《演讲的艺术(第十三版)》教学资源--教师用书Chapter_8_Beginning_and_Ending_the_Speech.docx
Chapter8Beginningandendingthespeech(教师用书持包更新中SectionOne:ChapterTeachingGuidePARTONE:TEACHINGOBJECTIVES在学完这一章后,学生应该能够I 讲识演讲开篇港的四个构成部分. 了解演讲开头引起听众兴趣的七种方法. 认识演讲结束语的主要作用. 掌握发挥演讲结束语作用的方法,PARTTWO:TEACHINGSUGGESTIONSI.演讲开篇语(TheIntrOdUCtiOn)A知识概述在大多数情况下,演讲的开篇语要达到四个目的:(I)引起观众注意和兴趣;(2与听众建立良好的默契:3)建立佑誉度:(4)预告演讲要点.引起听众的注量和兴趣(GetAttentionandInterest)一殷说来,引起听众的注意和兴趣比较容易,而要保持听众的注意力和兴趣要难一些下面的几种方法可以使演讲的开篇语引人入胜:关联听众.阐明演讲话题的重要性.凝妙听众、激发听众的好奇心、向听众提问、使用引音以及讲述故事.关联听众(ReIatetheTopictotheAudierKe)股来说,人们对宜接影响到他们的事物更为关注。如果你能把话题与听众关联起来,会使听众更为关注你的话即。比如,位演讲者使用下面这种方式带听众融入到有关春晚的演讲内容中.OneveryNewYear,sEve,youmaysitforhoursthroughtheSpringFestivalGalarapplaudingsomeactsandlettingripatothers.Then,likemostoftheChinesetelevisionviewers,youmayspendthenextcoupleofdaysexchangingviewswithfamilyandfriendsonthebestandv/orstactorsoractsoftheshow.Afterthat,youillbeginv/aitinginanticipationforthenextyearzsGalanight.Tosatisfyyourneedformoreinvolvementintheevent,theorganizersoftheupcomingGalahavecreatedanopportunitytoallowviewerslikeyoutovotefortalentedbutlesser-knownperformersandentertainersthatyouwishtoseeinthebgshow.M99MKft(StatetheImportanceofYourTopic):你可能会认为自己的话JS很武要,但你要向听众阐明你话胚!的笫要性”比尔盖茨在他关于大流行病的TED演讲中就使用了这种方法,一上来指出目前人类最大的威胁不是核战争,而是病诉,WhenIwasakid,thedisasterWeworriedaboutmostWaSanuclearwar.That'swywehadabarrellikethisdowninourbasement,filledwithcansoffoodandwater.Whenthenuclearattackcame,weweresupposedtogodownstairs,hunkerdown,andeatoutofthatbarrel.Todaythegreatestriskofglobalcatastrophedoesn'tlooklikethis.Instead,itlookslikethis.Ifanythingkillsover10millionpeopleinthenextfewdecades,it'smostlikelytobeahighlyinfectiousvirusratherthanawar.Notmissiles,butmicrobes.腰,听众(StartletheAudience),使用令人很惊或意想不到的话谙朱霆搜听众是迅速引起听众兴般的有效方法。下面这位演讲者的开篇语就令人真携,Acoldbloodedkilleratlargeismercilesslytakingthelivesofyounggirlsaroundtheworld.Inrecentyearsanumberoffashionmodelshavefallenvictimstothemurderer.Thisevildoerisnootherthaneatingdisorders,themostfatalmentalillnessamongyoungwomen.Scientificstudiesshowthatthemortalityrateassociatedwithanorexianervosa(神经性厌食症monlyknownaseatingdisorders,is12timeshigherthanthedeathrateofallcausesofdeathforfemales15-24yearsold.20%ofpeoplesufferingfromanorexiawillprematurelydiefromcomplicationsrelatedtotheireatingdisorder,includingsuicideandheartproblems.这个方法很有效,也很容易使用。但必须注意演讲者用来族携听众的话感要与演讲的话跑一致.如果演讲者只是为了箧搏听众而选用了与话题亳不相干的开篇谙,那只会让听众感到困感,甚至恼火.激发听众的好奇心(ArousetheCuriosityoftheAudience)t人们都仃好奇心,所以为使你的演讲开篇谙引人入胜,你可以用一系列的充满悬念的句子来吊起听众的目例如:Canyouimaginelivinginacountrywherelifeexpectancyis41yearsformenand44forwomen?Inthiscountry,GDPpercapitaislessthan$100,and100billion-dollarbillsareonlygoodenoughtobuyafeweggs.Beforeitscurrencywastakenoutofcirculationin2009,priceskeptdoublingevery1.1dayszmeaningthatifanapplecost1dollaronMonday,itwouldcost64dollarsonSunday;inamonth,thesameapplewouldcostover1billiondollars.Whilethehealthconditionofitspopulationisstilldeteriorating,threeofthefourlargesthospitalsandthecoutry,sonlymedicalschoolwereshutdownin2009.ThesearesomeshockingfactsaboutZimbabwe,thepoorestcountryintheworld.如果这个演讲者平铺史叙地说mTodayIamgoingtoinformyouabouttheissueofpovertyinZimbabwe,就会让人感到十分乏味提问听众(QUeStiOntheAUdience)向听众提问是另一种引起听众注意的方式,有时挑一个问题就足够例如:DoyouthinktheShaolinTempleshouldbecommercialized?WhyaresomeChineseconsumerssokeenonbuyingforeignluxurybrands?有时常要问一系列的问即,逐步接近演讲的主题,例如:Areyouanoutdoorsytypeofperson?Doyouloveadventures?Haveyouevertraveledinwildareaswithunfamiliarandroughterrain?使用引盲(BeginwithaQuotation)使用名人名言也是引起听众注注的方法之一比如.一位演讲者引用了唐朝诗人张九龄的名句“海上生明月,天涯共此时”来引起听众的注意和兴趣,并且引入中秋传统佳节的话题.“Overtheseathemoonshinesbright;wegazeatitfar,farapart.*ThisfamousquotationfromaTangpoemneatlyencapsulatestheculturalmeaningofthetraditionalChineseMidAutumnFestival.TheMid-AutumnFestivalhasitsorigininthecustomofworshippingthemooninancientChina.Itisanoccasionwhenpeopleappreciatethebeautyofthefullsilvermoonwhiledrinkingwineandthinkingoflovedoneswhoarefarawayfromhome.济述故事(TellaStory)t所有人都以欢听故事,如果演讲开场有一个动听行趣的故事,就可以有效地引起听众的注意挑战在于故事需婺和演讲主题密切相关.同时讲故事的方式也衢要比较生动,例如下而这个演讲的开头:ThejobofuncoveringtheglobalfoodwastescandalstartedformewhenIwasISyearsold.Iboughtsomepigs.IwaslivinginSussex.AndIstartedtofeedtheminthemosttraditionalandenvironmentallyfriendlyway.Iwenttomyschoolkitchen,andIsaid,"Givemethescrapsthatmyschoolfriendshaveturnedtheirnosesupat."Iwenttothelocalbakerandtooktheirstalebread.Iwenttothelocalgreengrocer,andIwenttoafarmerwhowasthrowingawaypotatoesbecausetheywerethewrongshapeorsizeforsupermarkets.Thiswasgreat.Mypigsturnedthatfoodwasteintodeliciouspork.IsoldthatporktomySChOOlfriends'parents,andImadeagoodpocketmoneyadditiontomyteenageallowance.ButInoticedthatmostofthefoodthatIwasgivingmypigswasinfactfitforhumanconsumption,andthatIwasonlyscratchingthesurface,andthatrightthewayupthefoodsupplychain,Insupermarkets,greengrocers,bakers,inourhomes,infactoriesandfarms,wewerehemorrhagingoutfd.与听众建立良好的默契(CreateaPositiveRelationshipwiththeAudience)在获得听众的注意和共勘的基础上演讲者还需要与听众电立良好的默契。在理到有争议的话也或是需要支挣不受欢迎的观点时.演讲者与听众的默契就更为重要。另外在跨文化的交流中,演讲者尤其需要路越语吉和文化的障碍来建立起一条与听众沟通的纽带.例如,2009年7月27日,美国总统奥巴马在华盛顿罗纳彼里根大厦和国际贸易中心为关中战珞与经济时话致词;他在致词的开篦语中通过耳用姚明说过的话有效地搭住了与听众交流的平台,这可以作为与听众达成默契的范例C他在开嬴语中是这样说的:Thankyou.Goodmorning.Iti$agreathonortowelmeyoutothefirstmeetingoftheStrategicEconomicDialoguebetweentheUnitedStatesandChina.Thisisanessentialstepinadvancingapositive,constructive,andcomprehensiverelationshipbetweenourcountries.IrmpleasedthatPresidentHusharesmycommitmenttoasustaineddialoguetoenhanceoursharedinterests.PresidentHuandIbothfeftthatitwasimportanttogetourrelationshipofftoagoodstart.Of8urse,asanewpresidentandalsoasabasketballfan,IhavelearnedfromthewordsofYaoMingrwhosaid,“Nomatterwhetheryouareneworanoldteammember,youneedtimetoadjusttooneanother.*Well,throughtheconstructivemeetingsthatwe'vealreadyhad.andthroughthisdialogue,lzmconfidentthatwewillmeetYao'sstandard.这个选择非常聪明,虽然姚明并不是政治泾济界的人物.但是他在美国和中国同时拥有极高的知名度,而奥巴马当时的演讲对象包括中美两国的观众,所以他引用姚明的话既能帮助他同时建立和两个不同猊众群体的联系,乂使契合整篇演讲的主题.建立值率度(EstabIishCredibiIitY)演讲拧的倍誉度取决于演讲拧是否有能力或资格就某一话时进行演讲.比如,张艺谋导演在中国影坛有着举足轻理的地位,但如果请他讲解心脏外科的国际尖端技术,听众一定不会信服.同样,一个从未驾驶过机动车辆的人也不具备足够的费格向学员讲解防御性驾驶的技巧,学生演讲者由于玦乏初始信誉度,所以更应该注意在演讲的开篇语中建立自己的威信.下面的这个例子可以帮助说明学生演讲者如何在开篇语中向听众表明自己驾取演讲话题的能力.这个演讲的话的是抵制奢华始也的浪的现象.Forthepastfewmonths,Ihavebeenworkingasapart-timeeventhelperatanupscalelocalhotel,whereIhavenoticedthatluxuryweddingsarebecomingmoreandmorewastefulandindulgentinChinatoday.Myextensiveresearchonthetopichasfurtherconfirmedmybeliefthatthisisanunhealthytrendthatshouldbereversed.从上面的例子可以看出,演讲着可以通过亲身体6金或对话题的调研,或二者结合,来建立自己的信誉度.这样的方式非常适合学生模仿,因为演讲者并非专家身份,而是通过向观众解样自己的经历来建立信誉度.学生在学习如何撰写演讲稿的开篇时,最难理解的就是建立信誉度这个部分.教师在教学中需要强调这个部分的也要性,并尽可能引导学生i寸论如何在经裟和专业能力都有限的情况下有效地建立自己的信誉度,演告演讲的要点PreviewtheBodyoftheSpeech)在开篇语中预告演讲的要戊有助于梢助听众理清思路和了解演讲的主旨。如下面的例子所示;TodayIwillfocusonthreeofthetenpowersoftheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncil:Totakemilitaryactionagainstanaggressor;torecommendtheadmissionofnewmembers;andtoexercisethetrusteeshipfunctionsoftheUnitedNationsinstrategicareas.Inthispresentation,IwillexplaintoyouhowplayingwordgamesanddoingwordpuzzlesarefunwaystoquicklyimproveyourEnglishvocabulary.使用开Ii语的注意事项(TipsfortheIntroduction)在准备和演示开篇语时,应注意以下几个方面:1)开篇语要尽玳简明扼要,一般怙况下,不应超过全文的10%20%;2)平时应注意枳泉演讲开篇语的素材;3)开篇语的设计应富有创懑:4) 般演讲稿的写作IWi序是在写好讲稿的正文后再回头写开篦语的内容5)不要在开篇语中为自己准备得不充分而抱歉,这样做只能降低自己的信誉度;6)开篇语的内容应准的得充分和详尽,地好逐字逐句写出,而非仅写一个大致的提纲7)在演讲开始前,不要急于开口说话。等到听众完全安静下来,并将注意力集中到你这里时再开始讲话.教学彼略这个课堂练习的两个参考演讲话即是,unhealthywaystoloseweightfast"和"thewonderworldofe-sports".练习的具体步骤是:将学生分成七个小组,每一组可以任选上面的一个话坦米完成这项练习.教师需要规定每一组必须使用下面列出的七种方法中的一种方法,Il的是引起和保持听众对演评话理的注意和兴趣(即:关联听众、阐明正要性、震想听众、激发听众的好奇心、提问听众、使用引言以及讲述故事).然后由每个小机选出一人来演示本组完成的开篇谱.接下来再曲全班讨论各组开篇谙的效果.这个练习从组织到完成大约需要20分钟的时间.练习安抨 课本第122页ExercisesforThinkingandSpeaking1and2 课本第122页PublicSpeakinginYourCareer11.演讲结束语(TheConclusion)知识概述演讲结束谱主要包括两个部分:(1示懑演讲接近尾声:(2)再次强冏上遑给观众济下深刻卬象.示怠演讲接近尾声(SignaItheEndoftheSpeech)行几种方式可以示意演讲接近尾声.i种方法是使用一些提示瑞,最常见的几种提示语包括"Inconclusion",Tosumupu-除了使用提示语,需要提醒学生,还可以通过演示的方式来示意收尾,比如通过语气、语速、语调和节奏来为尾声作铺垫。这种方法与音乐中的渐强性尾声有共同点.:者都是通过逐渐的铺垫而达到呆终的力度和强度的最高点(这里指的不是声音逐渐地提商,而是很多因素的综合谓动,包括声音的高低、诃语的选择、独具特色的内容、手势、停顿以及可能增加的音fit等).下面这段渐现式结束语选自美国著名作家、诗人成廉福克纳于19S0年接受诺贝尔文学奖时所作的精彩演讲.Thepoet's,thewriter's,dutyistowriteaboutthesethings.Itishisprivilegetohelpmanendurebyliftinghisheart,byremindinghimofthecourageandhonorandhopeandprideandcompassionandpityandsacrificewhichhavebeenthegloryofhispast.Thepoet'svoiceneednotmerelybetherecordofman,itcanbeoneoftheprops,thepillarstohelphimendureandprevail.另外一种方式与音乐中的渐弱式结尾有共同之处.这种结尾可以触动听众内心深处的情感.1986年美国发射“桃故者号”飞船失血时任总统里根F当晚进行全国电视讲话,以抚慰宇航员家同和美国国家航空和宇宙航行局的工作人员。在演讲的结尾,里根引用:战飞行员及诗人小约翰占莱斯皮马吉的诗句,用解原悲阚的嗓音安扬了被飞船爆炸的电视宜播深深震惊的全国人民.这个演讲也成为里根最受褒奖的演讲之一.There'sacoincidencetoday.Onthisday390yearsago,thegreatexplorerSirFrancisDrakediedaboardshipoffthecoastofPanama.Inhislifetime,thegreatfrontiersweretheoceans,andanhistorianlatersaid,"Helivedbythesea,diedonit,andwasburiedinit/Well,todaywecansayoftheChallengercrew:Theirdedicationwas,likeDrake's,complete.ThecrewofthespaceshuttleChallengerhonoredusbythemannerinwhichtheylivedtheirlives.Wewillneverforgetthem,northelasttimewesawthem,thismorning,astheypreparedfortheirjourneyandwavedgoodbye,and"slippedthesurlybondsofearth*to"touchthefaceofGod."强化中心思想(ReinforcetheCentralIded)结束语的第.个作用是深化听众对主题的理解。下面是强化主SS的几种常用方法。总结要点法(SummarizeYourSpeech),近中演讲的要点是及简单的结束演讲的方法,下面这位演讲者在介绍饮用碳酸饮料的杏处时有效地运用了这种方法。Inconclusion,wehavelearnedthatsoftdrinkscancausealotofharmtoourhealth.Consumptionofsoftdrinksandothersugarybeveragesisassociatedwithalonglistofhealthrisks-includingobesity,kidneystones,type-lldiabetes,osteoporosis,andheartdisease.Marketerstargetyoungpeople,whoarenotmindfuloftheharmsoftdrinkscandotothebody.AsWehaveseen,softdrinksarealsobadforyourbudget-theycostseveraltimesmoreperouncethanfruitjuicertea,andbottledwater.Nov/isthetimeforyoutocutbackonyourconsumptionofsoftdrinks.Thinkofallthehealthbenefitsandmonetarybenefitsyouwillenjoy.Writedownyourresolutiontoremovesodafromyourdiet.Tellthoseclosetoyouaboutyourgoal.Ibelieveinmyheartthatyouhavethewillpowertosucceed.使用这种方法的好处是演讲者可以明确地更申演讲的主胭和要点”除了这种方法以外,还有史而有想象力和说服力的结尾方式.你既可以将几种方法合用,也可以单独使用其中一种结尾方法。引IF收尾法(EndwithaQuotation)t使川引、!讲是一种比较常见的,.的例子出自一名学生所作的歌颂周恩来总理的纪念性演讲.在赞扬/周恩来总理为人民鞠躬尽瘁、死而后已的可歌可泣的一生后,演讲我引用北宋哲学家周敦颐在爱莲说B中的名句“出漱泥而不染,落满涟而不妖”.高度概括了周恩来总理高洁的M格、漾虚的作风和优雅的风度,用这句引语来概括周恩来总理的品格是恰到好处、恰如其分。AsWehaveseen,ZhouEnlaiwasaskilleddiplomat,adevotedrevolutionary,andaremarkableleader.Inhispubliccharmandpoise,hisdedicatedworkethic,andhishumbleanddisciplinedlifestyle,heremindsusofthewaterIitypassionatelypraisedbyaChinesephilosopheroftheNorthernSongDynasty:"Howstainlessitrisesfromitsslimybed!Howmodestlyitreposesontheclearpool-anemblemofpurityandtruth戏剧效果收尾(MakeaDramaticStatement)t如果仃可能个戏剧化的结尾可以极大地IMe观众,让他!:能忘怀。美国著名民权运动领袖UJ路馅金的最后一篇演讲“IveBeentotheMountaintop"就是这样的典范。金博士于1968年4月3日在孟菲斯的梅保坦科尔教堂做了他的最后一篇演讲。演讲主要是鼓励黑人民众,使其对争取平权抱有枳极态度。在结尾时他说,他曾经希里自己能长寿,但是他已姓不在意这个河即,因为上帝己经让他百到了希望之地,即使自己不能和大家一同到达,也可以看到我正的荣耀就在眼前.这个结尾借助宗教性的语*对于民权运动的胜利发出畅想.无疑充满感情.这种结尾方式是金博士这样一个擅长使用雄浑体的演讲高手经常使用的戏剧效果结尾方式.在演讲的第二天,金博上就遇刺身亡.这不幸的事件使寿他这篇演讲的戏剧结尾一语成微,带上了更加神秘的戏刷色彩。WellrIdo,tknowwhatwillhappennow.We,vegotsomedifficultdaysahead.Butitreallydoesn'tmatterwithmenow,becausevebeentothemountaintop.AndIdon'tmind.1.ikeanybody,Iwouldliketolivealonglife.1.ongevityhasitsplace.Butmnotconcernedaboutthatnow.IjustwanttodoGod'swill.AndHe,sallowedmetogouptothemountain.Andvelookedover.AndveseenthePromised1.and.Imaynotgettherewithyou.ButIwantyoutoknowtonightrthatWaasapeople,willgettothePromised1.and!AndsoI'mhappy,tonight.mnotworriedaboutanything.I'mnotfearinganymalMineeyeshaveseenthegloryofthecomingofthelord!Ir尾呼应法(RefertotheIntroduction):演讲的结束语与开篇iS相呼应会使听众感到演讲的完整和一致。联合国前秘书长科菲安南在2001年接受诺贝尔和平奖时的演讲中使用的就是这种方法.IntroductionToday,inAfghanistan,agirlwillbeborn.Hermotherwillholdherandfeedher,comfortherandcareforher-justasanymotherwouldanywhereintheworld.Inthesemostbasicactsofhumannature,humanityknowsnodivisions.Buttobebornagirlintoday'sAfghanistanistobeginlifecenturiesawayfromtheprosperitythatonesmallpartofhumanityhasachieved.Itistoliveunderconditionsthatmanyofusinthishallwouldconsiderinhuman.ConclusionYouwillrecallthatIbeganmyaddresswithareferencetothegirlborninAfghanistantoday.Eventhoughhermotherwilldoallinherpowertoprotectandsustainher,thereisaoe-ln-fourriskthatshewillnotlivetoseeherfifthbirthdayRememberthisgirl,andthenourlargeraims-tofightpoverty,preventconflictorcredisease-willnotseemdistantorimpossibleBeneaththesurfaceofstatesandnations,ideasandlanguage,liesthefateofindividualhumanbeingsinneed.AnsweringtheirneedswillbethemissionoftheUnitedNationsinthecenturytocome.上述介绍的几种设计结束语的技巧既可以分别使用,也可以合在一起使用。比如,使用一个具有戏剧性的引言米总结演讲的中心思想,并且与开篇谙相呼还有一种结束演讲的技巧就是直接用情结礴染听众.这一技巧将在第14章中讲解.使用结束语的注巾:事项(TipsfortheConclusion)在准任和演示结束语时,应注意以下几个方面:1)在结束语中使用引言是特别常见的方式,所以平时应注意枳累演讲结束谱的素材:2)结束语的设计应富有创意,并且应该悭端有力,振动人心:3)结束语不应过长,应不超过全文的5级TO%:4)不要在结束语中为自己讲得不好或不清楚而抱敝,这样除于事无补:5)结束语的呈现方式会很大程度决定其效果,所以需要投入足够的时间练习演示结束语.很多演讲者习惯将结束语逐字逐句他写出,如果你选择这样做,一定要保证在不依赖演讲提纲的前提下流畅、自信并笈有感情地完成演示.教学策略教师可伟置学生自选话趣,并在课下设计并写出一个使用引言收尾法的结束语。所有的学生都要在下一节课上演示自己的结束谱.演示结束后,组织学生选出三个最佳结束语.缥习安排探本第122页ExercisesforThinkingandSpeaking3SectionTwo:TextbookExercisesPARTONE:EXERCISESFORTHINKINGANDSPEAKING(fromtextpageIl7)1. Herearesixspeechtopics.Explainhovyoumightrelateeachtoyouraudienceinaspeechintroduction.laughtermediaviolencesoccerhealthcarehistoricpreservationclimatechangeTeachingNote学生往往不知道如何将自己的演讲话题也接与听众取系起先.这个练习给学生提供一个练习的机会.教师可以把这个练习布徨为课后作业,也可以当成课堂活动的内容,或当作讨论的话胞.下面是从学生演讲的开篇语中节选的片段,作为这项练习的总结,教师可以为学生读一下这些片段作为多考。AnswerKeylaughterAfamousChinesesayingtellsusthatMaservingofheartylaughtermakesyoufeeltenyearsyounger/ThoseofyoufamiliarwithEnglishproverbsmayknowthereisasimilarsayinginthatlanguage:441.aughteristhebestmedicine/Thesestatementsmayactuallybescientificallytrue.AccordingtoarecentstudybyAmericancardiologistsattheUniversityofMarylandMedicalCenterinBaltimore,Iaughterralongwithanactivesenseofhumor,canhelpprotectpeopleagainstaheartattack.Myinterestinstudyinglaughterwassparkedbyabooktitled1.aughter,theBestMedicine:TheHealingPowersofHappiness,HumorandJoy,byBritishpsychologistRobertHolden.Fromthisbookandmyotherresearch,Ihavelearnedthatlaughtercanmakeadifferenceinone'slifeandcareer.Today,Iwilldiscusswhatlaughtercandoforyouandhowyoucanuselaughtertoimproveyourchancesofhappinessandsuccess.healthcareIbelieveyoumustbewellinformedaboutChina,snewhealth-carereformplan.However,youmaynotbefullyawareofonepotentialthreattoitssuccess.ThepatternsofdiseaseinChinaoverthepastthreedecadesindicatethatournation,shealth-carereformneedstogobeyondimprovingstandardsofandaccesstocare.Instead,itshouldfocusmoreonthepreventionofsocialdiseasessuchasdiabetes,hypertension,obesity,andenvironmentally-inducedcancers.AhealthscienceclassItooklastsemesterdeepenedmyunderstandingofthecausesandconsequencesofsuchdiseases,whichareoftenextremelycostlytotreat.Thisafternoon,Iv/illtrytoconvinceyouthatpreventingsocialdiseasesisim