《2023年全球集装箱港口绩效指数》.docx

Wor1.dbankgroupMrketInTRANSPORTG1.OBA1.PRACTICETheContainerPortPERFORMANCEINDEX2023ACOMPARAB1.EASSESSMENTOFPERFORMANCEBASEDONVESSE1.TIMEINPORT©2022Internationa)BankforReconstructionandDeve1.opment/Internationa1.Deve1.opmentAssociationorTheWor1.dBank1818HStreetNWWashington,DC20433Te1.ephone:Internet:WwMWoddbankorgThisworkisaproductofthestaffofTheWor1.dBank,togetherwithexterna1.ntribut>onsfromS&PG1.oba1.MarketInte1.1.igence.Thefindings,interpretations,andconc1.usionsexpressedinthisworkdorxnecessari1.yref1.ecttheviewsofTheWor1.dBank,itsBoardofExecutiveDirectors,orthegovernmentstheyrepresent.TheWor1.dBankdoesnotguaranteetheaccuracyofthedatainc1.udedinthiswork.Theboundaries,co1.ors,denominations,andotherinformationshownonanymapinthisworkdonotimp1.yanyjudgmentonthepartofTheWor1.dBankconcerningtbe1.ega1.statusofanyterritoryortheendorsementoracceptanceofsuchboundaries.Nothinghereinsha1.1.constituteorbeconsideredtobea1.imitationuponorwaiveroftheprivi1.egesandimmunitiesofTheWor1.dBank,a1.1.ofwhicharespecifica1.1.yreserved.RightsandPermissionsThisworkisavai1.ab1.eundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution3.0IGO1.icense(CCBY3.0IGO)http7creativecommos.org-1.icess.'by.'3.0.igo.+UndertheCreatrveCommonsAtKi1.xj1.ion1.icense,youarefreetocopy,drstribut,transmrt.andadaptthiswork,idudingIorcommercia1.purposes,underthefo1.1.owingndtions:AttributionP1.easecitetheworkasfotows:TheWor1.dBank.2024.*TbeContainerPortPerformanceIndex2023：AComparabteAssessmentofPedonnancebasedonVesse1.TimeinPOrt(Fine)JWortdBank.Washington.DC.1.icense:CreativeCommonsAttritxjtionCCBY30IGO.Trans1.ations-Ifyoucreateatrans1.ationofthiswork,p1.easeaddthefo1.1.owingdisc1.aimera1.ongwiththeattribution:Thistrans1.ationwasnotcreatedbyTheWor1.dBankandshou1.dnotbensidredanofficia1.Wor1.dBanktrans1.ation.TheWor1.dBanksha1.1.notbe1.iab1.eforanycontentorerrorinthistrans1.ation.Adaptations-Ifyoucreateanadaptationofthiswork,p1.easeaddthefo1.1.owingdisc1.aimera1.ongwiththeattribution:Thisisanadaptationofanorigina1.workbyTheWor1.dBank.ViewsandOPink)nsexpressedintheadaptationaretheso1.eresponsibi1.ityoftheauthororauthorsoftheadap<at>andareno<endorsedbyTheWor1.dBank.Third-partycontentTheWor1.dBankdoesnotnecessari1.yowneachcomponentofthecontentcontainedwithinthework.TbeWor1.dBank,therefore,doesnotwarrantthattheuseofanythirdparty-ponentrpartcontainedintheworkwi1.1.notinfringeontherightsofthosethirdparties.Theriskofc1.aimsresu1.tingfromsuchinfringementrestsso1.e1.ywithyou.Ifyouwishtoreuseacomponentofthework,itisyourresponsibi1.itytodeterminewhetherpermissionisneededforthatreuseandtoobtainpermissionfromthepyrightowner.Examp1.esofcomponentscaninc1.ude,butarenot1.imitedto,tab1.es,figures,orimages.A1.1.queriesonrightsand1.icensesshou1.dbeaddressedtoWor1.dBankPub1.ications.TheWor1.dBankGroup,1818HStreetNW.Washington.DC20433.USA;fax:;e-mai1.:pubrights(g>wor1dbank.org.TRANSPORTG1.OBA1.PRACTICETheContainerPortPerformanceIndex2023AComparab1.eAssessmentofPerformancebasedonVesse1.TimeinPortWOR1.DBANKGROUPSiftPGInhaIMarketInte1.1.igenceab1.eofcontentsAcknow1.edgementsiiiAbbroviatiosodAcrowyiTistvG1.ossaryVForeword一-”“”V1.Executivesummary11.Introduction9ZThePortPerformanceProgram.13Introduction13ThePortPerformanceProgram14Th©AutomaticIdentificationSystemandPortZo6ng14TbeAnatomyo1.aPcxtCa1.1.15Overa1.1.PortTneDistribution17TheSgIiCanCeofCai1.Size201TbeApproachandMethodo1.ogy25TheStructureOfIhCData25ConstnictingtheIndex:TheAdministra1.iyeApproach29WhyIsMatrixFactorizationUsefu1.?34TheSiatisbca1.Methodoiogy35Borda-TypeApproachtorIndexAgQreOatiOn354TheContainerPortPadOnnanCeIndox202338Irtroductsoa38TheCPPI2023.38RankingbyRegQn40RankingbyThroughput485.CondusionsandNextSteps.-.55AppendixA:TbeCPPI202356iTab1.eofcomtentsTab1.esTab1.eE1TheCPPI2023:G1.oba1.RankingofContainerPorts2Table 2.1 AverageArriva1.TimeDeve1.opmentperRegionandShipSize.2022-202319Table 2.2 AvcragoArriva1.TimePerformanceperShipSizeRangeperRegion20Tab1.e3.1PortCa1.1.sDistribution27Tab1.e32ShipSizeGroupDefinitions.一一.-27Tab43*3*Ce1.1.Szotivrty2dTable 3.4 -QuantityofPortsInc1.udedperShipSizeGroup29Table 3.5 AnExamp1.eofImputingMissingVa1.ues130Table 3.6 PortHoursPerformanceAppraisa1.31Table 3.7 -AssumptionstoDetermineaFue1.ConsumptionIndox32Table 3.8 Samp1.ePortProduaivityDataStructurebyShipSize-34Table 3.9 Samp1.eI1.1.ustrationof1.atentFactors-34Table 3.10 -AnExamp1.eofAggregatedRankingsforFourPortswithRandom1.yGeneratedTable 4.1 TheCPPI2023.”“XX39Table 4.2 TheCPPIbyRegion:NorthAmerica41Table 4.3 TheCPPIbyRegion:Centra1.America.SouthAmerica,andtheCaribbeanRegiOn41Table 4.4 TheCPPIbyRegion:West,Centra1.,andSouthAsia(SaudiArabiatoBang1.adesh)43Table 4.5 TheCPPIbyRegion:EastAsia(MyanmartoJaPan)44Table 4.6 TheCPPIbyRegion:Oceania(Austra1.ia.NewZea1.and,andthePacificIs1.ands)45Tobi©4.7ThCPPIbyRqioii:S4*ShraAffice45Tab1.e48TheCPPIbyRegion:EuropeandNorthAfricaXX”46Table 4.9 TheCPPIbyThroughput:1.argePorts(Morethan4mi1.1.ionTEUsperYear)49Table 4.10 Th©CPRbyThroughput:MediUmPorts(between0.5mi1.1.ionand4mi1.1.ionTEUsperYear),49Table 4.11 TheCPPIbyThroughput:Sma1.1.Ports(1.essthan0.5mi1.1.ionTEUsperYear)52Tab1.eA.1AggregatedRankingsUsingBordMypeApproach56Tab1.eA_2-TheCPPI2023(theAdministrativeApproach)6172Tab1.eA,3TheCPPI2023(theStatistica1.Approach).FiguresFigure 2.1 TheAnatomyofaPortCa1.1.16Figure 2.2 In-PortTim©Consumption17Figure 2.3 G1.oba1.AverageArriva1.TimeDeve1.opment2022-202318Figure 2.4 TheAggregatedCorre1.ationbetweenShipandCa1.1.SUe121Figure 2.5 ContainerMovesPerformedpergrossCraneHouracrossVariousShipSizes22Figure 2.6 GrossCraneProductivitybyCai1.Size.“22Figure 2.7 CraneProductivitybyCranoIntensity.23Figure 2.8 Ca1.1.SizeversusCraneIntensity23Figure 2.9 AverageMovesperCrane24FigureX1ThoStructureoftheCPP1.26.28Figure3.2PercentageofPortCa1.1.sperShipSizeGroup2023AbbreviationsandAcronymsAtSAutomaticIdentificationSystemC1.CraneIntensityCOVID-19CoronavirusDisease2019CPPIConiainerPortPerformanceIndexEEZExc1.usiveEconomicZoneFAFactorAna1.ysisGCIG1.oba1.CompetitivenessIndexGCMPHMovesperGrossCraneHourGDPGrossDomesticProductGRTGrossRegisteredTonnageITUIntGrnabonaITe1.ecommunicationUron1.1.DC1.andkJCkedDeve1.opingCountry1.PI1.ogisticsPerformanceIndexSIDSSma1.1.Is1.andDeve1.opingStatesTEUTwenty1.ootEquiva1.entUnitUNCTADUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDeve1.opmentA1.1.shipsofnettonnageofat1.east300grossregistertonnage(GRT)performinginternationa1.voyages,a1.1.cargosipsofat1.east500GRTnotperforminginternationa1.voyages,anda1.1.passengerships,regard1.essofsize,shou1.dbeequippedwithAIS.Thisa1.1.owsvesse1.stoautomatica1.1.ytransferdataandap1.ethoraofnavigationa1.andidentificationinformationtoothernearbyshipsandre1.evantportauthoritiesintheformofstructuredmessages.3Thetechnica1.requirementsforAISarespecifiedbytheInternationa1.Te1.ecommuncationUnion(ITU)RecommendationITURM.13715(O22O14),4Formaritimedomainawarenessandsafetypurposes,theuseof116ous24/7.near-rea1.-timeon1.ineA1.Sdatamakesitpossib1.etomonitorareas,vesse1.s,androutes:generateshore-baseda1.erts;andprovideusefu1.positiona1.andnavigationa1.informationingenera1.(IA1.A2005).Sate1.1.ite-basedAISreceiversoffercoverageoutsidethe1.and-basedantennas'rangebycoveringthewho1.eg1.obefrompo1.etopo1.e.Sate1.1.iteAIScoveragecanextendtotheentireexc1.usiveeconomiczone(EEZ)org1.oba1.1.y,inc1.udingremotecoasta1.areas(IA1.A2016).Inthecaseofports1,theusageofzones'he1.psInrecordingavesse1.snavigationa1.statusandpositioning.AISzonesofferdifferentindicatorsactivatedautomatica1.1.ybythevesse1.ssigna1.reportingitsposition.Everyporthasat1.eastonezonecreatedinawaythatcapturesthearriva1.sandsai1.ingsofvesse1.satcargo-hand1.ingfaci1.itiesbutavoidsspuriousreponsbeingrecordedfrompassingtraffic.Whereasubjectportisgeographica1.1.yspreadoutwithtermina1.s1.ocatedremote1.y,itisIikefythattherewi1.1.bemorethanonezone,witha1.1.zones1.inkedbyastandardportidentificationnumber.Portsthatstradd1.eariveroranothersimi1.arbodyofwaterwi1.1.oftenhavezonesa1.ongopposingshore1.ineswithatrackseparatingthem,thusavoidingthecaptureofAISreportsfromtrafficnavigatingthroughafairwayorchanne1.Onceagain,theindividua1.zoneswi1.1.be1.inkedtotheircommonportusingtheport'suniqueidentificationnumber.Zonesa1.socoveranchoragestorecordvesse1.sarrivingataportbutawaitingauthoritytoenter,orvesse1.s1.aidupawaitingorders.Additiona1.zonesverthearriva1.ofvesse1.satrepairyardsorthosenavigating1.ocks.Anchoragezonesmaybecreatedonanadhocbasis.Nota1.1.portshaveanchorageareasandamongthosethatdo.nota1.1.areshowninnautica1.charts.Wheneverpossib1.e,S&PG1.oba1.usesitsowntrackingandobservationtoo1.stodeterminewerevesse1.sanchorandCreatezonesaccording1.y.Eachanchoragezoneis1.inkedtothere1.evantportusingthesubjectport'suniqueidentificationnumber.AISsgenera1.1.yre1.iab1.e,butita1.sohas1.imitationsthatcanimpactthetransmissionandqua1.ityofthedatacaptured.Somefactorsthatmayaffectthesigna1.coukjbetheAIStransponderbeingturnedoffde1.iberate1.y,prob1.ematicreception,hightrafficdensityareas,weathernditions.oranoma1.ouspositions.TheAnatomyofaPortCa1.1.Everycontainershipportca1.1.canbebrokendownintosixdistinctsteps.Theseiriridua1.stepsarei1.1.ustratedinFigure2.1.'Tota1.porthours'isdefinedasthetota1.timee1.apsedbetweenwhenashipreachesaport(eitherport1.imits,pi1.otstation,oranchoragezone,whichevereventoccursfirst)towhenitdepartsfromtheberthafterhavingcompeteditscargoexchange.Thetimespentfromberthdeparture(A1.1.1.inesUp)tothedeparturefromtheport1.imitsisexc1.uded.Thisisbecauseanyportper1ornance1.ossthatpertainstodeparturede1.ays,suchaspi1.otortugavai1.abi1.ity,readinessofthemooringgang,channe1.accessandwaterdepths,forecastingcomp1.etiontime,communication,andshipreadinesswi1.1.beincurredwhi1.etheshipissti1.1.a1.ongsidetheberth.Additiona1.tmoresu1.tingfromthesecauseswi1.1.,therefore,becapturedduringtheperiodbetween4.1.ast1.iftand5.A1.1.1.inesUp(terthdeparture).FIGURE2.1TheAnatomyofaPortCa1.1.c2.tugs&p<1.<rtPointsofactivityAn1.VJ1.AtAochorW*n<JWaR>>gTimeM<09e(erth.ChennW,P>1.o<EC)Ei1.tRr1.UmteSource:Ongnah»ureproducedIorthspj1.ca¾o11.Shipsmayspendextratimeinaportafterthedeparturefromaberth,butthetimeassociatedwiththeseadditiona1.activitiesisexc1.udedfromtheCPPI.astheyarenotinf1.uencedbytheoperationa1.performanceofthetermina1.orport.Shipsmaydwe1.1.withinaport's1.imitsforbunkering,repairs,orSimPfywaitinginasafeareaiftheyareUnabtetoberthonarriva1.attheirnextport.Apartfrombunkeringbeingperformedsimu1.taneous1.ywithcargooperations,thesecausesofadditiona1.porttimearenotnecessari1.yref1.Gctiveofpoorperformanceandhence,areexc1.udedfromtheCPPI.A1.thoughnoneofthesefactorsnecessari1.yindicateportinefficiency,theycancontributetoadditiona1.timespentintheport.Forinstance,c1.earanceauthorities'de1.ayscanresu1.tinde1.aysinthefirst1.iftandkitetimeaftercargooperationshaveconc1.uded.However,thedataavai1.ab1.edonotprovideenoughdetai1.toidentifythertcausesofsuchde1.ays.Itisassumedthaton1.yasma1.1.percentageofshipsid1.eattheberthaftercargooperationsduetofactorsunre1.atedtoportperformance,andtheirinc1.usiondoesnotsignificant1.yaffecttheCPPIrankings.Theotherfourcomponentsoftheportca1.1.can1.ogica1.1.ybegroupedintotwodistinctb1.ocksoftime.Thefirstcomprisese1.apsedtimebetweenArriva1.Port1.imitsandAJI1.inesFast(steps1and2inFigure2.1);thesecondcomprisestimee1.apsedbetweenAU1.inesFastandA1.1.UnesUp(steps2to5,a1.sommo111.yreferredtoasberthtime'or'berthhours)The1.ogicbehindthisdivisionisthatwhi1.etherewi1.1.a1.waysneedtobetimeconsumedbetweensteps2and5.thebu1.koftimebetweensteps1and2.exc1.udingactua1.sai1.ingintime,isWaCIngtime,whichcanbee1.iminated.Overa1.1.PortTimeDistributionThetimestampsinthesourcedataa1.1.owustobreakdownandsummarizetota1.porttimeintothreecategories:Arriva1.Time,BerthId1.e,andCargoOperations.Expressedasapercentageoftota1.porthoursrecorded,thedistributionofporttimepershipsizerangeandg1.oba1.1.yaggregatedisshowninFigure2.2.ShipSizeRange(nomina1.TEU)Arriva1.TimeBerthI加CsroOpefatonsSource：Oirv1.figurePcodUeaJforthispuWica5>on.basedonCPPI2023daUAsthereisnatura1.1.ysomecorre1.ationbetweenshipsizeandca1.1.size,ahrgherpercentageoftimesrequiredforcargooperationsforthe1.argerships,andthiswi1.1.beexp1.oredindetai1.1.aternthisreport.Whatsinteresting,andsurprisingatthesametimeisthaton1.y60percentofthetota1.porttimeisattributab1.etocargooperations,meaningthereispotentia1.1.ya1.otof'wastage'intermsofexcesstimeinthesystem.Theaveragedurationofaportca1.1.in2023was40.5hours,wichrepresentsaS1.ightinCreaSeovertheg1.oba1.averageof36.8hoursin2022.About11.7percent(or3.71hours)wasid1.etimeconsumedattheberthimmediate1.ybeforeandaftercargooperations.A1.soknov/nastheStartup'andFinish'sub-processesofaportca1.1.,eachactivitydoesnotnecessari1.yneedtotakemorethan30minutestocomp1.etesafe1.y.Thereis.therefore,anopportunitytoe1.iminatea1.mostnear1.yfourhoursperca1.1.ofporttimeg1.oba1.1.ysimp1.ythroughbetterp1.anning,preparation,mmu11icatio,andprocessstream1.ining.Thistimesavedoquatstomoreboutsatsea.1.eadingtos1.owersai1.ingspeeds,1.owerGHGemissions,andcostsavingsfortheshipoperator,wh>chwou1.dbsignificantforeachportca1.1.Inthesecondha1.fof2020,therewasarewoundintheg1.oba1.sa1.esofdurab1.egoods、mostprominent1.yinteUS,andasharpincreaseintheovera1.1.ntaiervo1.umedemand.ThisicidedwithcontinuedVID-19restrictionsandresu1.tedintheemergenceofsevereportcongestion.In2021,thisportngestiowassti1.1.manifestingitse1.f,reachingapeakinthethirdquarterof2021andtheaveragearriva1.timeperportca1.1.g1.oba1.1.yremainedabove11hoursunti1.thethirdquarterof2022.Thefourthquarterof2022sawreducingvo1.umesandmanyportswereab1.etoc1.earback1.ogsandreduceaveragearriva1.timestoc1.oseto10hoursperportca1.1.Theexpectationwasthattbaverageportarriva1.timeg1.oba1.1.yin2023wi1.1.continuetodec1.ineto1.eve1.spriortothestartof2021,wichiswhathastranspired,(seeFigure2.3)FIGURE2.3G1.oba1.AverageArriva1.TimeDeve1.opment2022-2023S3oxomse><Ataregiona1.1.eve1.andbrokendownbysipsizegroups,thechangeaveragearriva1.timeperregionandpershipsizegroupoverthe20222023periodisi1.1.ustratedTab1.e2.1.Theco1.umnA1.'showstheaggregatechangeinquantityo1.hoursfromarrrva1.atport1.imitsorstartofanchoragetime,toberthir>gforcargooperationstocommenceforeachregion,acrossa1.1.shipsizegro