SCM英文文献.docx

Industria1.Marketing322003)365374StrategiccostmanagementacrossboundariesoffirmsAnnaDubois*DeponiientotIndustrie!UHrkcting,Che1.nereUnNgra1.1.jr<f<*chnoky.Co1.MnbUrg$-41296SvkAbx1.rac1.Inrecentyears.incrco&inKattentionhasbeenP1.ACQdghn%urchasi11strategiesmycontributetotheefficiencyoffirm.Inthispaper,acasestudyi1.1.ustrateshovonefirnirp1.mentcdasupp1.ierbasereductiontoenab1.e0hichinvo1.verentStratccyinre1.ationtoappointedkey5kp1.iers.Theeffectsofthischa11cinpurrbasingstratwneroextensivecostrationa1.iMitis.Theruinchanceinthisproccssvasaredefinition>theunitof门Eindividua1.Inittsasc1.iixisIoby<r-33P1.ierrv1.a1.ionshipv.H>*cvcr.IheCgIXinthere1.etiohfperedrivennoton1.ybyInterna1.factorsontMtv8deg<fthereU1.ionehipbutH1.SObyhmthef<c1.re1.ationshipro1.tetoothern*Ia1.iiMihiptf.11wrcf>rc.Ihein*t1.cthec<»»1.eareaec1.edbyotherpartietc.5thasthesupp1.ier's5uppiier.thesupp1.ier*»othercu5tters.thecust<wr,sothersupp1.iers,andthecustoncr,SCUS1.oaor$,needtobeinc1.udedintheana1.ysis.D2003E1.sevierScienceInc.A1.1.rightsreserved.KCrv<rds:Purchisine:MRO：T<tn1.cost1. IntroductionThesupp1.ysideofC(WanieShusbecomeincreasing1.yiOipor1.antoverthe1.astfc?wrdccadex.(MereasonisthattheCOis1.sofpurchiiscdg×dsandservicesrepresentthenajorityoftota1.co!t1.!cfor11xtc。II1.Xinies.ThishighsIuireisattributab1.etothea11btionofcompaniestoconcentraten<>rcftheireffortsonnIi1.1.i1.edpartofthetota1.activitystructureofthebusinessnetworksinwhichtheyareinvo1.ved.Byoutsourcingactivities10supp1.iers,finisThischargeha&beenAccentuatedbocuscofincQinSginthnu11berofdifferenttechno1.ogiesac<xpanynowneedsordertobeab1.eUiOfKTmIeandbeenuxec»fthehighcOfdeve1.opingeachsubmequen1.generatinoftechno1.ogy,panicstodayaredependentonknew1.edgedeve1.opedamsupp1.iedbyotherfirms.«Te1.：W31T%1%fax：*46-31-772-33.areab1.etospecia1.isetheirOWnoperotions.Itisnoton1.ytheincreasingfinancia1.impactth«tmkestheripp1.ysidesignificant.Anotherrmreiffortantreoso<isthechangingnatureofthecontentofbuyer-supp1.ierexchange.Overtime,ouisourcingofnanufacturingactivitieshasbeenfo1.1.owedbyoutsourcingofdesignanddeve1.<e<Hwork.Ioanincreasingextent,supp1.iersarecontributingtoIhgt«chni1.deve1.opmentofacinny.E*-ui1.address：<A.Ihibois).Athirdreasonforwhichthesupp1.ysidehascomeHoreintofocusistheenhancedsignificanceofinterfaceswithotherfirms(Araujo,Dubois,&Gadde.1999).Interfaceswithsupp1.iersarecrucia1.noton1.ywhenitconestotechnica1.deve1.opncnt.but11anae11>entconceptsandtechniquessuchasjust-in-time(JIT).tota1.qua1.itymanagement(TQW).and*4zero-defectprincip1.e*a1.sohnvesubstantia1.iapactsonthew<yfi11u;operate.App1.yingthesetechniquesrequirestheactiveinvo1.vementofsupp1.iersandaffectsthecostsandbenefitsofbothbuyerandsupp1.ier.Theenhancedsignificanceofthesupp1.ysidehaswidepurchasingastrategicfunction.ThecontributionsfronpurchasingtothestrategicdeveIopeientofacompbes11mttrisedinIwostrategicro1.es:ra1.ioa1.isaanddeveIopoicnt(Axe1.sson&Ifcrkiinsso11.1981).Thedeopentro1.econcernsthepurchasingfunction*scontributiontothetechnica1.deve1.opmentofthefirmthroughorganisingandmanagingre1.ationshipswithsupp1.iers.Asregtherationa1.isationro1.e.Gadde.H<kansson(2000distirguishthreenaintypesofro1.es.Thefirstisre1.discoveringBhdtneedstobepurchased.TheSCeon1.re1.atedtorationa1.isationof1.ogisticsactivitiethethirdtorationa1.isationofadministrativeroutines.cenab1.ethepurchasingfundionIdcontribute?toIro1.es,purchasingstrategiesareneeded.AccordinGaddeandItaekansson(2001).threestrategicissuesnebe0019-8501/03/$-咏from<tcr1.>2003E1.vierScienwInc.A1.1.rfghxgx*erved.doi：10.1.O16.,S0O19-8SO1103)O001.1.>-5considered：(1)wakeorbuydecisions.(2)supp1.ystructure,andnatureofcustomer-supp1.ierre1.ationships.Inthispiipcr,weconcentrateontherationa1.isationro1.eandhovitaffectsandisaffectedbythesupp1.ybasestructureandthenatureofbuyer-supp1.ierre1.ationships.IheaimofIbepaperIhUStodixcusxb("thepurchasingXtratcgynayco1.ributctotherationa1.ixa1.i<nro1.eofpur-ch212cing.Inparticu1.ar,itfcu*c(onhimChanaSIawsirdxhigher1.eve1.sofinvo1.ve<rntinbuyer-supp1.ierre1.ationships.inpara1.1.e1.toeffortstoreducethenumberofSUPP1.icrs.nayifac1.<xthesupp1.ierx*abi1.ityIdcontribute1.0costrationa1.isations.Thefirstper1.Urthe%pvrfocusesonpurchasingstra1.cesandb(>vtheyareaxuned1.ocontributetoIhcefficiwcyOfthefirn.hcreatcr.costm1.i<>rm1.is1.i<xthr<ghsupp1.ierre1.a1.ionxhipxisdiscussedandMain1.efinnccRepairandOperations(MRO)supp1.iesareintroducedasaparticu1.ar1.yc<x1.icatcdpurchasingareawheretherearetypica1.1.y1.argeratixnIiationpotentia1.s.Acasedee1.ingwithMR(>purchasingispresentedinSection3andana1.ysedinSectiont.Thereafter,theconc1.udingdiscussionfocusesOnbovendvhystrategicsfocusednhighinva1.vcnen1.withi'e*supp1.iersmandshou1.dbesuccessfu1.1.ypursued.Fir½11y.scmMnajwriidip1.1.entionxareaddrexxedfacussing×Ihc4tota1.costconcept,andtheprob1.ensandpotentia1.sOfiIjCapp1.ication.2. PurchasingstrategiesIbercarcdifferentdimenxionsinwhichPUrChi1.Sir怯Straugiesaredescribed.Therearea1.sodifferentsuggestionsasVbentoapp1.ydifferentStrategios.i.e.ho*todistinguisha>ngsituationstheycancontributetotheefficiencyofthefirn.Nefocusontwosuchdi>ensions:thedecreeofinvo1.vene<Hinindividua1.supp1.ierre1.ationshipsandthenv11herofSUpP1.ierS(GiWideK1.h*knnssc.2001：Gadrf<?&Snehota.2000).GaddeandSnehotaproposeinvo1.venentnsaconcepttodescribetheextentofintegrationinre1.ationships.Assuch,itisusefu1.10distinguishthreedintensionsofinvo1.vene<Hthataffectoutco>esinsupp1.ierre1.ationships：coordinationof<*ctivUies.KdnPU1.tiOnSofresources,andinteractionanongindividua1.s.Recoauendationsforapp1.yingastrategybasedon1invo1.venentwithWnPP1.iorSart>basedontheassu11pti!interna1.orindirectpurchasingcostscanbekeptIcnthereare1.imitedcoordination,adaptation,andinteractionwithindivi<iun1.supp1.iers.Furthcmnrc.theprice,C1.directpwrehasincost,isasswiedtobeIoW“hense«supp1.icrsarcp1.ayedoff11gninstoneanother(GaddrI1.a*kansson,2001).Strategiesbasedonhighi11voh(wnt.<theotherareassunedtoresu1.tin14costbenefitsintreducedcostsinr<x1.uctionprocessesandrteria1.f1.owsas1Igrovedservice1.eve1.sandf1.exibi1.ity.Furthernorepossib1.efrtheCUStatWr1.o1.akeadvarIiigeofupp1.ski1.1.sandcapabiIi1.ie1.<ix>veIhequa1.ityfits<vnpin11dservices,which,inturn,hasrevenuebe11cf(Gadde&I1.a*kansson.2001.p.139).Thesegains,however,cannotbeattainedwithoutsubstantia1.coordination,adaptation,andinteraction.entai1.ingcosts.Hence,purchasingstrategiesbasedonIowandhighinvo1.vement,respective1.y,areassumedtocontributeindifferentwaystotheefficiencyofthebuyingfirn.MeetcurrentIxnCha$1睢ne<111.iteraturesuggestsamixtureof1.owandhighinvo1.vetentstrategiesinre1.ationtosupp1.iers.Variouspurchasingportfo1.ionodeIs(e.g.,Ben-SaOu.1999；Kra1.jic.1983；O1.sen&EHran.1997)suggestdifferentiatedpurchasingbehaviourfordifferentcategoriesofproductsandpurchasingsituations.1.owinvo1.venent.orarn,s-1.engthre1.ationships,issuggestedwhenthefirn,spowerorbargainingpositionpermitsthentouseapricepressurestrategy,whi1.ehighinvo1.vement,andthussonesortof''partnership.',issuggestedwheninterdependenceonindividua1.supp1.ierscannotbeavoided(Dubois&Pedersen.2002).Therearetypica1.1.ytwodimensionsthatdeterminethechoiceofstrategyforeachproductorpurchasingsituation：(1)'4theimportanceofpurchasing''and(2)'4thecomp1.exityofthesupp1.ymarket*'(Kra1.jic,1983).Ifth<?Ixiyorcannotavoidd<?p(?fidcnccon<pirticu1.nrsupp1.ier»theportfo1.iomode1.stypica1.1.yadvisepartnership.wherethebuyerandsupp1.ierbecomemutua1.1.ydependent.Hence,highinvo1.vementre1.ationshipsof4partnerships*'withsupp1.iersaresuggestedasIBeanSofdea1.ingCBIP1.eXPUrChiISingsituation.However,asitentareciproca1.dependencebetweenthebuyerandthesupp1.i4partnerships*'aremain1.yseenasProbIR1.iatthussituationsthatshou1.dbeavoidedifpossib1.e.henuntwrofsupp1.iersisofi11orunceinbothpurchasingstrategiesbutfordifferentreasonsadifferentways.Highi11voIvenentisconmon1.yassociatedsing1.esourcingpo1.icyand1.owinvo1.vementwithdmu1.tip1.esourcing(Gadde&Snehota.2000).WhenPastrategybasedon1.owinvo1.vement,<nu11berofingsupp1.iersisnecessaryinordertoachieveth1.owestpossib1.epriceforeachpurchase.However,sincearecostsassociatedwith*'p1.ayingthemarket*Kin.&Kin.1986).thenunbcrofsupp1.iersused,ortendrequired,hastobeba1.ancedagainstthepotentiainobtaininga1.owprice.Whenahighinvo1.venentstrategy-isprscd.thenurofsupp1.iersisofimportancesinp1.ybecauseitipossib1.eforafirmtocooperatec1.ose1.ywitht11anysupTherefore,sing1.esourcingisoftensuggestedasofreducingthesupp1.ierbaseiindtherebyofenab1.inc1.osercooperationwiththeremainingSUPPIiGrSGadde&Ha*kaa:-son,2001).However,formosti<nfacturi11gfirmsvarietyintheirpurchasingneedsinp1.iesthatthnumberofsupp1.ierswou1.dremain1.argeevenifthcentratedononesupp1.ierperproduct.Inthisreitisnota1.waysobviousexact1.yhatistobepureThisisparticu1.ar1.yprob1.ematicbecausemostexistingn»purchasingarebasedonspecifiedpurchasingneedwhicharethusconsideredtobe4*givens*,.Monczkaandarguethattherecases.costs.toIcmvrPUrCh1.individua1.indirectcosts3. Costrationa1.isationthroughsupp1.ierre1.ationshipsFormostcompanies,thecostsofpurchasedgoodsandserviceshaveconetoaccountforthenaJorityofIOta1.costs.ThePrinarydrivinforceofthisdeve1.o<ntistheincreasing*re1.ianceonoutsourcing,mkin:efficientpurchasingactivitiescrucin1.tothefinancia1.perforwnceofcfxanies.Therefore.Morgan(2000)11ustbean4,abso1.ute1.inkageofsourcing,purchasing,andthesupp1.ychain-tthefinanciii)p1.ax'andthustoIhcfinancia1.OUtccoeoftheGpera1.ionsfthefirn.Theauth<>r!1.ionIoc<>1.监emtix1.hcncs1.iro11antfactorforthefutureofpurchasingandsupp1.ynamnent.Iheya1.sorefcrtonunenxixexamp1.eswhen?c0tm231.H*ebvenab1.eIoreducepuvvhu!tingixs1.s.InmsttheseeffortshaveconcerneddirectpurchasingBechte1.hPatterson.1997:1.eSueur&Da1.e.1<>98.Anu11bcrofcapaniosreportconsiderab1.eactivitiesiingtheirMK11PUrChnSeS11nreefficient(see.forOXXPurchasing.2001a.b,candd),Oneexamp1.eofwhtobeaconiontendencyisNROpurchasingatBoeing,*hit<4innovingfrcnnonss1.ra1.egic.ndHdc.<!ccen1.purchasingactivitytoaworestrategicandvirtua1.1.：ce111.m1.-iscdPUrChdSingpractice*'(Purchasing.200IdAccordingtoBechte1.andPatterson(1997),P1.ofMRoitenswereprevi<j1.ybasedAtric1.1.yonobtaininbestprice.Hence,buyingfirnstriedc1.xbyI'dcusingandirectcosts;fartransactions.Wheni1.bccanec1.ewrthatsubstantia1.pnythispurchasingorientation,firmsbegantowk!in1.cmn1.raIitMui1.ixationsDfthesepurchzi5ex.In×r'thehugeHnOantofpaperworkgeneratedappearstoha«be<?nconsideredaprob1.emByintroducingbInnkcI011andsystencontractingthepaperf1.owcou1.dbeConsidcJTih1.y.Inthisway.thebuyingfirns11mdittoreducethetimespentonthesepurchases(Be<hte1.Patterson.1997).furtherimprovementofintopursuchasPriCtransportationcosts,etc.Ikwever.SOaCti1.1.05.theIndiructcostsassociatedwithpurchasing：(¢.,costsofvarebousin.adninistrationofpaperwork,andsupp1.ierhand1.ingcosts)representgreaterpotentiniforrationa1.IsatioiuTheprobIcnisthatthesecostsnrct>redifficu1.ttoaffectbecausemstofthencanbetack1.edon1.ythroughjointeffortswithxupp1.icrs.Consequent1.y,oftenneg1.ected,andMOnCZkaandWIrganconc1.ude：theseCD*c1.xarc(2000.p.55)And1.regard1.essofa1.1.U1.kaboutstrategiccostImnagCsent,a>s1.CixipanieiSare<x1.ya1.the1.ipoftheicebergintcui!Jofac1.1.practices-inIentecOr1.ookingatwherecostsreside,100kingatcostdrivers,bui1.dingcross-enterprisetrntegiecandj«harc1.heresu1.ts.A1.1.oftheseprac1.ic<2caregoingtoneedtoberefined.Crcecx-enterprisecostis.andwi1.1.incrcAsing1.ybe.critica1.toafirst，£8HICCe5S.I1.hiixbeenarguedthatpurchasingofMROiIcftisis<xeoftheareaswhereewtio<storeducecostsacrossfin»bound-.iiisaremostevidentsee.forexapIeeAverya1997；chasingroutinesvasI1.ndeDhenpurchasingcardswereintroduced.Usingthesecardsneantsignificantadministrativeprocessingsavings,sincepurchasingrequisitionsandpurchaseorderscou1.dbee1.iminated.I1.ovcv¢r.interna1.effortstoreducecostwhi1.eIMiintaininea1.argenumberofSUPP1.ierScanOn1.ytakethefirmtoacertainpointafterwhichtherearenoadditiona1.costrationa1.isationstobeobtainedin-house.Therefore,companiessee«tobeabndoni11gthisphi1.osophy,favouringconso1.idiitiontoferersupp1.iers(Gadde&IkJkansson.2001).Therearesevera1.exaap1.esreportedwheresupp1.ierbasereductionsandcentra1.isationofthepurchasingfunctionhavegonehandinhand.ForCXftnP1.e.before1997.eachofWhir1.poo1.*SmanufacturingdivisionspurchasedtheMROite11stheyused.Whi1.etherewasCcxnnona1.itybothamongitemspurchasedbydifferentdivisionsandthesupp1.ierstheywereusing,therewasnocentra1.functionto1.everagebuying.In1997.Whir1.poo1.createdacentra1.isedpurchasingorgci11isii-tionforMROandotherindirect11tteria1.s.FO1.IOWingthisreorganisation.Whir1.poo1.hasconso1.idateditsspendingwithnationa1.andregiona1.supp1.iers.Thenewpurchasingorganisationhasproventobeab1.etoputgdeffectiveagreementsinp1.acewithsupp1.iers.Accordingtothepurchasingdirector.'4re1.ationshipswiththerightsupp1.iersCanhe1.pWhir1.poo1.minimiseitsrisk,becompetitive,u11dsetnewexpectationsforperfor11wnce*'(PurchdsiriRt2002b).SonyE1.ectronicsinPittsburgha1.soreportssavingsfrpurchasingrationa1.isationprograms.ThenainactintheSonyprogramconcerncentra1.isationandconso1.idationtofA,crsupp1.iers.ThebenefiIsoftheprog11warec<>with1.everai11gofbuyingaswe1.1.aswithdeve1.oc>coanonstandardsHndservicerequirenents(Purch2002),Fur1.henTMjretJohnDeerenownpp1.iesaforstrategicsourcingprocesstoitsMROpurchasing(Purchasing.2001.a).Thefirststepinthisprocesswastse1.ectasupp1.ierforeachco(11noditygroup.Thesesupp1.ierchosenonthebasisoftheirabi1.itytoprovideatheDeerep1.antsinNorthAaericawithfu1.1.services.Tobetoa：t.insignificantimproveentsinserviceandtesupporttothep1.unts.1.>eererea1.isedtheyhadtothesupp1.ierbase.Furtheriiore.itW迪Snccess<rytoathedifferentbusinessunitsservedthattheSUPP1.ierse1.ectedWOUIdbede1.iveringtheequiva1.ent,ifnotbetterservicethanprevioussupp1.iershadbeenproviding.Theseex<mi11.ustratehowMROpurchasinghasbeeni三provedb-reducingthenumberofsupp1.iersandbydeve1.opininvo1.vef1.entre1.ationshipswithse1.ectedsupp1.iersInswinery,thereviewofMROpurchasingpracticeShenrSthatreductionofthesupp1.ierbaseisaCoinredientineffortstoreducecosts,sincetheofsupp1.iersisconsideredacostdriver.ReducingtSUPP1ierbaseisthusapotentia1.too1.forimprovingperfThecasepresentedinthenextsectioni1.1.ustrateshoana1.ysingitspurchasingcosts,onefirmiWp1.anentedasupp1.ierbasereductiontoenab1.eahighinvo1.vementS1.ra1.re1.ationtoappointedkeysupp1.iers.4. ThecasestudyThecasestudywasconductedincooperationwitha8ub8idiar>ofa1.arge11u1.tinationa1.cxpanyandspecifica1.1.yinvo1.veda1.oc1.serviceunit(1.SI).Ihe1.SVprovidesfivebusinessunits(B1.)1.ocatedthe