西奥多罗斯福《新国家主义》节选.docx

PresidentTeddyRoosevelt'sNewNationalismSpeechWecomeheretodaytocommemorateoneoftheepoch-makingeventsofthelongstrugglefortherightsofma11-thelongstrugglefortheupliftofhumanity.Ourcountry-thisgreatRepublic-meansnothingunlessitmeansthetriumphofarealdemocracy,thetriumphofpopulargovernment,and,Inthelongrun,ofaneconomicsystemunderwhicheachmanshallbeguaranteedtheopportunitytoshowthebestthatthereisinhim.ThatiswhythehistoryofAmericaisnowthecentralfeatureofthehistoryofthev/orld;fortheworldhassetitsfacehopefullytowardourdemocracy;and,Omyfellowcitizens,eachoneofyoucarriesonyourshouldersnotOnrytheburdenofdoingwellforthesakeofyourcountry,buttheburdenofdoingwellandofseeingthatthisnationdoeswellforthesakeofmankind.Atmanystagesintheadvanceofhumanity,thisconflictbetweenthemenwhopossessmorethantheyhaveearnedandthemenwohaveearnedmorethantheypossessisthecentralconditionofprogress.Inourdayitappearsasthestruggleoffreementogainandholdtherightofself-governmentasagainstthespecialinterests,whotwistthemethodsoffreegovernmentintomachineryfordefeatingthepopularwill.Ateverystage,andunderallcircumstances,theessenceofthestrugglei$toequalizeopportunity,destroyprivilege,andgivetothelifeandcitizenshipofeveryindividualthehighestpossiblevaluebothtohimselfandtothecommonwealth.Practicalequalityofopportunityforallcitizens,whenweachieveit,willhavetwogreatresults.Firstzeverymanwillhaveafairchancetomakeofhimselfallthatinhimlies;toreachthehighestpointtowhichhiscapacities,unassistedbyspecialprivilegeofhisownandunhamperedbythespecialprivilegeofothers,cancarryhim,andtogetforhimselfandhisfamilysubstantiallywhathehasearned.Second,equalityofopportunitymeansthatthecommonwealthwillgetfromeverycitizenthehighestserviceofwhichheiscapable.Nomanwhocarriestheburdenofthespecialprivilegesofanothercangivetothecommonwealththatservicetowhichitisfairlyentitled.Istandforthesquaredeal.ButwhenIsaythatIamforthesquaredeal,ImeannotmerelythatIstandforfairplayunderthepresentrulesofthegame,butthatIstandforhavingthoseruleschangedsoastoworkforamoresubstantialequalityofopportunityandofrewardforequallygoodservice.WhenIsayIwantasquaredealforthepoorman,IdonotmeanthatIwantasquaredealforthemanwhoremainspoorbecausehehasnotgottheenergytoworkforhimself.Ifamanwhohashadachancewillnotmakegood,thenhehasgottoquit.Now,thismeansthatourgovernment.NationalandState,mustbefreedfromthesinisterinfluenceorcontrolofspecialinterests.ExacttyasthespecialinterestsofcottonandslaverythreatenedourpoliticalIntegritybeforetheCivilWacsonowthegreatspecialbusinessintereststoooftencontrolandcorruptthemenandmethodsofgovernmentfortheirownprofit.Wemustdrivethespecialinterestsoutofpolitics.Thetruefriendofproperty,thetrueconservative,ishewhoinsiststhatpropertyshallbetheservantandnotthemasterofthecommonwealth；whoinsiststhattheueatureofman'smakingshallbetheservantandnotthemasterofthemanwhomadeit.ThecitizensoftheUnitedStatesmusteffectivelycontrolthemightycommercialforceswhichtheyhavecalledintobeing.Therecanbenoeffectiventrolofcorporationswhiletheirpoliticalactivityremains.Tbputanendtoitwillbeneitherashortnoraneasytask,butitcanbedone.Wemusthavecompleteandeffectivepublicityofcorporateaffairs,sothatthepeoplemayknowbeyondperadventurewhetherthecorporationsobeythelawandwhethertheirmanagemententitlesthemtotheconfidenceofthepublic.Itisnecessarythatlawsshouldbepassedtoprohibittheuseofcorporatefundsdirectlyorindirectlyforpoliticalpurposes；itisstillmorenecessarythatsuchlawsshouldbethoroughlyenforced.Corporateexpendituresforpoliticalpurposes,andespeciallysuchexpendituresbypublic-servicecorporations,havesuppliedoneoftheprincipalsourcesofcorruptioninourpoliticalaffairs.Ithasbecomeentirelyclearthatwemusthavegovernmentsupervisionofthecapitalization,notonlyofpublic-servicecorporations,including,particularly,railways,butofallcorporationsdoinganinterstatebusiness.IdonotwishtoseethenationforcedintotheownershipoftherailwaysIfitcanpossiblybeavoided,andtheonlyalternativeisthoroughgoingandeffectivelegislation,whichshallbebasedonafullknowledgeofallthefactszincludingaphysicalvaluationofproperty.Thisphysicalvaluationsnotneeded,or,atleast,isveryrarelyneeded,forfixingrates；butitIsneededasthebasisofhonestcapitalization.Wehavecometorecognizethatfranchisesshouldneverbegrantedexceptforalimitedtimerandneverwithoutproperprovisionforcompensationtothepublic.Itismypersonalbeliefthatthesamekindanddegreeofcontrolandsupervisionwhichshouldbeexercisedoverpublic-servicecorporationsshouldbeextendedalsotocombinationswhichcontrolnecessariesoflife,suchasmeat,Oi1.orCOa1.orwhichdealinthemonanimportantscale.Ihavenodoubtthattheordinarymanwhohascontrolofthemi$muchlikeourselves.Ihavenodoubthewouldliketodowell,butIwanttohaveenoughsupervisiontohelphimrealizethatdesiretodowell.Ibelievethattheofficers,andrespecially,thedirectors,ofcorporationsshouldbeheldpersonaltyresponsiblewhenanycorporationbreaksthelaw.Combinationsinindustryaretheresultofanimperativeeconomiclawwhichcannotberepealedbypoliticallegislation.Theeffortatprohibitingallcombinationhassubstantialtfailed.Thewayoutlies,notInattemptingtopreventsuchcombinations,butincompletelycontrollingthemintheInterestofthepublicwelfare.Nomanshouldreceiveadollarunlessthatdollarhasbeenfairtearned.Everydollarreceivedshouldrepresentadollar'sworthofservicerenderednotgamblinginstocks,butservicerendered.Thereallybigfortune,theswollenfortune,bythemerefactofitssize,acquiresqualitieswhichdifferentiateitinkindaswellasindegreefromwhatispossessedbymenofrelativelysmallmeans.Therefore,Ibelieveinagraduatedincometaxonbigfortunes,andinanothertaxwhichisfarmoreeasilyllectedandfarmoreeffectve-agraduatedinheritancetaxonbigfortunes,propertysafeguardedagainstevasion,andincreasingrapidlyinamountwiththesizeoftheestate.ThepeopleoftheUnitedStatessufferfromperiodicalfinancialpanicstoadegreesubstantiallyunknowntotheothernations,whichapproachUSinfinancialstrength.Thereisnoreasonwyweshouldsufferwhattheyescape.Itisofprofoundimportancethatourfinancialsystemshouldbepromptlyinvestigated,andsothoroughlyandeffectivelyrevisedastomakeitcertainthathereafterourcurrencywillnolongerfailatcriticaltimestomeetourneeds.OfconservationIshallspeakmoreatlengthelsewhere.Conservationmeansdevelopmentasmuchasitdoesprotection.Irecognizetherightanddutyofthisgenerationtodevelopandusethenaturalresourcesofourland;butIdonotrecognizetherighttowastethem,ortorob,bywastefulthegenerationsthatCOmeafteru$.IasknothingofthenationexceptthatItsobehaveaseachfarmerherebehaveswithreferencetohisownchildren.Thatfarmerisapoorcreaturewhoskinsthelandandleavesitworthlesstohischildren.Thefarmerisagoodfarmerwho,havingenabledthelandtosupporthimselfandtoprovidefortheeducationofhischildren,leavesittothemalittlebetterthanbefoundithimself.Ibelievethesamethingofanation.Nothingismoretruethanthatexcessofeverykindisfollowedbyreaction;afactwhichshouldbeponderedbyreformerandreactionaryalike.Wearefacetofacewithnewconceptionsoftherelationsofpropertytohumanwelfare,chieflybecausecertainadvocatesoftherightsofpropertyasagainsttherightsofmenhavebeenpushingtheirclaimstfar.Themanwhowronglyholdsthateveryhumanrightissecondarytohisprofitmustnowgivewaytotheadvocateofhumanwelfare,whorightlymaintainsthateverymanholdshispropertysubjecttothegeneralrightofthecommunitytoregulateitsusetowhateverdegreethepublicwelfaremayrequireit.Nationalefficiencyhasmanyfactors.Itisanecessaryresultoftheprincipleofconservationwidelyapplied.Intheendzitwilldetermineourfailureorsuccessasanation.Nationalefficiencyhastodornotonlywithnaturalresourcesandwithmen,butitisequallyconcernedwithinstitutions.TheStatemustbemadeefficientfortheworkwhichconcernsonlythepeopleoftheState;andthenationforthatwhichconcernsallthepeople.Theremustremainnoneutralgroundtoserveasarefugeforlawbreakers,andespeciallyforlawbreakersofgreatwealth,wocanhirethevulpinelegalcunningwhichwillteachthemhowtoavoidbothjurisdictions.ItisamisfortunewhenthenationallegislaturefallstodoItsdutyInprovidinganationalremedy,sothattheonlynationalactivityisthepurelynegativeactivityofthejudiclarinforbiddingtheStatetoexercisepowerinthepremises.Idonotaskfortheovercentralization；butIdoaskthatweworkinaspiritofbroadandfar-reachingnationalismwhereweworkforwhatconcernsourpeopleasawhole.WeareallAmericans.Ourcommoninterestsareasbroadasthecontinent.IspeaktoyouhereinKansasexactlyasIwouldspeakinNewYorkorGeorgia,forthemostvitalproblemsarethosewhichaffectUSallalike.TheNationalGovernmentbelongstothewholeAmericanpeople,andwherethewholeAmericanpeopleareinterested,thatinterestcanbeguardedeffectivelyonlybytheNationalGovernment.Thebettermentwhichweseekmustbeaccomplished,Ibelieve,mainlythroughtheNationalGovernment.TheAmericanpeoplearerightindemandingthatNewNationalism,withoutwhichwecannothopetodealwithnewproblems.TheNewNationalismputsthenationalneedbeforesectionalorpersonaladvantage.Itisimpatientoftheutterconfusionthatresultsfromlocallegislaturesattemptingtotreatnationalissuesaslocalissues.Iti$stillmoreimpatientoftheimpotencewhichspringsfromoverdivisionofgovernmentalpowers,theimpotencewhichmakesitpossibleforlocalselfishnessorforlegalcunning,hiredbywealthyspecialinterests,tobringnationalactivitiestoadeadlock.ThisNewNationalismregardstheexecutivepowerasthestewardofthepublicwelfare.ItdemandsofthejudiciarythatitshallbeinterestedprimarilyinhumanwelfareratherthaninproertzjustasItdemandsthattherepresentativebodyshallrepresentallthepeopleratherthananyoneclassorsectionofthepeople.Ibelieveinshapingtheendsofgovernmenttoprotectpropertyaswellashumanwelfare.Normally,andInthelongrun,theendsarethesame;butwheneverthealternativemustbefaced,Iamformenandnotforproperty,asyouwereintheCivilWar.Iamfarfromunderestimatingtheimportanceofdividends;butIrankdividendsbelowhumancharacter.Again,Idonothaveanysympathywiththereformerwhosayshedoesnotcarefordividends.Ofcourse,economicwelfareisecessaryzforamanmustpullhisownweightandbeabletosupporthisfamily.Iknowwellthatthereformersmustnotbringuponthepeopleeconomicruin,orthereformsthemselveswillgodownintheruin.Butwemustbereadytofacetemporarydisaster,whetherornotbroughtonbythosewhowillwaragainstustotheknife.Thosewoopposereformwilldowelltorememberthatruininitsworstformisinevitableifournationallifebringsusnothingbetterthanswollenfortunesforthefewandthetriumphinbothpoliticsandbusinessofasordidandselfishmaterialism.Ifourpoliticalinstitutionswereperfect,theywouldabsolutelypreventthepoliticaldominationofmoneyinanypartofouraffairs.Weneedtomakeourpoliticalrepresentativesmorequicklyandsensitivelyresponsivetothepeoplewhoseservantstheyare.MoredirectactionbythepeopleintheirownaffairsunderpropersafeguardsIsvitallynecessary.Thedirectprimaryisastepinthisdirection,ifitisassociatedwithacorruptservicesacteffectivetopreventtheadvantageofthemanwillingrecklesslyandunscrupulouslytospendmoneyoverhismorehonestcompetitor.Itisparticularlyimportantthatallmoneysreceivedorexpendedforcampaignpurposesshouldbepubliclyaccountedfor,notonlyafterelection,butbeforeelectionaswell.Politicalactionmustbemadesimpler,easierandfreerfromconfusionforeverycitizen.Ibelievethatthepromptremovalofunfaithfulorincompetentpublicservantsshouldbemadeeasyandsureinwhateverwayexperienceshallshowtobemostexpedientinanygivenclassofcases.Oneofthefundamentalnecessitiesinarepresentativegovernmentsuchasoursistomakecertainthatthementowhomthepeopledelegatetheirpowershallservethepeoplebywhomtheyareelected,andnotthespecialinterests.Ibelievethateverynationalofficer,electedorappointed,shouldbeforbiddentoperformanyserviceorreceiveanympensation,directlyorindirectly,frominterstatecorporations;andasimilarprovisioncouldnotfailtobeusefulwithintheStates.Theobjectofgovernmentisthewelfareofthepeople.Thematerialprogressandprosperityofanationaredesirablechieflysolongastheyleadtothemoralandmaterialwelfareofallgoodcitizens.Justinproportionastheaveragemanandwomanarehonest,capableofsoundjudgmentandhighideals,activeinpublicaffairs,-but,firstofallrsoundintheirhome,andthefatherandmotherofhealthychildrenwhomtheybringupwell,justsofar,andnofarther,wemaycountourcivilizationasuccess.Wemusthave-lbelievewehavealreadyagenuineandpermanentmoralawakening,withoutwhichnowisdomoflegislationoradministrationreallymeansanything;and.ontheotherhand,wemusttrytosecurethesocialandeconomiclegislationwithoutwhichanyimprovementduetopurelymoralagitationisnecessarilyevanescent.1.etmeagainillustratebyareferencetotheGrandArmy.YoucouldnothaveWOnsimplyasadisorderlyanddisorganizedmob.Youneededgenerals;youneededcarefuladministrationofthemostadvancedtype;andagoodcommissary-thecrackerline.Youwellrememberthatsuccesswasnecessaryinmanydifferentlinesinordertobringaboutgeneralsuccess.YouhadtohavetheadministrationatWashingtongood,justasyouhadtohavetheadministrationinthefield;andyouhadtohavetheworkofthegeneralsgood.Youcouldnothavetriumphedwithouttheadministrationandleadership;butitwouldallhavebeenworthlessiftheaveragesoldierhadnothadtherightstuffinhim.Hehadtohavetherightstuffinhim,oryoucouldnotgetitoutofhim.Inthelastanalysis,therefore,vitallynecessarythoughitwastohavetherightkindoforganizationandtherightkindofgeneralship,itwasevenmorevitallynecessarythattheaveragesoldiershouldhavethefightingedge,therightcharacter.Soitisinourcivillife.NomatterhowhonestanddecentweareinourprivateIrveszifwedonothavetherightkindoflawandtherightkindofadministrationofthelaw,wecannotgoforwardasanation.Thatisimperative;butitmustbeanadditionto,andnotasubstituteforrthequalitiesthatmakeusgdcitizens.Inthelastanalysis,themostimportantelementsinanyman'scareermustbethesumofthosequalitieswhich.Intheaggregate,wespeakofascharacter.IfhehasnotgotItrthennolawthatthewitofmancandevise,noadministrationofthelawbytheboldestandstrongestexecutive,willavailtohelphim.Wemusthavetherightkindofcharacter-characterthatmakesaman,firstofallragoodmaninthehome,agoodfather,andagoodhusband-thatmakesamanagoodneighbor.Youmusthavethat,and,then,inaddition,youmusthavethekindoflawandthekindofadministrationofthelawwhichwillgivetothosequalitiesintheprivatecitizenthebestpossiblechancefordevelopment.Theprimeproblemofournationistogettherighttypeofgoodcitizenship,and,togetit,wemusthaveprogress,andourpublicmenmustbegenuinelyprogressive.