Renaissance英国文学文艺复兴时期.docx

TheRenaissanceHistoricalbackground:Thebreakingupoffeudalrelationsandtheestablishingofthefoundationsofcapitalism;Theenclosure;thewaroftheRoses：thestrengtheningoftheabsolutemonarchy;theriseofthebourgeoisie;thedefeatoftheSpanishArmada.Newsocialandeconomicconditionsbroughtaboutgreatchangesinthedevelopmentofscienceandart.Sowiththestrengtheningofnewbourgeoisnationalstate,thisperiodismarkedbyaflourishingofnationalcultureknownastheRenaissance.Renaissance:rebith,revivalofclassical(GreekandRoman)arts,iteratureandsciencesbetween14andmid17',centuriesinEurope,thegreatestageofhumanaccomplishments.TwostrikingfeaturesoftheRenaissance1) Athirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliterature;2) Thekeeninterestintheactivitiesofhumanity(PeopleceasedtolookuponthemselvesaslivingonlyforGodandafutureworldandturnedtoadmirationforhumanbeautyandhumanachievement);Renaissancemarksthetransitionfrommedieval1.omodernworld,fromfeudaltocapitalist,fromreligioustosecularsociety.InthisperiodtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarsmadeattemptstoabolisholdfeudalideasinmedievalEUrOr)C(thechurch-centeredculturcwhichwerecharacterizedbyGod-centeredness,otherworldlinessandasceticism.)andtointroducenewideasoftherisingbourgeoisie(humanism,theman-centeredcultureinwhichmanisthemeasureofallthings.),andtocarryOUrreligiousreformation.RenaissancedidnotbegintoshowitseffectinEnglandunti1thereignofHenryVIII(1509-1547)owingtoEngland'SseparationfromtheContinentanditsdomesticunrest.EncouragedbyHenryVIII,theOxfordreformers,scholarsandhumanistsintroducedclassicalliteraturetoEngland.Educationwasrevitalizedandliteraturebecamemorepopular.Fromthebeginningofthe16c,theEnglishRenaissancewiInessedthebriskdevelopmentof1iterature:thetranslationofancientEnglish,ItalianandFrenchworks,aswellasclassicalworksofGreeceandRome;booksofdiscoveriesandadventures;thefloweringofsonnets：thehighestgloryoftheEnglishrenaissanceisitsdrama(theElizabethandrama).ThiswasEngland,sgoldenageinliterature.ThereappearedmanyliterarygiantssuchasShakespeare,Spenser,Jonson,Sidney,Marlowe,BaconandDonne.Huaanism:TheRenaissancewasmarkedbythespreadofhumanism,thekeynote(thegreatspirit)ofRenaissance.ItsprangasaresultofrediscoveryandrestudyoftheGreekandRomancivilizationwhichisbasedontheconceptionthatthemanisthemeasureofallthings,thenum-centeredculture.11standsfordevotiontothehumanevaluesrepresentedinclassical1iterature.WhilethemedievalCatholicteachings(thechurch-centeredculture)werecharacterizedbyGod-centeredness,Otherworldlinessandasceticism,theRenaissancehumanistsemphasizedthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife：theybelievedhumanbeingsweregloriouscreatures;mancan1iveahappyandmeaningful1ifeonearth;mancanimprovehisconditionwitheffortandchangetheworldaccordingtohisdesire.Manhastherighttopursuepersonahappiness,knowledgeandwealth.Humanismhelpedtocivilizeman,tomakehimrealizehispotentialpowersandgifts.Itcontributedagreatdealtotheprogressofhumansociety.Itrepresentedthenewideasoftherisingbourgeoisie.ThomasMore,MarloweandShakespearearethebestrepresentativesoftheEnglishhumanists.Thehumanisticideasandbeliefpermeatedthe1iteratureofthisperiod.ChristopherMarIowethegreatestofthepioneersofEnglishdramaI. 1.iteraryachievement:blankverse（unrhymediambicpentameter）II. Artisticallimitations:III. Majorplays:TamburIaine（贴木耳大帝）TheJewofMalta（马尔他岛的犹太人）DoctorusSs（浮土德博士）WilliaMShakeSPeare（1564-1616）1.ifeWorksDuringhis22yearsof1iterarycareerheproduced37plays,Twonarrativepoems,154sonnets.DramaticcareerThefirstperiodEarlyperiod（1590-1594）2historicalplays:HenryVI（亨利六世）RichardIII（理查德三世），4comedies:TheComedyof'Errors（错误的喜剧）（错中错）TheTwoGentlemenofVerona（维洛那二绅士）TheTHmingoftheShrew（训悍记）1.ove,s1.abour,s1.ost（爱的徒劳）1tragedy:RomeoandJulietThesecondperiodmatureperiod（1595-1600）Aperiodofgreatcomediesandmaturehistoricalplays6comedies:AMidsummerNight,sDream（仲星夜之梦）TheMerchantofVenice（威尼斯商人）TheMerryIfivesofWindsor（温莎的风流娘儿们）MuchAdoaboutNothing（无事生非）AsYou1.ikeIt（皆大高兴）TwelfthNight（第十二夜）5historicalplays:RichardIIHenryIV（PartSIand2）HenryVKingJohn1Romantragedy:JUIiUSCaesar（尤利乌斯恺撒）（3）ThethirdperiodFlourishingperiod（Tragicperiod）（1601-1607）Aperiodofgreattragediesanddarkcornedies5tragedies:Hamlet,Othello,King1.ear,Macbeth,TimonofAthens3comedies:TroiIusand曲（特洛伊洛斯及克瑞西达）A1sWellThat胡曲股（终成眷属）MeasureforMeasure（一报还一报）2RomanTragedies:AntonyandCleopatra（安东尼和克莉奥佩特拉）Coriolanus（科里奥拉鲁斯）Thefourthperiod1.ateperiod（1608-1612）4romanticdrama（romancesortragicornedies）:Theseplaysportrayawiderangeoftragiceventsanddifficultconditions,buttheyal1endinreconci1iationandreunion.Pericles（佩里克利斯），6y血?0/。（辛白林）TheTempest（暴风雨），TheWinter,sTale（冬天的故事）1 historicalplay:HenryVIIIFourgreatcomediesAMidsummerNight,SDream（仲夏夜之梦）TheMerchantofVenice（威尼斯商人）AsYou1.ikeIt（皆大高兴）TwelfthNight（第十二夜）FourgreattragediesHamlet,Othello,King1.ear,Macbeth,TragedyClassicaltragedians:AeSChyIUS（埃斯库罗斯/'eywe/eus8ou川，Sophocles（索福克勒斯OcdipusTyrannus'）,Euripiles（欧里庇得斯）Thetragichero-asignificantperson,usuallyamemberofthenobility,aleader,awise,justandgoodmanTragicflaw-acharacterdefeetwhichcausesthedownfa11ofthetragicheroTragedyTragedieswereconcernedwiththeharshnessandapparentinjusticein1ife.Theyinvolvedthetrialsandeventfuldeathofaherowhowasanimportantpersonandwhosedeathledtothedownfal1ofothers.1. Thecentralcharactersarealwayspeopleofimportance,likekings,queens,prince,general,nobles2. tragicheroisoftenaflawedgoodman;oftenthehero,sfallfromhappinesswasduetoaweaknessinhischaracter,bysomegreaterrorinhispart3. supernaturalbeingsareofteninvolvedintheconflictofhumanbeings,likegods,spirits,witches,ghosts4. Sadnessismixedwithhorror,murder,treacheryandbloodsheddingCatharsis（净化）一purgationofaudienceemotionssuchaspity,anger,fear;theaudiencefeelrelievedorpurgedwhentheyleavethetheatre.Catharsisorcatharticeffectoftragedies:Tragediesgiveanoutletforsuchemotionsasgreed,hatred,lust,fearandpity.Thetragicactionarousesfeelingsofaweintheaudience,whooftenleavethetheaterwitharenewedsenseoftheseriousnessandsignificanceofhumanlife.ThewordcatharsisisoftenUSedtodescribetheaudience'Sfeelings.Itmeansthepurgingfromthemindofthefeelingsofpityandfeartheplayhasarousedwhentheyleavethetheater.RoneoandJulietHisearliestsuccessintragedy,fullofpoetryandromance.Itsscenesofyouthandlovearepaintedinbri11iantcolors.Thereisnotingeofpessimismintheplay.Thoughatragedy,theplayisoptimisticinspirit.Itisasongoftheoptimisticyouth,love,witandcourageoftheearlyrisingyoungmenandwomenagainstthedrab.HamletHamletasatypicaltragichero:aherooftheRenaissanceperiodandarepresentativeofhumanismGoodqualities:noble-minded,brave,intel1igent,1earned,withastrongsenseofjustice,lovedandrespectedbyhispeople;Weaknesses:rash,impulsive,indecisive,sometimescanbecruel,harshandcoarseHistragicflawislackofemotionalbalance：eitheractsrashly,withoutthinking,ordoesn,tactquicklyandfirmlyenough.Hisindecisiveness,hisinabilitytoactwhenactionisneeded,isoneofthemajorcausesforhisdownfall.Hamlet,ssoliloquy(SeeAnthologyp7677)(Situation)Hamlet'Sendurancehasreachedthebreakingpoint.Hisfatherhasbeenmurdered.Hismother,whohelovesdearly,hasmarriedherdeadhusband'sbrother.Moreoverhissweetheart,Ophelia,hasbeenactingverystrangely.Hesensesthatshedoesnotlovehimanymore.Now,he'sal1alone.Theworldthatheknewisshattered.Hisblackmoodofdespairisdeepenedbyhisinabi1itytoact-todosomethingtochangethesituation.Nowheponderswhethertocontinueliving-ortotakehisownlife.生存还是毁灭，这是个必需回答的问题：是否应静默的忍受坎坷命运之无情打击，还是应及深如大海之无涯苦难奋然为敌，并将其克服。此二选择，就竟是哪个较崇高？死即睡眠，它不过如此！倘如一眠能了结心灵之苦楚及肉体之百患，那么，此结局是可盼的！死去，睡去.但在睡眠中可能有梦，啊，这就是个阻碍：当我们摆脱了此垂死之皮囊，在死之长眠中会有何梦来临？它令我们踌躇，使我们心甘情愿的承受长年之灾，否则谁肯容忍人间之百般熬煎，如暴君之政、骄者之傲、失恋之痛、法章之慢、贪官之侮、或庸民之辱，假如他能简洁的一刃了之？还有谁会肯去做牛做马，终生疲於操劳，静默的忍受其苦其难，而不远走高飞，飘於渺茫之境，倘如他不是因恐惊身彳炙之事而使他迟疑不前？此境乃无人知晓之邦，自占无返者。所以，理智就使我们都变成了懦夫，使得那坚决的本色蒙上了一层思虑的惨白的容颜，原来可以做出宏大的事业，由于思虑就化为乌有了，丢失了行动的实力。漂亮的欧菲利亚，可爱的小姐，在你的祈祷中可别忘了我的罪WhatHamletismusingonisthecomparisonbetweenthepainoflife,whichheseesasinevitable(theSeaoftroubles-theslingsandarrows-theheart-ache-thethousandnaturalshocks)andthefearoftheuncertaintyofdeathandofpossibledamnationofsuicide.1. Isitbettertoenduresilentlytheblowsandagonythat1ifeinflictsonmanwithoutlogicorreason,ortoriseupagainstamassoftroublesandendthembyfightingback?2. Whowouldbeartheinsultsandmiseriesofthisworld,thecrueltiesandtyrannyoftheoppressors,thehumi1iationandcontemptfromthearrogantpeople,theheart-breakingpaincausedbyrejectedlove,theinevitableslownessoftheworkingoflaw,thearroganceandrudenessofthosewhoholdofficialpositions,theinsultswhichgoodpatientpeoplesufferfromthosewhoaremeanandunworthy,ifameredaggermightfreehimfromal1thesetroubles?Thespeechrevealsthepsychologicalmake-up,theintricatementalworkings,thethinkingprocessofHamlet.TheUSeofpsychologicalanalysisgivesgreaterdepthandbreadthtothethoughtsandfeelingsofthecharacter.1. athinker,aphilosopher,ponderingonbothhispersonalconsiderationsandsocialproblems2. amanwithasenseofjustice3. pessimisticandgloomyVie谭about1ife,cynicalattitudetowardssociety4. widerangeofknowledge5. beliefintheChristiandoctrineaboutheavenandhellBlankverse(无韵体)一unrhymediambicpentameter,IiteraryformmasterlyhandledbyShakespeareandMi1tonComedy-inmostways,theoppositeoftrag<'dy.Broadlydefined,itreferstoanyliteraryworkdesignedtoamuse;Andspecifically,itisusualIyreservedforplayswhosetoneisIightheartedandhumourous,thatareamusing,andthathaveahappyending.Comedy-komo-merry-making,dealingwithordinarypeopleineverydaysituations,ordinarypeople,humblestyle,beginningwithmisfortuneandendingwithjoy.Plot-frombadtogood,beginningwithmisfortuneandendingwithjoyCharacters-ordinarypeople,(humbleandprivatepeople)inrathereverydaysituations;themaincharactersremainoptimisticnomatterwhatfatebringsthem,believingthatintheendtheywilltriumph.Stereotypes-thecharacterstendtobestereotypical,whichmeanstheyarerecognizabletypesofpeopleratherthanfullydevelopedcharacters1ikethetragichero.Thedumbblond,themanwhothinksheisGod,sgifttowomen,themiser,thefickleyounglover,thelazyslob,therichspoiledchiId,thesocialsnobDraaaticspirit-optimism;thereisalwaysasensethateverythingwillturnoutwell,despitethehorriblepredicamentsthecharactersfindthemselvesin.Style-humble,light-hearted(asagainstthesolemn,serious,lofty,sublimestyleintragedies)Purpose-toentertainandeducatepeople,toridiculeandsatirizehumanweaknesses,butsomehavemoralandcorrectivepurposesDifferenttypesofcomedies-comediesofhumour,ofmanners,burlesque,farce,satiricalcomedy,romancecomedy,tragicomedyTheMerchantofVeniceromanticcomedy,thestoryofthreecasketsandstoryofapoundofflesh：Antonio-themerchantBassanio-thefortune-hunterShylock-theJewishusurer,thevillainPortia-theidealizedwoman,thedaughteroftheRenaissanceTheme:praisingtruefriendship,truelove,exposingsocialevils:greed,malice,racialprejudice,money-worship,injusticeShylock:mean,greedy,cunning,cruel,vengeful,merciless：asophist,anavariciousmoney-lender,aJewofprideanddeepreligiousinstincts;butalsoavictimofracialdiscriminationandreligiouspersecutionPortia:beautiful,cultured,learned,witty,courageous,prudent:Sonnet-apoemof14linesiniambicpentameterwithafixedrhynescheme1. Italianform:octave,sestet：abbaabbacdecde2. EnglishorShakespeareanform:3quatrainsandonecouplet;ababcdcdefefggSonnet18(SeeAnthologypl18-119)ShallIcomparetheetoasummer'sday?Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,Andsummer'sleasehathal1tooshortadate:Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimm'd;Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,Bychance,ornature*schangingcourse,untrimm'd：Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouowest;NorshallDeathbragthouwander(sinhisshade,Whenineternal1inestotimethougrowest;Solongasmencanbreathe,oreyescansee,Solongivesthis,andthisgives1ifetothee.我怎能把你比作宜人的夏天？你比它更加可爱也更加温婉：狂风把五月钟爱的落蕾摧残，夏天持续的时间未免太短哲：苍穹的眼睛有时照得太灼热，金色的容颜常变得朦胧暗淡：遭遇机缘或H然改变的摧折；美妙的事物终究会不免凋残。但是你永恒的夏天不会衰败，你拂行的漂亮会永伴你身旁，死神不夸耀你在他影里徘徊，当你在不朽诗行里刚好同长。只要人类能呼吸眼睛能看清，此诗万世长存并蜴予你生命。Thepoetpondersonthedestructivepoweroftimeandtheeternalbeautybroughtforthbypoetrytohislovedone.Beautycanbeimortalizedbypoetry.Inaddition:1. TheEVOlUtionOfDrama:Englishdramahasrootsreachingbackto Themiracleplay（奇迹剧） ThemoralityPlay道德剧 TheInterlUde插剧 Classicalcomediesandtragedies经典戏剧2. OlherremarkableWriterSbesidesShakeSPeare Sidneyapoetandcriticofpoetry,ApologyforPoetryapieceofliterarycriticismoftheRenaissance: EdmundSpensei,-ThePoet'spoet,theauthorofthegreatestepicpoemofthetimeTheFaerieQueeneModernEnglish:ThepublicationofSpenser,SfirstworkTheShepherdfsCalendarmarkedthebuddingoftheRenaissanceflower,thelanguagethentobecalledModernEnglish,todistinguishfromtheMiddleEng1ishofChaucer,Sday.SpenserianStanzaaspecialformofpoetrywhichconsistsof8iambicpentameterlinesfollowedbyaninthlineofsixiambicfeet(analexandrine),withtherhymeschemeababbcbcc(Thefirst81incsareiniambicpentameter,andtheninth,iambichexameter,withtherhymeschemeababbcbcc).(3)FrancisBaconthefirstEnglisnessayist,thefounderofEnglishmaterialistphiIosophy,thefounderofmodernscienceinEnglandBenJonsonaprolificdramatist,alsoapoetandacritic.FeatUreSOfShakespeare'Sdrama1. faithfullyandvividlyreflectsthemajorsocialcontradictionsofhistime;Oneofthefoundersofrealisminworldliterature：2. Hisdramaticcreationoftenusedthemethodofadoptation.Herewroteoldplaysorborrowedhisplotswidelyfromothersources;3. masterhandforplaywriting.Inhisplays,actionsdevelopfreely,withoutbeinghinderedbytheclassicalrules;Usuallycombiningthemajesticwiththefunny,thepoeticwiththeprosaic,andthetragicwiththecomic,reproducingthevariousaspectsofreallife：4. Employingdifferentmeansofexpressiontoutteral1possiblethoughtsandfeelingsofhischaracters;Skilledinmanypoeticforms:thesong,thesonnet,thecouplet,andthedramaticblankverse,especially,thelastone;AgreatmasteroftheEnglishlanguage,alargevocabularyinhiswork:commandedavocabularylargerthananyotherEnglishwritersandusedabout16000words.ManyofhiscoinagesandexpressionshavebecomeeverydayusageinEnglish1ife.ShakespeareandtheAuthorizedVersionoftheEnglishBible(in1611,JamesI)arethe2greattreasuriesoftheEnglishlanguage(e.g.eyeforeye,toothfortooth;theshadowofdeath;peacemaker：alaboroflove;rootofallevil：All,swellIhatendswell,tomentionjustafew).Questions:1. GiveasummaryaboutEnglish1iteratureintheRenaissanceperiod.2. WhatdidShakespcarewritoaboutinhisfourgreattragedies?3. WhatisthethemeofTheMerchantofVenice?4. CommentonthecharacterofShylock.5. CommentonthecharacterofHamlet,(p85-87)6. HowcanyouinterpretthemelancholyofHamlet?(p87-88)