Lord-of-the-Flies-蝇王.docx

1.ordoftheFlies1.ordoftheFliesisanovelbyNobelPrize-winningauthorWilliamGolding.ItisaboutagroupofBritishschlboysstuckonadesertedislandwhotrytogovernthemselves,withdisastrousresults.Itsstancesonthealreadycontroversialsubjectsofhumannatureandindividualwelfareversusthecommongoodearneditposition68ontheAmerican1.ibraryAssociation,slistofthe100mostfrequentlychallengedbooksof1990-1999.Publishedin1954,1.ordoftheFlieswasGolding'sfirstnovel,inresponsetoTheCoralIsland.BackgroundItisverysubtlyindicatedthatthebooktakesplaceinthemidstofanunspecifiednuclearwar,perhapsimplicitlyrelatingthesavageryofthechildrencharacterstothewarfareofadults.Someofthecharactersmaroonedareordinarystudents,whileothersarriveasamusicalchoirunderanestablishedleader.Mostwiththeexceptionofthechoirboys)appearnevertohaveencounteredeachotherbefore.Thebookportraystheirdescentintosavagery;lefttothemselvesinaparadisaicalcountry,farfrommoderncivilization,thewell-educatedchildrenregresstoaprimitivestate.Atanallegoricallevel,thecentralthemeistheconflictingimpulsestowardcivilizationlivebyrules,peacefullyandinharmonyandtowardsthewilltopower.Differentsubjectsincludethetensionbetweengroupthinkandindividuality,betweenrationalandemotionalreactions,andbetweenmoralityandimmorality.HowtheseVout,andhowdifferentpeoplefeeltheinfluencesofthese,formsamajorsubtextof1.ordoftheFlies.PlotsummaryInthemidstofawartimeevacuation,aBritishplanecrashesonanisolatedisland.Theonlysurvivorsareallmalechildrenbelowage13.Twoboys,thefair-hairedRalphandanoverweight,bespectacledboyreluctantlynicknamed"Piggy"findaconchwhichRalphusesasahorntobringallthesurvivorstoonearea.Twodominantboysemergeduringthemeeting:Ralph,andJackMerridew,aredheadwhoistheleaderofachoirgroupthatwa$amongthesurvivors.Ralphisvotedchief,losingonlythevotesofJack'sfellowchoirboys.Ralphassertstwogoals:havefun,andworktowardrescuebymaintainingaconstantfiresignal.TheycreatethefirewithPiggy'sglasses,and,foratime,theboysworktogether.Jackorganizeshischoirgroupintothegroup's"hunters",whoareresponsibleforhuntingformeat.RaIphrJack,andablack-hairedboynamedSimonsoonbecomethesupremetrioamongthechildren.Piggy,themostsensibleofthebunch,isquicklyoutcastbyhisfellow"biguns"theolderboys)andbecomesanunwillingsourceofmirthfortheotherchildren.Simon,inadditiontosupervisingtheprojectofconstructingshelters,feelsaninstinctiveneedtoprotecttheyoungerboys.TheoriginalsemblanceoforderimposedbyRalphquicklydeterioratesasthemajorityoftheboysturnidle.Atonepoint.Jacksummonsallofhishunterstohuntdownawildpig,includingthosewhoweresupposedtobemaintainingthefire.Ashipapproaches,butpassesbybecausethesignalfirehasgoneout.Althoughthehuntingofthepigturnsouttobethehunters'firstsuccessfulhunt,Ralphisinfuriatedthattheyhavemissedapotentialrescue.Aroundthesametime,manyoftheyoungpeoplebegintobelievethattheislandisinhabitedbyamonster,referredtoas"thebeast".Jackgainscontrolofthediscussionbyboldlypromisingtokillthebeast.1.ater,Ralphenvisagesrelinquishinghisposition,thoughPiggydiscourageshimfromdoingsowhilethetwoofthemandSimonyearnhopefullyforsomeguidancefromtheadultworld.AfterSamandEricreportpossiblyseeingthebeastatopamountain,RalphandJackinvestigate;theyencounterthecorpseandtheopenparachuteofafighterpilotwhohaslandedontheislandandmistakeitas"thebeast"asleep.Jackassemblesthechildrenwiththeconchandconfirmsthebeast'sexistencetothem.Themeetingresultsinaschism,splittingthechildrenintotwogroups.Ralph'sgroupfocusesonpreservingthesignalfire.Jackbecomesthechiefofhisowntribe,whichfocusesonhuntingwhileexploitingtheiron-cladbeliefinthebeast.AsJackandthehuntershavealreadyslaintheirfirstpig,theyofferpromisesofmeat,fun,andprotectionfromthebeast.Jack'stribegraduallybecomesmoreanimalistic,applyingfacepainttoliberatetheirinnersavageswhiletheyhunt.Thefacepaintbecomesamotifwhichrecursthroughoutthestory,withmoreandmoreintensitytowardtheend.Simon,apartofRalph'stribe,whohad"cracked"andwentofflookingforthebeastbyhimself,findstheheadofthehunters'deadpigonastick,leftasanofferingtothebeast.Simonenvisionsthepighead,swarmingwithscavengingflies,asthe"1.ordoftheFlies"andbelievesthatitistalkingtohim.Simonhearsthepigidentifyingitselfasthereal"Beast"anddisclosingthetruthaboutitselfthattheboysthemselves"created"thebeast,andthattherealbeastwasinsidethemall.Simonalsolocatesthedeadparachutistwhohadbeenmistakenforthebeast,andisthesolememberofthegrouptorecognizethatitisacadaverinsteadofasleepingmonster.SimonattemptstoalertJack'stribethatthe"beast"isnothingmorethanacadaver.WhiletryingtotellJack'stribeofthisfact,SimoniscaughtinaringduringaprimaldanceandJack'stribebeatshimtodeath,withRalph,Piggy,Sam,andEricintheringalso.Ralph,Piggy,Sam,andEriclatertrytoconvincethemselvesthattheydidnottakepartinthemurder.Jack'stribethenraidRalph'scamptostealPiggy'sglasses.Ralph'stribejourneystoJack'stribeatCastleRocktotrytogetbackPiggy'sglasses.Intheensuingconfrontation,RogerdropsarockonPiggykillinghimandtheconchisshattered.SamandEricarecapturedandtorturedintojoiningJack'stribe.Ralphisforcedtoflee.Thefollowingmorning.JackleadshistribeonamanhuntforRalph.However,thefireandsmokeattractstheattentionofanearbywarship.Thenanaval。仟icerlandsontheislandnearwhereRalphislying,andhissuddenappearancebringsthechildren'sfightingtoanabrupthalt.Uponlearningoftheboys'activities,theofficerremarksthathewouldhaveexpectedbetterfromBritishboys,initiallybelievingthemonlytobeplayingagame.Inthefinalscene,althoughnowcertainthathewillberescuedafterall,Ralphcries.CharactersRalphWhenheandtheothersarriveontheisland,hequicklyestablisheshimselfasthechiefofthegroup,althoughnotbyanyharsh,overtorphysicalaction,butbybeingelected.RalphhasmanyleadershipskillsthatPiggydoesnotpossessandheknowswhentoandwhennottotalk(whichseparateshimfromPiggyagain).Ralphsuggeststhatafirebelit,hopingthatitwillincreasetheirchanceofbeingsaved;however,towardstheendofthebookheforgetstheinitialreasonformaintainingthefire.Thisi$representativeofthedebilitatingeffectscorruptionhasevenonthebrightestmind.Ralphmayseemtomeanwell,butoftenhisobsessionwithbeingpopularovercomeshimandheresortstobullyingPiggytoregainhispower.Still,inthemidstofalltheisland'schaos,itshouldbenotedthatRalphhasatendencytobepoliteandlogicalinthetensestofmoments;forexample,whenthechildrenareobligedtoinvestigateCastleRock,Ralphtakestheleaddespitebeinghorriblyafraidofthe"beast".WhenSimonexpresseshisdoubtsabouttheexistenceofsuchacreature,Ralphresponds"politely,asifagreeingabouttheweather."Ralphembodiesgoodintentionsintheimplementationofreason,butultimatelyfailstoexecutetheseplanssoundly.Ralph'srefusaltoresorttoviolencethroughoutthenoveliscounterpoisedbyJack'sinherentloveofviolence.BeginningwithhisselfnominationtobeRalph'shunter.Jackeventuallydegeneratesintothebeastheisconsumedwithslaying.EventuallytowardstheendofthestoryJackoverpowersRalph'sleadership,abandoningthetribeandformingoneofhisown.Hisdarklyirresistiblenature,alongwiththelureofmeat,immediatelyswaysthemajorityoftheislanddwellerstohistribe,amuchmoreviolentgroup.Jack'sinsurrectionbeginsachainofeventsthatdrivestheislandfurtherintochaosinitiallyresultinginthefrenziedmobmurderingSimonduringaprimaldance,andthenculminatingwiththemurderofPiggybyRogerasthegroupattemptstohuntdownRalph.PiggyPiggVistheintellectualwithpooreyesight,aweightproblem,andasthma.Heisthemostphysicallyvulnerableofalltheboys,despitehisgreaterintelligence.Piggyrepresentstherationalworld.Byfrequentlyquotinghisaunt,healsoprovidestheonlyfemalevoice.Piggy'sintellectbenefitsthegrouponlythroughRalph;heactsasRalph'sadvisor.Hecannotbetheleaderhimselfbecausehelacksleadershipqualitiesandhasnorapportwiththeotherboys.Piggyalsoreliestooheavilyonthepowerofsocialconvention.Hebelievesthatholdingtheconchgiveshimtherighttobeheard.Hebelievesthatupholdingsocialconventionsproducesresults.Asthebrainyrepresentativeofcivilization.Piggyassertsthat"1.ife.isscientific."Everthepragmatist,Piggycomplains,"Whatgood'reyourdoingtalkinglikethat?"whenRalphbringsupthehighlychargedissueofSimon'sdeathattheirhands.Piggytriestokeeplifescientificdespitetheincident,"searchingforaformula"toexplainthedeath.HeassertsthattheassaultonSimonwasjustifiablebecauseSimonaskedforitbyinexplicablycrawlingoutoftheforestintothering.PiggyissointentonpreservingsomeremnantofcivilizationontheislandthatheassumesimprobablyenoughthatJack'sraidershaveattackedRalph'sgroupsothattheycangettheconchwhenofcoursetheyhavecomeforfire.Evenuptothemomentofhisdeath,Piggy'sperspectivedoesnotshiftinresponsetotherealityoftheirsituation.Hecan'tthinkasothersthinkorvaluewhattheyvalue.Becausehiseminentlintellectualapproachtolifeismodeledontheattitudesandrulesoftheauthoritativeadultworld,hethinkseveryoneshouldsharehisvaluesandattitudesasamatterofcourse.SpeakingofthedeathsofSimonandtheIittlunwiththebirthmark,heasks"What'sgrownupsgoin'tothink?"asifheisnotsomuchmourningtheboys'deathsasheismourningthelossofvalues,ethics,discipline,anddecorumthatcausedthosedeaths.TheConchWhenfirstblown,itcallsthechildrentoanassembly,whereRalphiselectedleader.Theyalsoagreethatonlytheboyholdingtheconchmayspeakatmeetingstoforestallargumentsandchaos,andthatitshouldbepassedaroundtothosewhowishtovoicetheiropinion.Theconchsymbolizesdemocracyand,likeRalph,civilityandorderwithinthegroup.However,itissmashedintopieces(bythesamerockwhichisusedtokillPiggyatalaterpointinthestory).Therefore,theconch'sdestructionsignalstheendoforderandtheonsetofchaos.Originallytheconchisportrayedasabeingveryvibrantandcolorful,butasthenovelprogresses,itscolorsbegintofade,theSamewaysocietybeginstofadeontheisland.JackMerridewJackepitomizestheworstaspectsofhumannaturewhennotrepressedortemperedbysociety.1.ikeRalph,Jackisanaturalleader.However;unlikeRalph,Jackappealstomoreprimaldesiresinthechildrenandreliesonhisstatusasleaderofthechoirboyspresumablyordainedbytheadults)tojustifyhisauthority.Althoughhiswayofbehavingisneitherdisruptivenorviolentatthebeginningofthebook,hedoesatthattimeexpressanunquenchabledesiretohuntandkillapigandspendshoursinsolitudetraversingtheisland.ThisinsatiabledesireiskindledafterthefirsttimeJackispresentedwithkillingapgandcannot"becauseoftheenormityoftheknifedescendingandcuttingintolivingflesh;becauseoftheunbearablebld".Afterthishesitation,forwhichheismostashamed.Jack'sbloodlustgrowsmoreandmoreirrational,tothepointwhereheabandonsthefire(andcausestheboystomissapotentialrescue)simplyinordertohunt.DuringJack'smetamorphosishealsobeginstopainthisfaceandbodywithclayandearth,maskinghishumanityfromtheboarsandinspiringterribleaweamongsttheboys.Duringthistimehealsostartstobeknownassimply'TheChiefamongsttheotherboys.Fatefully,Jack'stransitionintoademigodputshimonacollisioncoursewithRalph'selectedauthority.AsJackleavesandtakesthemajorityoftheboyswithhim,luredbythepromisesofmeat,play,andfreedom,thereisacleardividinglinebetweenthetwo.Jackrepresentstheirrationalnatureoftheboys,withRalphrepresentingrationality.UnderJack'srulethebasenessofhumannatureisunleashedandheinitiatesaperiodofinter-tribalviolence,torturingthetwinsuntiltheysubmittohisauthority,andinitiatingthemurdersofSimonandPiggy.ThetaleendswithJackleadingmanyoftheboysinafrenziedattempttokillRalph.Atthistime,thelastremainingvestigesofcivilizationaregone,andRalph'sdemiseisonlypreventedbytheabruptandunexpectedarrivalofanavalofficer.RogerRoger,atfirst,isasimple"bigun"who'shavingfunduringhisstayontheisland.AlongwithMaurice,heattacksagroupofsmallchildrenanddestroystheirsandcastle.Mauricefeelsguiltforkickingsandintoachild'seye,whileRogerthrowsstonesatthefleeingchildren.ButthebookstatesthatRogerclearlythrewthestonestomiss,andfeltthepresenceofcivilizationandsocietypreventinghimfromharmingthechildren.1.ater,oncehefeelsthatallaspectsofconventionalsocietyaregone,heisleftalonetohisanimalurges.HekillsPiggywithastonethatwasnolongeraimedtomiss,andbecomestheexecutionerandtorturerofJack'stribe.Herepresentsman'spure,animalself,thatisonlyrestrainedbytherulesofsociety,andcouldbeinterpretedastheentirethemeofthebookembodiedinoneperson.SimonSimonisacharacterwhorepresentspeaceandtranquilityandpositivity,withsomereferencestoJesusChrist.Heisveryin-tunewiththeisland,andoftenexperiencesextraordinarysensationswhenlisteningtoitssounds.Helovesthenatureoftheisland.Heisverypositiveaboutthefuture.Healsohasanextremeaversiontothepig'shead,the"1.ordoftheFlies,"whichderidesandtauntsSimoninahallucination.Afterthisexperience,Simonemergesfromtheforesttotelltheothersthatthe"beast"thatfellfromtheskyisactuallyadeceasedparachutistcaughtonthemountain,onlytobebrutallykilledbyJack'speople,whoironicallymistakehimforthebeastandkillhimintheir'dance'inwhichthey'rippedandtoreatthebeast'(Simon).Thefinalwordsthatthe1.ordoftheFlieshadsaidtoSimonvaguelypredictedthathisdeathwasabouttooccurinthismanner.Simon'sdeathrepresentsthelossoftruthandcommonsense.NavalOfficerArrivingmomentsbeforeRalph'sseeminglyimpendingdeath,theNavalOfficerissurprisedanddisappointedtolearnthattheboys'societyhascollapsedintochaos,statingthathewouldhaveexpected"abettershow"fromtheBritishchildren.Thearrivaloftheofficertriggersaninterestingphenomenon；Ralph's,andtoalargerextent.Jack'sauthorityiscompletelydissolvedbytheofficer'sarrival.Upontheofficeraskingwhois"incharge",thestruggleofthebookisrenderedinstantlyobsolete:'"Who'sbosshere?''Iam,'saidRalphloudly."Jack,whowaspreviouslycharacterizedasapowerfulleaderi$reducedto:nAlittleboywhoworetheremainsofanextraordinaryblackcaponhisredhairandwhocarriedtheremainsofapairofspectaclesathiswaist."Inthelastsentence,heislookingatacruiserinthedistance.ItismeanttobehuntinghimasJackhuntsRalph,showingthattheinnerevilisquitepresentinadultsaswell.TheBeastTheBeastisfirstmentionedbyaIittlunandthenotionisimmediatelydismissedbyRalph.TheBeastisthoughttobewithinthewateranddescribedbytheIittlunsassuch.SoonaftertherumoursoftheBeastbegintoflourish,thecorpseofafighterpilot,ejectedfromhisaircraft,fallstotheisland.Hisparachutebecomesentangledinthejunglefoliageinsuchawaythatsporadicgustsofwindcausethechutetobillowandthebodytomoveasifstillalive.SamandEricdiscovertheparachutistinthedarkandbelievethatitisthebeast.Ralph,JackandRogersearchfortheBeastandencounteritonthemountainaswell.TherealityoftheBeastisnowfirmlyestablishedintheboys'minds.Simondiscoverstheparachutistandrealizesthatitisreallyonlythecorpseofaman.Jack'stribefeedstheBeastwiththesow'sheadonastick.ThisactsymbolizesJack'swillingnesstosuccumbtothetemptationofanimalism.SimonisthefirstchildontheislandtorealizethattheBeastiscreatedbytheboys'imagination.Simon'srealizationofthisshowsthatheisnaturallygoodatheart.Onhiswaytotelltheothershisdiscovery,heisbeatentodeathduringtheotherboys'tribalpigdance.The1.ordoftheFliesNamesakeofthenovel,the1.ordoftheFliesisliterallyapig'sheadthathasbeencutoffbyJack,putonasticksharpenedatbothends,stuckintheground,andofferedtothe"beast".Createdoutoffear,the1.ordoftheFliesusedtobeamothersowwho,thoughatonetimeclean,loving,andinnocent,hasnowbecomeamanicalysmiling,bleedinglastimageofhorror.AndneartotheendofthebookwhileRalphisbeing'hunteddown'inonemomentofblindangerhestrikesthistwicecausingittocrackandfallonthefloorwitha