针对妇女的性别暴力的经济成本（英）.docx

oG11de*'qvCGender-basedviolenceThecostsofgender-basedviolenceintheEuropeanUnion后以XEuropeanl11m.nforGenderEqualityThecostsofgender-basedviolenceintheEuropeanUnionAcknowledgementsThisreportwaspreparedbyICFConsultingServices1.tdinclosecooperationwithEuropeanInstituteforGenderEquality(EIGE)staff,includingAgataSzypulska,CristinaFabreRosell1JurgitaPeiurien611.igiaNobregaandAdineSamadi.ThemainauthorsofthisreportwereMaleehaKisat,SimonadePaolis,ElberethPutsandKaterinaMantouvalou(ICFConsultingServices1.td).TheindependentexpertswhocontributedtothisreportwereIoanaBorzaandDrPhilippaOlive.Manythankstoothercolleaguesfortheirintellectualcontributionsandadministrativesupport.EIGEwouldespeciallyliketothankDrElizabethVillagomez-Morales,whocontributedtothequalityassuranceofthisstudy.EuropeanInstituteforGenderEqualityTheEuropeanInstituteforGenderEquality(EIGE)isanautonomousbodyoftheEuropeanUnionestablishedtostrengthengenderequalityacrosstheEU.EqualitybetweenwomenandmenisafundamentalvalueoftheEUandEIGE'staskistomakethisarealityinEuropeandbeyond.ThisincludesbecomingaEuropeanknowledgecentreongenderequalityissues,supportinggendermainstreaminginallEUandMemberStatepolicies,andfightingdiscriminationbasedonsex.EuropeanInstituteforGenderEquality,EIGEGediminopr.161.T-01103Vilnius1.ITHUANIATel.+37052157444Email:eige.seceige.europa.euhttp:/www.eige.europa.euO4*1.uxembourg:PublicationsOfficeoftheEuropeanUnion,2021PrintISBN978-92-9482-920-7doi:10.2839/23187MH-O9-21-238-EN-CPDFISBN978-92-9482-921-4doi:10.2839/063244MH-09-21-238-EN-N©EuropeanInstituteforGenderEquality,2021Photocredit:©NateeMeepian/SReproductionisauthorisedprovidedthesourceisacknowledged.Reuseisauthorisedprovidedthesourceisacknowledged,theoriginalmeaningisnotdistortedandEIGEisnotliableforanydamagecausedbythatuse.ThereusepolicyofEIGEisimplementedbyCommissionDecisionof12December2011onthereuseofCommissiondocuments(2011/833/EU).AbbreviationsCSEWEIGEGREVIO1.AAMHC1.GNGOOECDONSCrimeSurveyforEnglandandWalesEuropeanInstituteforGenderEqualityGroupofExpertsonActionagainstViolenceagainstWomenandDomesticViolence1.egalAidAgencyMinistryofHousing,Communitiesand1.ocalGovernancenon-governmentalorganisationOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentOfficeforNationalStatisticsContentsContentsAbbreviations3Executivesummary51. Introduction71.1. Structureofthisreport72. Estimatingthecostsofgender-basedviolenceintheEU-UKcasestudy82.1. Methodology82.2. UKcasestudy112.3. ExtrapolationtoEUMemberStates222.4. Conclusions243. Methodologiesforestimatingthecostsofgender-basedviolenceandviolenceagainstwomenandmen-criticalreview253.1. Methodologyoftheliteraturesearch253.2. Overviewoftheselectedstudies283.3. Comparisonofmethodologiesforestimatingthecostsofgender-basedviolenceorviolenceagainstwomenandmen293.4. Strengthsandlimitationsoftheselectedstudies423.5. Reflectionsandlessonslearned43References50ExecutivesummaryGender-basedviolenceisoneofthemostsevereformsofgenderinequalityanditremainsoneofthemostpervasivehumanrightsVio-Iationsjaffectingwomendisproportionately.Genderbasedviolencenotonlycausespainandsufferingtothevictims,butalsoplaceslargecostsontheeconomyandsocietyasawhole.However,theextentandassociatedcostsofgender-basedviolence,encompass-inglosteconomicoutput,publicspendingonhealth,legal,socialandspecialisedservicestomitigateharms,andpersonalimpactsonvic-tims,arerarelyseen.Inthiscontext,thisstudyprovidesupdatedestimatesofthecostsofgender-basedandintimatepartnerviolenceintheEuropeanUnion.Theseupdatedestimatesarebasedonthe2014EuropeanInstituteforGenderEquality(EIGE)reportentitledEstimatingthecostsofgender-basedviolenceintheEuropeanUnion.ThemethodusedtocalculatethesecostsinvolvedcalculatingestimatesfortheUnitedKingdomandextrapolatingtheresultstoEUMemberStates.TheUnitedKingdomwaschosenasacasestudyasrelevantinformationwasavailabletocalculatethesecosts.Becauseoftheabsenceofcomprehensivedataforcomparablecostestimates,thefinalestimateswereextrapolatedtoEUMemberStatesbyadjustingthetotalcostsofgender-basedandintimatepartnerviolencetotherelativepopulationsizeoftheUnitedKingdomandeachMemberState.Themethodofextrapo-latingcostsfromtheUnitedKingdombasedonpopulationsizesalonehassomelimitationsandtheseshouldbeconsideredwheninterpretingthecostestimates.Potentialdiffer-encesinsurvey-basedprevalenceandreport-ingratesincrimesurveysorpolicedataacrossMemberStatesaswellasdifferencesinservicecostsandexpendituredataneedtobetakenintoaccount.ExtrapolatingtheUKcasestudyresultstotheEUbyadjustingtheestimatestothepopulationsizeofeachEUMemberState,theestimatedcostofgender-basedviolenceagainstwomenintheEU-27wasmorethanEUR290billion()jrepresenting79%ofallcostsofgender-basedviolenceagainstbothwomenandmen.TheestimatedcostofintimatepartnerviolenceagainstwomenintheEU-27wasnearlyEUR152bil-lion(2),representing87%ofallcostsofintimatepartnerviolenceagainstbothwomenandmen.Aswellasthecostestimates,thisreportprovidesacriticalassessmentofstudiescarriedoutwithintheEUtoestimatethecostsofgenderbasedandintimatepartnerviolencethathavebeenpublishedsinceEIGE,s2014study.Basedonanin-depthassessmentofthecost-ingmethodologiesappliedinrecentliterature,thisreviewprovidesasetoflessonslearnedforfuturecostingstudiesatEuropeanlevel,aswellasrecommendationsforestimatingthecostsofgender-basedviolenceatMemberStateandEUlevels.Thereviewnotedthatgender-basedviolenceisacomplexproblemthatcanaffectthelivesofthevictims,thoseclosetothemandsocietyasawhole,bothdirectlyandindirectly,makingitparticularlydifficulttocapturethefullextentoftheeffectsofviolenceincostingstudies.Therefore,carefulconceptualisationisrequiredtofullyunderstandthelandscapeoftheagentsinvolved(individualsandorganisations),aswellasthecoststheyincur.ThereviewalsohighlightedtheneedtostrengthennationalandEUdatacollectionontheextentofgender-basedviolenceanditscostsandtheuseofservicesasaresultofgenderbasedviolence,includingcomprehen-siveadministrativedatafrompublicservicesandpopulationsurveys.Becauseofculturalandinstitutionalfactorssuchasbarrierstore-()Thefullestimatedcostofgender-basedviolenceagainstwomenintheEUwasEUR290309795927.(2)ThefullestimatedcostofintimatepartnerviolenceagainstwomenintheEUwasEUR151950791341.porting,theuseofarangeofvaluesordifferentdatasourcesisrecommendedtoaddressuncertaintiesintheextentofgender-basedviolenceinacountry.Forexample,uncertaintiescanbeaddressedthroughtheuseofconfidenceintervals,byusingbothprevalenceandincidencedataandmultiplesourcesofdata.Moreover,itisrecommendedthatsensitivityanalysesarecarriedouttoassesstherobustnessofthemethodologyusedinordertoquantifyhowuncertaintiesregardingdifferentinputscanimpactfinalcostestimates.Inaddition,followinguponexistingcostestimatesofgender-basedviolencecanfurtheradvancepolicymaking.Theexamplesprovidedinthisreportcanalsosupportpolicymakersandrelevantinstitutionsintheireffortstocombatgender-basedviolenceandassessthegapsbetweenserviceuseandthebudgetsallocatedtogender-basedvio-lencepolicies,measuresandserviceprovision.Theycanalsobeusedtodevelopamacroeco-nomicmodelformeasuringtotaloutputgainsorlossestotheeconomyandtomonitortheevolutionofserviceprovisionandtheextentofgender-basedviolencetoinformfuturecostingstudies.1. IntroductionGender-basedviolenceisawidespreadphenom-enonintheEuropeanUnion,affectingwomenClisproportionally-in2012,oneinthreewomenaged15oroverexperiencedphysicaland/orsexualviolence(3).Althoughapricecannotbeputonwomen,slivesandsuffering,estimatingthelosteconomicoutputandpublicspendingonhealth,legal,socialandspecialisedserviceswithregardtogender-basedviolencecancre-ateabetterunderstandingoftheextentandassociatedcostsofthisphenomenon.AttachingamonetaryvaluetotheissuecanalsofurthersupportbothMemberStatesandtheEUinmak-inginformeddecisionsregardingresourceallo-cationacrossdifferentpolicyareas(EIGE,2014).Analysisoftheeconomiccostsofgenderbasedviolencemayalsoshowthecostofinactionandlackoffinancialprioritisation.Acknowledgingtheimportanceofpreventingandcombatinggender-basedviolenceintheEU,thisstudyestimatesthecostsofgender-basedviolence,usingexistingmethodologyfromtheEuropeanInstituteforGenderEquality's(EIGE)2014studyentitledEstimatingthecostsofgen-der-basedviolenceintheEuropeanUnion(EIGE,2014).Asinthepreviousstudy,thisreportfocusesonintimatepartnerviolenceasasub-setofgender-basedviolence.IntimatepartnerviolenceisdefinedbytheCouncilofEuropeas'allactsofphysical,sexual,psychologicaloreconomicviolencebetweenformerorcurrentspousesorpartners,whetherornottheperhttps:/fra.europa.eu/en/data-and-maps/violence-against-women-survey/survey-information(4)httpswww.coe.intenwebnventionsfull-list-conventionstreaty210https:/www.ohchr.org/EN/Professionallnterest/Pages/ViolenceAgainstWomen.aspxpetratorsharesorhassharedthesameresidencewiththevictim1(4).Thebroadercategoryofgender-basedviolenceadditionallyincludesviolencefromotherfamilyandhouseholdmembersandformsofgender-basedviolencethatareperpetratedbynon-intimatepartnersandnonhouseholdmembers(EIGE,2014).ThisbroadercategoryofviolenceagainstwomenisdefinedbytheUNas'anyactofgender-basedviolencethatresultsin,orislikelytoresultin,physical,sexualorpsychologicalharmorsuf-feringtowomen,includingthreatsofsuchacts,coercionorarbitrarydeprivationofliberty,whetheroccurringinpublicorinprivatelife*(5).1.1. StructureofthisreportThisreportfocusesonupdatingestimatesofthecostsofgender-basedandintimatepart-nerviolenceintheUnitedKingdomin2019.TheseestimatesarethenextrapolatedfromtheUnitedKingdomtoEUMemberStates.Thisupdatedstudyonthecostsofgender-basedviolenceintheEUisaccompaniedbyacriticalreviewofstudiescarriedoutwithintheEUtoestimatethecostsofgender-basedandintim-atepartnerviolencethathavebeenpublishedsinceEIGE,s2014study.Thisreviewprovidesasetoflessonslearnedforfuturecostingstud-iesatEuropeanlevelandrecommendationsforestimatingthecostsofgender-basedviolenceatMemberStateandEUlevels.2. Estimatingthecostsofgender-basedviolenceintheEU-UKcasestudy2.1. MethodologyFollowingEIGE,s2014study,theUKcasestudyadherestoHomeOfficemethodologytomeasurethecostsofcrime,includinglosteconomicoutput,utilisationofthehealthsystemandcriminaljusticesystemandphysicalandemotionalimpactsonvictims.In2018,theHomeOfficepublishedthesecondeditionofTheEconomicandSocialCostsofCrime(Heeksetal.12018),whichprovidesupdatedestimatesforthe*unitcosts,ofcrime.Toobtainupdatedcostestimatesofgender-basedandintimatepartnerviolencefortheUnitedKingdom,theunitcostofcrimeobtainedfromtheHomeOfficereportwasadjustedforinflationtoreflect2019prices,convertedfrompoundssterlingtoeurobasedonthemid-2019conversionrateandthenmultipliedbythenumberofincidentsofcrimeundereachtypeofcrimecategory.Informationontheincidenceofcrimewasprimarilyderivedfromthe2019/2020CrimeSurveyforEnglandandWales(CSEW)(6)andhomicidestatistics(7)forEnglandandWales,ScotlandandNorthernIreland.InadditiontotheHomeOfficemethodology,othertypesofcoststhatareknowntobere-latedtogender-basedandintimatepartnerviolenceweremeasuredbyapplyingtheme-thodologiesusedinEIGE,s2014study.Thesecostsincludethoserelatedtopolicetimespenton*no-crimeincidents'(三)andutilisationoftheciviljusticesystem,socialwelfaresystemandspecialisedservices,andpersonalcosts.Thesecostestimateswerederivedfromadditionaldatasourcesincludinglegalaidstatistics,fam-ilycourtstatistics,localauthorityexpendituresandOfficeforNationalStatistics(ONS)divorcestatistics.ThemethodologypresentedheredescribesthekeyaspectsoftheapproachusedtoobtainthecostestimatesfortheUnitedKingdomandextrapolatethemtoEUMemberStates.Acomprehensiveaccount,includingthestep-by-stepapproachusedanddetailsofdatalimitations,isprovidedinaseparatetechnicalreport.2.1.1. UpdatestothemethodologyusedintheUKcasestudyRelevanttothiscasestudy,themainupdatetotheHomeOfficemethodologywastheavailabilityoftheunitcostofcrimebycrimeclassification.InEIGE,s2014study,unitcostsofviolentincidentswereavailablefromtheHomeOfficeforthefollowingcrimeclassifications:homicide,wounding,commonassaultandsexualviolence.Atthetimeofthepresentcasestudy,theCSEWcollecteddataonviolentcrimeusingadiffer-(6)https:/www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/bulletins/crimeinenglandandwales/yearending-march2020(7) EnglandandWaleshomicidedata,Tables11aand11b(https:/www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjus-ticedatasetsappendixtableshomicideinenglandandwales);Scotlandhomicidedata,Table8(https:/www.gov.scot/publications/homicide-scotland-2019-2020/pages/3/#>:text=The%20number%20of%20homicide%20cases,which%20comparable%20data%20are%20available);NorthernIrelandhomicidedata,'Domesticabuseannualtrends',Table3.9(https:/www.psni.police.uk/inside-psniStatisticsdomestic-abuse-statistics).()'Nocrime'isacategoryofpoliceworkthatcoverscasesinwhichthepolicehavebeencalledtorespondtoanincidentandtheincidentisdeemednottomeetthelegalthresholdforacriminaloffence.InEnglandandWales,thereweremorethan1millioncallstothepolicein2012/2013fordomesticabuse-relatedincidentsandonly269700incidentswererecordedasdomesticviolence-relatedcrimes(HMIC,2014).Thesedatashowthat4no-crimeincidents'makeupasubstantialcomponentofpoliceactivity(anditisalsoimportanttonotethatmanyeventsareprobablymisclassified)(日GE,2014).entsetofclassifications.CorrespondingtotheupdatestocrimeclassificationsintheCSEW,the2018editionoftheHomeOfficemethodologyprovidedunitcostssubdividedbythefollowingcrimeclassifications:homicide,violencewithinjury,violencewithoutinjury,rapeandothersexualoffences.Themethodologiesappliedtoestimatethecostsoftheutilisationoftheciviljusticesys-tem,selffundedlegalcostsandthecostsofhomelessnessprevention(previouslysanctuaryschemes)wereupdatedbasedontheavailabilityofdataandexaminationofthecurrentpolicycontextintheUnitedKingdom.Thesechangesaredetailedinthetechnicalreport.2.1.2. DataupdatesintheUKcasestudyThiscasestudyusedacombinationofupdatedsurveydataonvictimsofcrimeandcostestimatesbasedonadministrativedatafromthesamestatisticalsourcesasinEIGE,s2014studywhereavailable;alternativedatasourceswithmorerecentorcompletedatawhereappropriate;andoldindicatorswhereappropriatealternativedatasourceswerenotavailable.Allcostswereadjustedforinflationto2019levels-inaccordancewiththe2014methodology.Moreover,inaccordancewiththe2014methodology,iftherequireddatawerenotavailablefortheUnitedKingdom,dataforthecostestimateswereextrapolatedtotheUnitedKingdomusingmultipliersbasedonrelativepopulationsizes(e.g.fromEnglandandWalestotheUnitedKing-dom).ThemethodforextrapolatingcoststotheUnitedKingdombasedonpopulationsizesalonehassomelimitations,whichshouldbeconsideredwheninterpretingthecostesti-mates.Becauseofthedevolutionofhealthandsocialcareservicesandjusticeandp