateralorganisationsprovidedatotalofUS$269billioninODA.ThiswasUS$52.1billionhigherthanin2021(US$217billion),-ariseof24%andanall-timehigh.However,thisincreasewasdrivenalmostentirelybysupporttoUkraine(seeFigure2)andcostsassociatedwithhostingrefugeesindonorcountries(seeFigure3).Discountingthese,aidincreasedbyamodest3.1%.Aidprovidedbygovernmentsroseby27%(US$39.3billion)in2022toreachUS$183.3billion.MultilateralODAdisbursementsroseby17%(US$12.8billion)toreachUS$86.1billion.Again,withUkraineandin-donorrefugeecostsexcluded,bilateralandmultilateralODAroseby2.9%and3.4%respectively.IntermsofbilateralaidfromDACdonors,theUS,Germany,Japan,theUK,Poland,Canada,France,IrelandandItalyallrecordedsignificantincreasesbetween2021and2022: BilateralaidfromtheUSgrewfromUS$39.0billiontoUS$49.4billionbetween2021and2022(a27%increase).ThisisduetoasignificantincreaseinUSsupporttoUkraine,andotherincreasestowardssectorssuchasCovid-19control,STDcontrolincludingHIV/AIDSandin-donorrefugeecosts. AidfromGermanygrewfromUS$27.7billiontoUS$35billion(a26%increase),duetoincreasesinin-donorrefugeecostsandsupporttoUkraine. AidfromJapangrewfromUS$17.8billiontoUS$23.6billion(a32%increase).JapanincreasedaidintheformofloanstotheeconomicandinfrastructureservicessectornotablyandrecipientsreceivingthelargestvolumeincreasesincludedIndia,UkraineandBangladesh.Intermsofmultilateralorganisations,aidincreasesfromEUinstitutionsandtheInternationalDevelopmentAssociation(IDA)werenotable.AidfromtheEUincreasedfromUS$24.1billionin2021toUS$32.8billionin2022(a36%increase).Again,thiswaslargelyduetoincreasedsupporttoUkraine,asignificantproportionofwhichwasintheformofgeneralbudgetsupport.AidfromIDAincreasedfromUS$20.8billionin2021toUS$24.4billionin2022(an18%increase).Ukrainewasthestandoutrecipientofaidin2022Figure2:Top15recipientsofODA,2022Source:OECDDACdataNotes:GrossODAdisbursementsfromDACdonorsandmultilateralorganisations,nstant2021prices.Foranexpandedlist,seeAXDendiX1.DRC=DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo.In2022,UkrainereceivedUS$29.2EllioninaidfromDAC-membergovernmentsandmultilateralbodies-thelargesttotalofanycountry,andanincreaseon2021ofUS$26.9billion(morethana12-foldincrease).ThiswasintheformofdevelopmentassistanceandhumanitarianassistanceinresponsetotheongoingwarinUkraine.TheamountreceivedbyUkrainewasmorethanthenextfiverecipientscombined,andtheall-timelargestamountreceivedbyacountryrecipientinhistory.India,202slargestrecipient,receivedthesecond-largesttotal(US$7.1billion),andBangladeshreceivedthethirdlargest(US$7.0billion).ODAtobothIndiaandBangladeshincreasedover2021-2022,byUS$638.8millionandUS$684.8millionrespectively.Thefourthandfifthlargest2022recipientswereEthiopia(US$5.1billion)andNigeria(US$5.0billion),whichbothreceivedincreaseson2021levels.Afghanistan,DRC5PakistanandKenya-representingthesixthtoninthlargest2022recipientsrespectively-allrecordeddecreasesbetween2021and2022.Tanzania,meanwhile,the10thlargest2022recipient,recordedanincrease.Health,refugeesindonorcountriesandhumanitariansectorsreceivedthemostaidin2022Figure3:SectorsreceivingthemostODA,2022HealthRefugeesindonorcountriesHumanitarianInfrastructureGovernanceandsecurityOtherEducationGeneralbudgetsupportBusinessandindustryAgricultureandfoodsecurityAdministrativecostsofdonorsOthersocialservicesWaterandsanitationEnvironmentDebtreliefSource:OECDDACdataNotes:GrossODAdisbursementsfromDACdonorsandmultilateralorganisations,constant2021prices.SeeADPendiX2formoredetail.The'Other'sectorincludesmultisector,commoditiesandunspecifiedaid.In2022,thesectorsthatreceivedthegreatestshareofODAfromgovernmentsandmultilateralbodieswerehealth(US$39.2billion),refugeesindonorcountries(US$31.8billion),humanitarian(US$30.6billion),infrastructure(US$30.2billion),andgovernance,civilsocietyandsecurity(US$30.0billion).Eachofthesetopfivesectorssawincreasesbetween2021and2022,withaidtorefugeesindonorcountriesmorethandoubling.Thesectorwhichexperiencedthegreatestincreaseinvolumein2022isrefugeesindonorcountries,whichincreasedbyalmost150%(US$18.9billion),itshighesteveramount.ThisincreaseisattributedtothecostsinaccommodatingthehighnumberofUkrainianandAfghanpeopledisplacedbyconflictin2022.Refugeesindonorcountriesandthehumanitariansectorarebothrelatedtocurrentcrises,whilelargeincreasesinhealthODAinrecentyearsaremostlydrivenbyCovid-19response.Forexample,aidtotheCovid-19controlpurposecodestoodatUS$8.5billionin2022(down7.8%on2021),making-upoverafifthofhealthODAin2022.In2022,'generalbudgetsupport'received5.6%ofODA-arelativelyhighproportion-dueinparttosupporttoUkrainefromEUinstitutions(US$8.9billion).ThisshareofgeneralbudgetsupportODAtototalODAhadpeakedin2020at7.2%duetotheIMF,sprogrammeofbudgetsupportlendinginresponsetotheeconomicimpactofCovid-19.In20211generalbudgetsupportdecreasedto4.0%,duetothetailingoffofIMF'sprogramme.Figure4:ODAdisbursementstocountriesgroupedasleastdevelopedand/orlow-income(%)35%35%30%25%1.essthanaquarterofaidwasdisbursedtocountriesgroupedasleastdevelopedand/orlow-income40%20%15%10%5%0%20122013201420152016201720182019202020212022Source:OECDDACdataNotes:GrossdisbursementsfromDACdonorsandmultilateralorganisations,constant2021prices.ThischartshowsthetotalproportionofODAdisbursedtocountriesgroupedasleastdevelopedcountries(1.DCs;designatedbytheUN)and/orlow-income(1.ICs;assessedbytheWorldBank).ODAtolow-incomecountriesandleastdevelopedcountriesTheshareofODAdisbursementstocountriesfacingthegreatestchallengesfellfrom31%in2021to24%in2022.Thisgroupingincludeslow-incomecountries(1.ICs;assessedbytheWorldBanktohavethelowestincomeperperson).7Italsoincludestheleastdevelopedcountries,(1.DCs;designatedbytheUNasthose,facingseverestructuralimpedimentstosustainabledevelopment.highlyvulnerabletoeconomicandenvironmentalshocksandhavelowlevelsofhumanassets").8Thefallintheshareofaidtothe1.DC/1.ICgroupingisduetotheincreaseinsupportinaidtoUkraine(whichisoutsideofthisgrouping),andaidnotspecifiedtorecipientcountries(includingrefugeesindonorcountries).Thevolumeofaidtothe1.DC/1.ICgroupingalsodeclinedfromUS$67.5billionin2021toUS$65.0billionin2022(a3.6%decrease).ODAfromDACgovernmentsto1.DCsasashareoftotalODAfellfrom25%to19%between2021and2022.ODAprovidedbymultilateraldonorsto1.DCsasashareoftotalODAfellfrom42%to35%.The2022sharesforbothdonortypesrepresentedthelowestshareover2012-2022,andbothdonortypeshadavolumedecrease.ODAtootherincomegroups,andODAnotallocatedbycountryTechnically,ODAcanbeallocatedtolow-incomecountries,lower-middleincomecountriesandupper-middleincomecountries(asdefinedbytheWorldBank).9In20221lower-middleincomecountriesrecordedanincreaseingrossODAdisbursementsfromDACcountriesandmultilaterals(withUkraineinthisgrouping).Meanwhile,aidtouppermiddle-incomecountriesfell.TherewasaUS$26.3billionincreaseinaidthatwasnotallocatedbycountry,andthereforecouldnotbeassignedanincomegroup.Grossdisbursementsinthiscategoryhavebeenincreasingforoveradecadeandnowaccountfor35%ofdisbursements(upfrom32%in2021and26%in2012).TheincreaseincountryunallocatedODAin2022waslargelyaresultoftheincreaseinin-donorrefugeecosts,whileaidtoCovid-19control,STDcontrolincludingHIV/AIDS,humanitarianassistanceandmulti-sectoraidalsoreportednotableincreasesincountryunallocatedaidin2022.TotalbilateralODAmarkedashavingaclimateobjectivereacheditshighesteveramountin2022suo=qSSFigure5:ODAdisbursementsbyclimatefocusfromDACcountries(US$billions)Source:OECDDACdataNotes:GrossODAdisbursementsfromDACdonors,constant2021prices.ActivitiescanhavethefollowingRiomarkerscores:2(markedasaprincipalclimateobjective);1(significantclimateobjective);andO(noclimateobjective).ODAdisbursementswhicharemarkedwiththesameRiomarkerscoreforbothclimateadaptationandmitigationmarkersareclassifiedas'both',whiledisbursementswhichhaveagreaterRiomarkerscoreinoneclimatefocusareaaremarkedtowardsthefocusofthemarkerreturningthegreaterscore.TheamountofbilateralODAtaggedwithaclimateobjectiveincreasedby25%,fromUS$31.2billionin2021toUS$39.1billionin2022.At$7.9billionthiswasthelargestincreaseinvolumeoverthepast10years.Despitethisincrease,climate-taggedbilateralODAtookupaslightlylowershareoftotalbilateralODAthantheyearbefore,decreasingfrom22%in2021to21%in2022.AdaptationandmitigationWecantrackclimateODAusingtheRiomarkers,whichindicatewhetherflowsaretargetedateitheradaptation,mitigation,orboth.In2022,bilateralODAmarkedprincipallyasmitigationaccountedfor41%ofallclimate-taggedbilateralODA,aslightincreaseoverits2021shareof39%.Inaddition,ODAtaggedprincipallyasadaptationonlyasashareofallclimate-taggedbilateralODAfellfrom45%in2021to36%in2022.Thiswascounterbalancedbyanincreaseintheproportionofclimateflowstaggedasbothadaptationandmitigationequally,risingfrom16%in2021to24%in2022.Aidforclimateadaptationaimstoreducevulnerabilitytothecurrentandexpectedimpactsofclimatechangebymaintainingorincreasingresilience.Aidforclimatemitigationaimstoreduceclimatechangebystabilisinggreenhousegasconcentrationsintheatmosphere,promotingeffortstoreduceorlimitemissionsand/orenhancingthecaptureandstorageofemissions.TheincreaseintheoverallvolumeofclimateODAin2022wasdrivenbygrowthinODAtargetedprincipallyatclimatemitigation(fromUS$12.1billionin2021toUS$15.9billion),andflowsmarkedasbothadaptationandmitigationequally(fromUS$5.1billionin2021toUS$9.3billion).Theriseinmitigation-markedODAisattributedtoanincreaseinbilateralODAloansdirectedtowardsthemarker,increasingfromUS$8.9b川ionin2021toUS$14.4billionin2022.Figure6:Mitigation-markedbilateralODAbyflowtype,2021(US$billions)Source:OECDDACdataNotes:GrossODAdisbursementsfromDACdonors,constant2021prices.SUo=qSSTheamountofgender-relatedODAreachedanall-timehighin2022butitsshareoftotalODAfellfromthepreviousyearFigure 7: Gen