易错点12.阅读理解(解析版).docx

易错点12.阅读理解细节理解题的题型及应对策略一、类型分析1 .直接信息题：此类试题要求考生对材料中的某具体事实和细节进行认定。常以五个*W,(what,when,who,where,Why)和一个"H"(how)开头的特殊疑问句设题；或是考查考生对选项的是非判断，设题方式为:WhiChOfthefOlIOWingiSTRUE/Nottrue?。2 .间接信息题：此类试题选项中不直接出现原文信息，而是借助同义转换、概念解析等方法对原文内容进行适当变化，目的是考查考生对事实细节的理解能力和信息转化能力。3 .数字计算题：此类试题要求考生根据材料中的相关数字或信息，通过整理、运算得出答案；试题常涉及年代、年龄、付款钱数等方面的数字计算。4 .顺序排列题：此类试题的设题方式是在选项中列举出材料中的一些具体事实，要求考生对这些事实进行排序。二、解答方法直接信息题：结合关键词句对选项进行仔细分析对比，将选项中“无此细节”或“与此细节相反''的干扰项排除，选出与事实细节相符的选项。间接信息题：关键要找出间接信息与事实细节之间的信息联系。数字计算题：理清各数字之间的关系，确定计算方法，计算出数值，从而确定正确选项。顺序排列题：根据时间顺序及句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生、发展的正确顺序。此类题可采用“首尾定位法“，快速缩小选择范围，提高做题效率。（2021安徽中考）Mikeisgraduating（毕业）fromConcordAcademyHighSchoolandRowanKabbalahCommunityCollegeatthesametime.Andhe'sonly12.Athishighschoolsciencefair,heintroducedhisnewestinvention,HORIZONOS.Mikeshowedgreatlearningabilityandinterestinthe',how"andtwhy,behindthingsataveryyoungage.Hebegantostudycomputerprogrammingatage5.HetaughthimselfontheInternetandputhislearningintopractice.Hehaslearned10languages.Also,heisimproving（提高）anotherSkilkwrittenCommunicationZtMyideaisnousetoanyoneifIcan,texpressit,"heexplained.“Mikedoeswellinallsubjects,"hismothersaid."Whenhehasdifficulties,hewilltrytofindawayout."HisfatherwassatisfiedwithMike'snon-academic0E学业的）achievements."Theymeanmuchmore,hisfathersaid.Mikehasstartedtwotechnologycompanies.Andhehasabiggerdreamforthefuture.tireallywanttomakethingseasierforpeople,especiallytheold,Mikeexplained.tThenext,maybeahealthcarerobot.”1 .WhendidMikestarttolearncomputerprogramming?A.Atage5.B.Atage7.C.Atage10.D.Atage12.2 .WhyisMikeimprovingtheskillofwrittencommunication?A.Tblearnanotherlanguage.B.Tbmakenewinventions.C.Tobetterexpresshisideas.D.Tdteachhimselfonline.3 .WhatcanwelearnaboutMike'sparents?A.TheyareproudoftheirsonMike.B.TheyhelpMikewithallsubjects.C.TheycaremoreaboutMike'sgrades.D.Theyworkinthesamecompany.4 .WhatisMike'sbiggerdream?A.Tobeahealthcareworker.B.Tomakethingseasierforpeople.C.Tolearncomputerknowledge.D.Tostarttwotechnologycompanies.【答案与解析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了极具天赋的小发明家迈克的成长经历及其未来的梦想。试题：直接信息题第一步：找出题干关键词:when第二步：对应原文信息句：第二段第二句：Hebegantostudycomputerprogrammingatage5.第三步：对比选项出答案：对比选项，由atage5可知答案为A。试题：间接信息题第一步：找出题干关键词:Why第二步：对应原文信息句：第二段最后：MyideaiSnoUSetoanyoneifICan'texpressit.第三步：对比选项出答案：“他的想法不能表达出来，那就对任何人都亳无用处所以这是Mike想提高书面交流技能的原因。故选C。试题：间接信息题第一步：找出题干关键词:learnabout第二步：对应原文信息句：(1)Mikedoeswellinallsubjects.(2)HisfatherwassatisfiedwithM汰e'snon-academic(非学业的)achievements.第三步：对比选项出答案：妈妈称赞Mike在所有科目中都做得很好，而爸爸对Mike非学业的成就也感到满意。这表明爸爸妈妈对Mike的成就感到骄傲。故选A。试题：直接信息题第一步：找出题干关键词:dream第二步：对应原文信息句：Ireallywanttomakethingseasierforpeopleespeciallytheold.第三步：对比选项出答案：Mike想为人们尤其是老人做一些更加方便的东西。故选B。推理判断题的题型及应对策略一、类型分析1 .细节推理题即考查对于文章细节内容的判断能力，其对应的内容可以是文章的一句话或几句话、抑或是一两个段落，是相对比较容易快速定位的推理题，题干中经常包含了以TisJJC,如theauthorbelievesthat;theauthorimpliesthat;accordingtotheauthor等。2 .归纳推理题。这种题型也是考查对细节的推理，只不过是这些细节散布在文章的各个段落，需要考生进行全面的归纳，题干中经常包含了以下词汇，如WecanIeamfromthepassagethat.;Wecanimplyfromthetextthat等。3 .综合判断题。这种题型是细节题和推理题的综合，常见设问方式为：Whichofthefollowingis(not)TRUE?;即正向判断和反向判断两种方式。选项所涉及的内容可能分布在文章的各个段落，需要考生迅速定位并进行推理判断，从而找到符合原文信息的选项。4 .写作意图题。要求考生根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图和写作手法。主要设题方式有：Whatisthemainpurposeoftheauthorwritingthetext?;Thewriterwantstotellusthat.等。5.观点态度题。主要考查考生对作者的意图、观点或态度的理解和把握。主要设题方式有:Theattitudeoftheauthortowardssomethingis.;Thewriterofthepassageseemstothinkthat.等。二、解答方法根据题干，的信息词,在原文中定回定位关提句,目欣阂第一步，详读熟知大意深层把握第三步：推理)足语篇,据实推理)抓住特定关键信息，进行正向或逆向推理。即抓住某一段话中的关键信息，如某些关键词或短语等，利用正向推理或逆向思维，推理、判断出某句话所隐含的深层含义。利用作者的思想感情进行推断。作者在写作时，一定会渗透自己的喜怒哀乐。通过一些表达感情或思想倾向的措辞，领会作者的思想感情。根据上下文的逻辑关系得出结论。任何一篇文章，段与段之间、句与句之间都存在着某种逻辑关系。抓住了这种逻辑关系，也就把握住了作者的写作思路和写作意图。结合常识进行推断。有些文章，如科普类说明文、记叙类时政要闻等文体具有一定的背景知识。因此解答此类文章的题目，除了把握相关文段的细节外，还应注意充分运用自己的常识，结合题目去分析推理。（2021苏州中考）RestingmyheadonHelen'sshoulder,Iputmyarmsroundherwaist（M）.Shedrewmetoher,andwerestedinsilence.Wehadnotsatlongbeforeanotherpersoncamein.Someheavyclouds,sweptfromtheskybyarisingwind,hadleftthemoonbright;andherlight,cominginthroughawindownear,shonefullbothonusandonthecomingperson,MissTemple."Icameonpurposetofindyou,JaneEyre,"saidshe,"Iwantyouinmyroom,andasHelenBurasiswithyou,shemaycometoo.vWefollowedMissTempletoherapartment.lthadagoodfire,andlookedcheerful.MissTempletoldHelenBumstobeseatedinalowarm-chairononesideofthefireplace,andherselffakinganother,shecalledmetoherside.“Isitallover?,sheasked,lookingdownatmyface."Haveyoucriedyoursadnessaway?,“IamafraidInevershalldothat.,“Why?”uBecauseIhavebeenwronglyaccused（指责）,andyouandeverybodyelse,willnowthinkmeabadgirl.”“Weshallthinkyouwhatyouproveyourselftobe,mychild.Continuetoactasagoodgirl,andyouwillsatisfyus."“Youwill,“saidMissTemple,"Youhavebeenaccusedoflyingwhenyouwerelittle.Tellusthetruth,butaddnothingandexaggerate（夸大）nothing.”ImadeupmymindthatIwouldbethemostmodestandthemostcorrect.Havingthoughtforafewminutesaboutwheretostart,Itoldherallthestoryofmysadchildhood.1 .WhichofthefollowingwordsbestdescribesMissTempleinthepassage?A.Dishonest.BJmpatient.C.Caring.D.Humorous.2 .Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrueaboutJane?A.ShechosetotrustMissTemple.B.Shedidn'tmindbeingaccused.C.Shemadeupherchildhdstory.D.Sheoncebehavedasabadgirl.【答案与解析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了MiSSTemPle告诉我要证明自己不是个坏女孩，我最后决定做一个最谦虚、最正确的人。试题：推理判断题第一步：找出题干关键词：describes第二步：对应原文信息内容：第五、六段第三步：对比选项出答案：对比选项,MissTempIe是一个乐于助人，关心他人的人。由此可知答案为C。试题：推理判断题第一步：找出题干关键词：whichofthefollowingistrue第二步：对应原文信息句：最后一段第三步：对比选项出答案:作者最后决定做一个最谦虚、最正确的人，她告诉了MissTemple自己悲惨童年的故事，说明她最终选择相信MissTempIeo故选Ao主旨大意题的类型及应对策略一、类型分析针对语目%）/1：对段落婀命题角度（段落大意询）（针对标、：问）1标题茜）WhaldocsIhCInmainlyIalkabout?ThCmainideaOfIhiSpassageisthat.Whal飞IhemainideaQfIhepassage?WhaljSIhemainideaOfParagraph?ThCauthorWalH§loICHUSinParagraPh2.WhatdoesIhewricrtrytoexpressinParagraphI?Whichmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe7-What,sthebesttideofthetext?二、解答方法阅读文章开头几句和最后几句,以便获得有关主题和中心思想的信息第一步：读r尾句A/浏览文章的其余部分,寻找能支撑和论华Se1.一、证主题、中心思想的关犍词.信息词第三步：逸量佳j¾A仔细推敲各个选项,排除有明显错误或无关信息的选项,从而选出最佳答案步舞M第二步：找信息词/二二找转折词。段落中出现表转折的词语(如however,but,infact,actually等)时，这些词语后面的句子很可能是主题句。找总结词。表示总结或结论的话常有therefore,thus,inshort,conclude,COnCkISiOn等，这些词后面的句子很可能是主题句。找疑问词。首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。找重复词。作者有意识地反复重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。（2021苏州中考）Everybodyhasabrain,butnotmanypeopleknowhowthebrainworks.Somepeoplebelievethatthebrainisliketheharddiskofacomputer.Weuseittostorefiles,pictures,languages（words,texts,sounds）andsoon.Otherscomparethebraintoahugecupboardwithlotsofshelvesandboxesinit.Weputinformationintotheseboxesandhopetofinditagainlater.Thebrainisnotacomputerdisk,anditisn'tacupboard.1.ookatthepicturehere.ItlooksabitlikeWeedS（杂草）inagarden,doesn'tit?Thepictureactuallyshowsachild'sneocortex-apartofthebrainthatcontrolssightandhearing.Youcanguesswhathappensmorettweeds,growasthechildgetsolder.Scientistscalltheseneuronal（神经元的）networks.Thenetworksgrowaroundourneurons.Whatmakesthemgrow71.eaming!tt1.eamingisbrainChangeJSaySProfessorJamesZullfromCaseWesternUniversityinCleveland,Ohio,USA."Withoutlearning,nothingchangesinthebrain.Foreverynewwordyoule<rninyourEnglishlesson,everyproblemyousolveinmaths,everynewsongyouIeamtosing,aneuronalnetworkgrowsinyourbrainandthebrainchanges.Themoreneuronalnetworkswegrow,thebetterwecanthinkandthebetterweremember.Youmaywonderifthereisanythingyoucandotomakethenetworksinyourbraingrowbetter.ProfessorZullsaysyes,thereis.Hesaysthatbrainchangeisstrongestwhena）youareinterestedinandlikewhatyouare1earning,b）youareincontrolofwhatyoulearnandc）yougetchallengingtasksthatmakeyouthinkhard.Understandingachallengingtaskmakesyoufeelgoodanddevelopsyourbrain.1 .What'sthemainideaofthefirstparagraph?A.Thebrainafantasticcomputer.B.Whatpeoplebelieveaboutthebrain.C.Howtomakeyourbrainstronger.D.Ourbrainagrowingsystem.2 .What'sthebesttitleforthepassage?AJnterestisthebestteacherB.Meetinglife'schallengesC.NevertoolatetoIeamD.1.earningisbrainchange【答案与解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了大脑的工作原理以及使大脑成长的方法。试题：段落大意题第一步：找出题干关键词：themainideaofthefirstParagraPh第二步：对应原文信息句：第一段：Everybodyhasabrain,butnotmanypeopleknowhowthebrainworks.第三步：对比选项出答案：对比选项，根据“Everybodyhasabrain,butnotmanypeopleknowhowthebrainWorkS.”以及整段的描述可知，笫一段主要是介绍人们对大脑的看法。故选B。试题：主旨大意题第一步：找出题干关键词：thebesttitle第二步：对应原文信息句：整个语篇材料第三步：对比选项出答案：对比选项，根据对整个语篇的理解可知，文章主要是介绍大脑的工作原理以及使大脑成长的方法学习。故选D。词义猜测题的类型及应对策略一、类型分析猜测词义是指在阅读过程中根据对语篇的信息、逻辑、背景知识及语言结构等的综合理解去猜测或推断某一生词、难词、关键词的意义。猜测词义题的设题方式有:1. Theunderlinedword/sentence""inthe.paragraphprobablymeans",.2. Theexpression”"mostprobablymeanst4''.3. Theunderlinedword/sentence""inParagraph.canbestbereplacedby"''.常见的命题角度有：1.生词猜测题。一般为实词，通过构词法、定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索来确定生词的具体词义。2 .熟词生义题。要求根据阅读材料所提供的信息，结合中学生应有的常识和经验，正确判断出某词在特定语境中表达的具体含义。3 .代词指代题。要求考生理解文中出现的代词所指代的具体含义。4 .句意猜测题。通常需要考生猜测一个具有概括性的句子或格言、谚语等的含义。要求考生通过阅读文章，用合适的语句对其进行直接或解释性的描述。二、解答方法1.解题步骤据逻辑关系推测词义。文中的逻辑关系有因果关系、类比关系、转折关系、对比关系等。在定位好猜测的词后，需要寻找上下文中是否含有某种逻辑关系，特别注意一些关键词,如so,because,but,however,evenif,and,also,instead等。据定义来猜测词义。有时，作者会用一个短语或从句来解释陌生的词，因此要根据作者给出的定义或实例来猜测词的含义。提示词语常见的有：forexample,like,suchas,inanotherword等以及定语从句。据推理猜测句意。首先要关注句子的前后语境，结合上下文语境，运用逻辑推理来猜测句子在文中的真正含义。（2021朝阳中考）InChina,ahostusuallyservesavisitingguestacupofteafirstwhenheentershishouse,ItisatraditionalcustominChina.Butdoyouknowhowtoserveaeupofteatoavisitingguest7WeIl.indifferentplaces,thewaysofservingteaaredifferent.InJiangsuandZhejangprovinces,aclaycupisusuallyusedtobrew（冲iS）1.ongjing.Biluochun.Maqjianorjustgreentea.Chrysanthemumteaissometimesusedinthehotsummerseasontoreducethehotfromoutside.ServingacupofteaisaverypopularcustomintheNorthChinacities.Inthecoldernorth-easternprovinces,thehostswouldprovidewarmblackteawithsugarfortheirguests.InsomeCOaStalprovincessuchasGuangdongProvinceandFujianProvince,apotofQolongtenorPurerteaistheusualtreat.ServingteatoguestsisacommonpracticeinChina.Howevendifferentteaisusedindifferentplaces,InInnerMongoIia（内蒙古）,aguestisusuallytreatedwithmilkytea.IntheJingpofamily,youwouldbegivenbakedtea（teainwaterandbakedinanoventobemadehot）.Question:Whatdoestheunderlinedwordiicoastal,inParagraph4mean?A.内陆的B.边境的C.沿海的D.沿河的【答案与解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国各地向来访的客人敬茶的方式和种类。题目:词义猜测题第一步：找出题干关键词:CoaStal第二步：对应原文信息句：第四段：InsomecoastalprovincessuchasGuangdongProvinceandFujianProvince,apotofOolongteaorPu-erteaistheusualtreat.第三步：对比选项出答案：对比选项，根据画线词后suchasGuangdongProvinceandFUjianPrOVinCe可知，广东和福建都是沿海省份。因此,coaslal表示"沿海的"意思。（2023浙江湖州统考中考真题）ChineSecalligraphy（书法）wasonceconsideredanimportantpartoftheschoolcurriculum（课程）.However,formanyreasons,somepeoplethinkit,slessimportanttoteachthisartformatschoolnow.Inthisarticle,IwilllookatboththeprosandconsoflearningChinesecalligraphyatschool.OnereasonwhyChinesecalligraphyshouldbelearnedatschoolisthatitisanimportantformofcultureexpression.Clearly,itisnotjustaboutpracticinghandwriting.ItisalsoaboutconnectingwithatraditionalChineseartform.WhenstudentsIeamthisartinclass,theywillbecomemoreinterestedintheworksoffamousChineseartists.©Anotherreasonisthatitmayhelpstudentstodeveloppatience.Atthetimesofhightechnology,studentsaregettinglesspatientfortraditionalclassroomlearning.ByintroducingChinesecalligraphyintotheclassroom,students,patiencecanbeimprovedbecausetheyhavetopracticefocusingoneachbrushmovement.Frorntheabove,itcanbeseenthatthereareclearadvantages.However,othersthinktherearesomedisadvantages.Thefirstoneisthatithaslittletodowithstudents'life.1.ivinginamodemage,pensandpaperwilllosetheirimportancebyandby.So,wouldn'titbeabackward（倒退的）stepifstudentswereaskedtospendtheirvaluabletimeatschoollearningChinesecalligraphy?ThesecondargumentagainstlearningChinesecalligraphyatschoolisthatittakesalongtimetomaster.Thetimeatschoolisbetterspentonmoreimportantsubjects.Afterall,learningChinesecalligraphycanalwaysbedoneasanafter-schoolactivityifstudentsarereallyinterestedinit.®Inmyopinion,theadvantagesfaroutweighthedisadvantages.ThisspecialartfbrmisoneofChina'snationaltreasures.Italsohelpstoenrichstudents*lifeandimprovetheirsenseofbeauty.Sowithoutdoubt,itisworthbeingincludedintheschoolcurriculum.1. Whichofthefollowingisthestructureofthepassage?IX23)(3×3)1I2. Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A. Hightechnologycanhelpstudentsbecomemorepatient.B. Studentsshouldspendmoretimeonafter-schoolactivities.C. 1.earningChinesecalligraphygetsmorepopularinthemodernage.D. StudentsmaylikeartworksbetterafterlearningChinesecalligraphy.3. WhatdoesthewriterprobablythinkoflearningChinesecalligraphy?A.Importantandnecessary.B.Valuablebutbackward.C.Popularandinteresting.D.Meaningfulbutboring.【答案】1.C2.D3.A【解析】本文主要介绍了在学校学习中国书法的利弊。1 .篇章结构题。通读全文可知，第一段引出本文主题；第二段和第三段主要分析了在学校学习书法的原因，第四段和第五段介绍了学习书法的弊端;最后一段作者发表了自己的看法。故选C。2 .推理判断题。根据“WhenstudentsIeamthisartinclass,theywillbecomemoreinterestedintheworksoffamousChineseartists.”可知，学习中国书法后，学生可能会更喜欢艺术作品。故选D。3 .推理判断题。根据"ThisspecialartformisoneofChina'snationaltreasures.Italsohelpstoenrichstudents'lifeandimprovetheirsenseofbeauty.Sowithoutdoubt,itisworthbeingincludedintheschoolculiculum11l»作者认为这种特殊的艺术形式是中国的国宝之一。这也有助于丰富学生的生活，提高他们的美感。因此，亳无疑问，它值得被纳入学校课程，由此可知作者认为它既重要也是很有必要。故选A。2(2023浙江衢州统考中考真题)Chinaisacountrywithmanygreatmountains.Someofthemhavebeautifulsightswhileothersarerichinculturalvalue.Themountainslistedbelowareeitheramongthemostfamousorthemostbeautiful.MountTaishanMountTaishanisoneofthemostfamousmountainsinChina.Ithasalwaysbeenseenasasymbolofpower（权力）andpeace.Manyemperorscameheretoshowrespecttoheavenandearth.Therearetwomust-seesightsonthemountain.ThefirstistheJadeEmperorPeak,whichisatthetopofMountTaishan.Itofferstouristsamazingviewsofthewholemountain,includingsunrise,sunset,andaseaofclouds.ThesecondisBixiaTemple.Ithasagroupofancientbuildingswithfivelargehalls.MountHuashanMountHuashanisfamousforitsnaturalcliffs（小肖壁）andnarrowpaths.Ithasfivegreatpeaks.TheEastPeakisthebestplaceforseeingsunrise;theNorthPeakisfamousforitsseaofclouds;theSouthPeakisthehighestpeak（2,155meters）ofMountHuashan;theWestPeakisahugerockshapedlikealotusflower;theMiddlePeakisatthecenterofthefivepeaks.Thewayupthemountainisknownasoneofthemostdangerouswalksintheworld.Themountainalsohasseveralfamoustemples.MountHuangshan StrangePines（松树）.Somestandaloneonpeaks.Othershangdownwardsfromthecliffs. AbsurdStones.Theycanlooklikehumansoranimals.Itdependsonthedirectioninwhichyoulook. SeasofClouds.Theyoftenmakethepeaksseemlikelargeandsmallisalnds. HotSprings.Theyhavebeenwell-knownsinceancienttimes.4. WhatcanweknowaboutMountTaishanaccordingtothetext?A. Itstandsforhealthandpeace.B. Thehotspringsthereareveryfamous.C. ItisthemostdangerousmountaininChina.D. WecanenjoywonderfulviewsfromtheJadeEmperorPeak.5. Accordingtothetext,ifBettywantstoenjoytheseaofcloudsinMountHuashan,sheshouldgoto.A.theEastPeakB.theSouthPeakC.theWestPeakD.theNorthPeak6. Whichofthefollowingisthebesttofillintheblank",?A. MountHuangshan