GMAT-OG13-语法分析.docx

1.Inareviewof2,000studiesofhumanbehaviorthatdatebacktothe1940s,twoSwisspsychologists,declaringthatsincemostofthestudieshadfailedtocontrolforsuchvariablesassocialclassandfamilysize,none could be taken seriously.(A)psychologistthatsince most of the studies had failed to control for such variables associalclassandfamilysize,(B) psychoIogisHmmthatmostofthestudiesfailedinnotcontrollingforsuchvariableslikesocialclassandfamilysize,and(C) psychologistsdeclaredthatsincemostofthefailedtocontrolforsuchvariablesassocialclassandfamilysize,(D) psychologistsdeclaredthatsincemostofthestudiescontrollingforsocialclassandfamilysize,(E) psychologistsdeclaredthatsincemostofthestudieshadfailedtocontrolforvariablessuchassocialclassandfamilysize,L分词的不正确使用导致句子碎片2 .时态不一致3 .suchlike搭配错误4 .failtodo为正确搭配,failindoing好像没见过,在目前看到过的fail搭配中,只有failtodo和Sthfail两种搭配5 .表示举例用suchas2.ManufacturersratebatteriesinWatt-hours;iftheyratetheWatt-hourhigher,theIOnRerthebatterycanbeexpectedtolast.A)B)0D)Altiftheyratethewatt-hourhigher,thelongerratingthewatt-hourhigher,itisthatmuchlongerthehigherthewatt-hourrating,thelongerthehigherthewatt-hourrating,itisthatmuchlongerthatwhenthewatt-hourratingishigher,thelongeritisasurgeinretailsaleshaveraisedhopesthatthereisarecoveryfinallyunderway,manyeconomistssaythatwithoutalargeamountofspendingtherecoverymightnotlast.(A)(B) (C)MraisedhopesthatthereijarecoveryfinallyhopesthererecoveryfinallyHTaiSedhopesarecoveryfinally(D)(E)hasraisedhopesthatarecoveryisfinallyhopesarecoveryfinally1 .主谓单复数（杀伤力最强），注意倒装形式中的主谓搭配（fromwhichderivesbothAandB,错误,因为AandB,谓语用复数）2 .therebe是一种冗余的结构3 .being出现基本不正确，但有例外4 .raised的过去时用法是正确的，但用现在完成时更好，表示持续到现在5 .过去完成时的用法就不对了，没有过去的时间点。6 .hopeforsthorhopethat.原文更想表达的是“复苏已经开始”的希望，所以不是单单对某种事物的希望。用后一种比较好。这个原理好像就是“事物”事物的变化”这两个概念的区别,很多时候我们要的是“事物在变化”，而不仅仅是“事物”。这个逻辑考察点在GMAT中也比较常考到。Attheendofthe1930s,DukeEllingtonwaslookingforacomposertoassisthimsomeonenotOnlVwhocouldarrangemusicforhissuccessfulbigband,butmirroringhiseccentricwritingstyleaswellinOrdertOfinishthemanypieceshehadstartedbutnevercompleted.(A) someonenotonlywhocouldarrangemusicforhissuccessfulbigband,hiseccentricwritingstyleaswellinordertofinish(B) someonewhocouldnotonlyarrangemusicforhissuccessfulbigband,butalsomirrorhiseccentricwritingstyleinordertofinish(C) someonewhonotonlycouldarrangemusicforhissuccessfulbigband,butalsomirrorhiseccentricwritingstyleinfinishing(D) someonewhocouldnotonlyarrangemusicforhissuccessfulbigband,mirroringhiseccentricwritingstyleforfinishing(E)someonewhocouldarrangemusicforhissuccessfulbigband,mirrorhiseccentricwritingstyleaswell,finishingl.notonly.Butalso.固定搭配，而且是平行的标志词,但要注意题目中究竟是不是需要这个递进关系的连词，还是仅仅需要转折，如果是后者，那么仅仅是not.but.就可以了。2 .todo>fordoing/ofdoing,(杀伤力弱)3 .破折号，一个的时候当逗号；两个的时候当可以把破折号成对的去掉。Ofallthevasttidesofmigrationthathavesweptthroughhistory,maybenoneismoreCOnCentratedasthewavethatbrought12millionimmigrantsontoAmericanshoresinlittlemorethanthreedecades.(A) ismoreconcentrated.(B) itmaybethatnoneismoreconcentrated(C) perhapsitismoreconcentratedthan(D) Imitisnonethatwasmoreconcentratedthan(E) perhapsnonewasmoreconcentratedthan1 .maybe不对(但注意OG上说maybe和perhaps是可以互换的)2 .比较级比用than,as用错3 .时态4.it的代词指代that从句：l.that从句在句中作主语2.that从句在句中作宾语。这里it如果是强调句，明显改变了原句的含义。6.Diabetes,togetherwithitsseriouscomplications,ranksasthenation'sthirdleadin。CaUSeOfdeath,SUrPaSSedOnlVbyheartdiseaseandcancer.ranksasthenation'sthirdleadingcauseofdeathzsurpassedonlyasthenation'sthirdleadingcauseofdeath,surpassedhastherankofthenation'sthirdleadingcauseofdeath,surpassedMthenation'sthirdleadingcausesofdeath,surpassedbeenrankedasthenation'sthirdleadingcausesofdeath,surpassedA)B)QD)a f /!¾ l /(1.diabetes,是单数；而且awithb结构，谓语看a。本句中两个逗号之间的内容如果全部去掉的话也可以得出用Ranks的单数形式。2.only的用法，放在被限定的词语之前。如果放在surpass之前，意思就变成了“仅仅被超过，没有被其他怎么样。”放在heartdisease之前，则说明仅仅只是被heartdisease和CanCer超过,没有被其他的超过，因此。nly的位置不能变。3.这里的SUrPaSSed修饰的是CaUSe,在任何情况下，V-ed都会作为形容词，修饰紧邻名词，作定语。修饰名词，touch-rule,这个和没有逗号的v-ing相似，还记得prep08里compare的那题么，compare可以不修饰前面的名词，7.Theintricatestructureofthecompoundinsecteye,havinghundredsOfminiatureevesCalIedommatidia,helpexplainWhVSCientiStShaveassumedthatitevolvedindependentlyofthevertebrateeye.(A) havinghundredsofminiatureeyescalledommatidia,Hexplainwhyscientistshaveassumedthatit(B) havinghundredsofminiatureeyescalledommatidia,helpsexplainwhyscientistshaveassumedthat1(C) withitshundredsofminiatureeyescalledommatidia,helpsexplainscientists'assumingthat(D) withitshundredsofminiatureeyescalledommatidia,explainscientists'assumingthatit(E) withitshundredsofminiatureeyescalledommatidia,helpsexplainwhyscientistshaveassumedthatit1主谓单复数，常常会在主语之后加很多的修饰语然后来考这个。目的是隔开主谓，放松警惕。2.n+that+beo冗余但是直接用N+that+be就把选项给排除了是有风险的。除非时间来不及，还是应该要努力把其余的选项都过一下。8.3.they指代insecteye不合理InIate1997,thechambersinsidethepyramidofthePharaohMenkaureatGizawereclosedtovisitorsforcleaningandrepairduetomoistureexhaledbytourists,WhiChraiseditshumiditytoSUChIeVeISSOthatSaltfromtheStOneWaSCrVStalliZinHandfunguswasgrowingonthewalls.(A)moistureexhaledbytourists,whichraisedhumiditytosuchlevelsthatsaltfromthestonewascrystallizing(B) moisturethattouristshadexhaled,therebyraisinghumiditytosuchlevelsthatsaltfromthestone_,(C) becausetouristsHmoisture,whichraisedthehumiditywithinthemtolevelssuchthatsaltfromthestoneHcrysta11izemoisturebytouristsraisingthehumiditywithinthemtolevelssohighastomakethesaltfromthestonecrystallize(E) becausemoistureexhaledbytouristshadraisedthehumiditywithinthemtosuchlevelsthatsaltfromthestonewascrystallizingLA,B,D同样犯了一个“事物”和“事物变化”的错误,用了介词(dueto,becauseof),那就是表示“事物”，但是文章所要表达的是“事物变化”，即湿气提高了湿度，使得XXX关闭，而不是湿气使XX关闭。这是经常考的逻辑问题。联系2.its不能指代chambers,看到句子的主语，就要留意单复数的问题。3.such.sothat搭配错误4 .最后不平行5 .这里的so.asto是正确的搭配，表示的是“以至于”的意思，与SoaSto不同(表示的是inorderto)的意思，而且SOaSt。出现即错。6 .Ron关于介词指代歧义的说法：1.应该到最后才用这个规律排除，一般不要考虑，比如这里的them会不会指代tourists2.如果有名词取代代词，那是正确答案出现的标志。In1979lackofrainreducedIndia'sriceproductiontoabout41milliontonsznearly25percentlsthanthoseOfthC1978ha-川b)qd)d/( /lessthanthoseofthe1978harvestlessthanthe1978harvestIessthan1978fewerthan1978fewerthanthatofIndia's1978harvest1 .在几乎所有的tho$e/thatof引导的比较问题，OG的选项前面都会有个与that/thoseof对称的结构来认为that/tho$e是指代noun/nounsof中的noun/nouns2 .fewer修饰可数名词，less修饰不可数名词。Those表示的是可数，that表示的是不可数，所以A,E就自我矛盾了。3 .从语义上,应该比的是PrOdUCtiOn,所以用less,production和harvest的比较10.ThewidelyacceptedbigbangtheoryholdsthattheUniVerSebeganinanexplosiveinstanttentotwentybillionVearSaoandhasbeenexpandingeversince.(A)thattheuniversebeganinanexplosiveinstanttentotwentybillionyearsagoandhasbeenexpanding(B)thatthe universeinan explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago and(C)expandingthat the H has expandedofthe universeanexplosivetento twenty billion years ago(D)(E)beginningoftheuniversetohavebeenanexplosiveinstanttentotwentybillionyearsagothatIexpandinginan explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago and has beenIuniverseexpandingL宾语从句必要加that2 .时态问题一过去完成时没有相应的时间点3 .动词形容词抽象名词动名词从句4 .GMAT中常见的另一种逻辑错误是：什么是什么？比如C中说的beginning是instant,就是不符合逻辑的说法5 .C中把原来平行的句子变成了从属的关系，必错。LketheidolizationaccordedtheBrOnteSandBrownings,JamesJoyceandVirginiaWoolfareoftensubjectedtothekindofvenerationthatblursthedistinctibetweentheartistandthehumanbeing.(A) LiketheidolizationaccordedtheBrontesandBrownings,(B) AstheBrontes1andBrownings'idolization,(C) LikethataccordedtotheBrtesandBrownings,(D) AsitisoftheBrontesandBrownings,(E) LiketheBrontesandBrownings,Like放句首，比较对象一致。Uke后面只跟名词12.CarnivorousmammalscanendurewhatwouldotherwisebelethallevelsofbodyheatbecausetheyhaveaheatexchangenetworkWhiChkeptthebrainfromgettingtoohot.AIsqD)日l.llfl/(1- /( /( UwhichHkeptwhichthatthatkeepshavingkept（havingdone不能做名词的后置定语）2. "Having+pastparticiple"willonlybeanounmodifierwhenthatnounisthesubjectofaclause(不确定，25经科学家)3. havingdone和havingbeendone都不是动名词结构，不能充当名词成分，所以不能做主语或宾语等名词可以充当的成分,也不能做后置定语“havingdone短语中所表达的内容发生在主句动作之前(就像neuroscientist那题)13. Thereareseveralwaystobuildsolidwallsusingjustmudorclayzbutthemostextensivelyusedmethodhasbeentheformineofbricksoutofmudordav.and,aftersomeDreliminarvairdrvineorsundrvinejthevarelaidinthewallinmudmortar.(A) theofbricksoutofmudorclay,and,aftersomepreliminaryairdryingorsundrying,theyarelaid(B) formingthemudorclayintobricks,and,aftersomepreliminaryairdryingorsundrying,tolaythem(C) havingbricksformedfrommudorclay,and,aftersomepreliminarairdryingorsundrying,theywerelaid(D) toformthemudorclayintobricks,and,aftersomepreliminaryairdryingorsundrying,tolaythemIthatwerefromorday,1 .and是最重要要的平行标志词2 .把原句中平行的部分变成了从属，肯定错14. Risinginventories,WhenUnaC8mpaniedCorreSPOndin目。byincreasesinsales,CanIeadtoproductioncutbacksthatwouldhampereconomicgrowth.(A) whenunaccompaniedcorrespondinglybyincreasesinsales,canlead(B) whennotaccompaniedbycorrespondingincreasesinsales,possiblyH(C) whenunaccompaniedbyrrespondingsalesincreases,canlead(D) ifnotaccompaniedbycorrespondinglyincreasedsales,possibly(E) ifnotaccompaniedbyrespondingincreasesinsales,canleadLwhen和if的区别，When用来表示一种确定无疑的结果(当夏天来了，人们会穿短袖)，if则用来表示一种可能性(如果打雷，可能会下雨)。在句子中，我们可以通过两种方法判断是否是一种可能性，是否用了情态动词(这里的can就是表示可能的意思)，所以不能用when,其次用常识，或者语境也可以判断。(F) 谓单复数(G) 从句中的主语和主句的主语一样时，而且从句的谓语动词是be动词时，主语和谓语动词可以一起省略(H) correspondingly相应的，库存的增长，和销量的增长相应。A)sqd)b C / / l 15. ManyexpertsregardedthelargeineaseincreditcardborrowinginMarchnotasasignthathouseholdswerepressedforcashandforcedtoborrow,ratheraSiRnOfConfidenCebyhouseholdsthattheyCoUIdSafelVhandlenewratherasignofconfidencebyhouseholdsthattheycouldsafelyyetasasignofhouseholds'confidencethatitwassafeforthemtobutasignofconfidencebyhouseholdsthattheycouldsafelybutasasignthathouseholdswereconfidenttheycouldsafelybutHasasignthathouseholdswereconfidentintheirabilitytol.not.but.平行结构2.对比AB,C和D,E可以发现又是“事物”和“事物变化”的区别。16.AsurgeinnewhomesalesandadropinweeklyunemploymentclaimsSUggeStthattheeconomymihtnotbeasWeakasSOmeanalystsPreVioUSlythought.(A) claimssuggestthattheeconomymightnotbeasweakassomeanalystspreviouslythought(B) claimsthattheeconomymightnotbesoweakassomeanalystspreviouslythought(C) claimssuggestthattheeconomymightnotbeasweakasMHMpreviouslythoughtbysomeanalysts(D) claims,abcjttheeconomythatitmightnotbesoweakaspreviouslythoughtbysomeanalysts(E) claims,theeconomymightnotbeasweakaspreviouslythoughttobebysomeanalysts1 .主谓单复数2 .时态3 .分词造成的碎片化17.18.Sunspots,vorticesofgasassociatedwithstrongelectromagneticactivity,areViSibIeasdarkSPOtSOntheSUrfaCeOftheSUnbuthaveneverbeensightedOntheSun'spolesorequator.(A) arevisibleasdarkspotsonthesurfaceoftheSunbuthaveneverbeensightedon(B) arevisibleasdarkspotsthatneverhavebeenSightedOnthesurfaceoftheSun(改编句意)(C) appearonthesurfaceoftheSunasdarkspotsneversightedat(D) 叩PearasdarkspotsontheSUrfaCeOftheSUnneverhavingbeensightedatasdarkspotsontheL句子重心不能改变，不管是alth。Ugh也好，WhiCh也好，都把原句的地位给改变了。2.省略如何省？theyhaveneverbeen,不能省，因为只有主语加Be动词的情况下可以将两者同时省略Hhaving使得句子碎片化。而且也没主语WarningthatcomputersintheUnitedStatesarenotsecure,theNationalAcademyofScienceshasurgedthenationtorevampcomputersecurityprocedures,institutenewemergencyresponseteams,CreatingaSPeCialnongovernmentOrganiZatiOntotakechargeofmputersecurityplanning.(A) creatingaspecialnongovernmentorganizationtotake(B) creatingaspecialnongovernmentorganizationthattakes(C) creatingaspecialnongovernmentorganizationfortaking(D) andcreateaspecialnongovernmentorganizationfortaking(E) andcreateaspecialnongovernmentorganizationtotake19. Aioneerjournalist,NellBMSIndUdedrdhgtheglobefasterthanJulesVeme'sfictionalPhileasFogg.(A) Apioneerjournalist,NellieBly'sexploitsincluded(C) NellieBlywasapioneerjournalistincludinginherexploitsthe(D) IncludedinthepioneerjournalistNellieBly'sexploits(E) Thepioneerjournalist'sexploitsofNellieBlyincluded特别注意：在AOfBthat的句子中，that的定语从句修饰A,也可以修饰B,究竟这是不是一个SPIit的点，要视具体情况而定。但是B选项中的同位语说明了同位语也可以修饰三琳心词。Exploit:功绩20. Retailsalesrose0.8of1percentinAugust,intensifyingexpectationsthatPerSOnalSPendin日intheJUlV-SeDtemberquartermorethandoubledthatOfthe1.4percentgrowthrateinpersonalSpendingforthepreviousquarter.(A) thatpersonalspendingintheJuly-Septemberquartermorethandoubledthatof(B) thatpersonalspendingintheJuly-Septemberquarterwouldmorethandouble(C) ofpersonalspendingintheJuly-Septemberquarter,thatitmorethandoubled(D) ofpersonalspendingintheJuly-Septemberquartermorethandoublingthatof(E) ofpersonalspendingintheJuly-Septemberquarter,thatitwouldmorethandoublethatofL看来GMAT总是喜欢选择“事物的变化”2that没有指代对象21. Thecommissionhasdirectedadvertiserstorestricttheuseoftheword"natural"tofoodsthatdonotcontaincolororflavoradditives,chemicalpreservatives,Ornothin/thathasbeensynthesized.(A) ornothingthathasbeen(B) orthathasbeen(C) andnothingthatis(D) oranythingthathasbeen(E) andanything22. PIantSaremoreefficientatacuiriQCarbOnthanarefuM,intheformofcarbondioxide,andconvertingittoenergy-richsugars.(A)Plantsaremoreefficientatacquiringcarbonthanarefungi,PlantsaremoreefficientatacquiringcarbonthanfungizPlantsaremoreefficientthanfungiatacquiringcarbonzPlants,moreefficientthanfungiatacquiringcarbon,Plantsacquirecarbonmoreefficientlythanfungi,23.24.A)QD)a< / / fTheIroquoiswereprimarilyplanters,butsupplementingtheircultivationofmaize,squash,andbeanswithfishingandhunting.butsupplementingandsupplementedandtheysupplementedalthoughtheysupplementedbutwithsupplementing1. but是连词，必须连接句子，A,E中没有谓语动词，导致句子碎片，如果第二部分要成为修饰成分，那么应该把but去掉、2. eventhough是分句，不能在没有主句的情况下出现。ASCOntraStedWiththehoneybee,theyellowjacketcanstingrepeatedlywithoutdyingandcarriesapotentvenomthatcancauseintensepain.(A)Ascontrastedwiththehoneybee,(B)Incontrasttothehoneybee(C) UnIikejHMpiofthehoneybee,(D) UnIiIJthehoneybee,(E) Unlikethehoneybee,2.like后面只能跟名词,但不能放在句尾，会出现歧义1. ascontrastwith搭配错误，应该是incontrastto/WITHNeuroscientists,havingamassedaWeaIthOfknowledgeOVerthePaSttwentyyearsaboutthebrainandtsdevelopmentfrombirthtoadulthood,arnowdrawingsolidconclusionsabouthowthehuman)raingrowsandhowbabiesacquirelanguage.A)Neuroscientists,havingamassedawealthofknowledgeoverthepasttwentyyearsaboutthebrainanditsdevelopmentfrombirthtoadulthood,arefrombirthtoadulthoodoverthepasttwentyyearsandareNeUrOSCi嬴花(D) Neuroscientistshaveamassedawealthofknowledgeoverthepasttwentyyearsaboutthebrainanditsdevelopmentfrombirthtoadulthood,(E) Neuroscientistshaveamassed,overthepasttwentyyears,awealthofknowledgeaboutthebrainanditsdevelopmentfrombirthtoadulthood,D.句子的语法地位发生了改变(但这个不能当做绝对的排除依据，写信的那道题目就没有忠实原来的语法地位)Ron关于"，ing”的说法：首先，itshouldapplymostnearlytothesubjectoftheprecedingclause其次，itshouldhaveoneofthefollowingRELATIONSHIPStothatclause:* immediateconsequence(必定的结果)