专题08 主旨大意题（阅读理解题型通关）（原卷版）.docx

错F专题08主旨大意题通关练1 .主旨大意题解题策略2 .名校优选专项通关练r解题策略】主旨大意趣是要求考生在阅读和理解全文的场础上对文以进行归纳、概括或评价。解答此类邈型时,不靠只凭文中的只言片语而断章取义，比如关于又Ie和mainidea类JS都需要在阅读全文的基础上，结合文化背景知识、谙才知识、生活常识等进行逻辑推理和判断.从而发现文中隐含的信息.从分应形式看:常见的Jj标四类和上R大建类.标A1.类解策略特点,1 .II1:充分引发读者的阅读欲耍。2 .概括件:准确而又简短.3 .计对性，标题外延与文章内容刚好相符。方法：1 .中心句法:利用主题中心句中的主遨词作标应.2 .整介工：将文章的写作对象和其主要特点'意义或影响整合后作标牌文章大意类解题策略特点：不同体裁文章主四句的常见位也不同，共作用各不相同.位置：1 .必以（新付报道、说明文、议论文）。起到开宗明义，点明主趣，使读者一开始就明臼文念的内容及主旨。2 .包,（记叙文、议论文.起到照应开头、总结全文、升华主遨的作用”在最后对全文进行概括和总结,进一步明确文章的中心刖想,使作者的观点表达得更清楚.3 .各段主题句整合即文章大意，借助各个段落的主题句，然后对其进行概括和归纳，从而概括出文章的主题或中心思想”.4 .而一训:当文章或段落中没有明确的主跑句时.可以从段落中寻找反复出现的高颇词，即中心词，也能提炼出文章的主旨大急。5 .线室：记叙文类文堂都有一个主战，如，一个彳i趣的人或一件难忘的，"等。全文第烧该主规组织材料,分析文欧的结构，把握文章的主线，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系,即可归纳出文章的主旨大意。正确逸项帆Ei性强.攫盖全文或全段.2 .范围不大也不小.3 .精确性强，不改变语言的色彩和表达的程度。.过于笼统范围过大.2 .以偏概全.主次不分。3 .偷换概念，张冠李戴。4 .无中生有,主观腌断.【名校优选专项通关修】1.(2024浙江杭州学军中学校考模拟8|常)Te1.evisionhastransformedPoIiIiCSintheUnitedStatesbychangingthewayinwhichinformationisspread,bya1.teringpo1.itica1.campaigns,andbychangingcitizen'spatternsofresponsetopo1.itics.Bygivingcitizensindependentaccesstothecandidates,te1.evisionreducedthero1.eofthepo1.itica1.partyinthese1.ectionofthemajorpartycandidates.Bycenteringpo1.iticsonIhepersonofthecandidate,te1.evisionacce1.eratedthecitizen'sfocusoncharacterratherthanissues.Tmunicationaswe1.1.Themessagesonwhichmostofusre1.yarebriefer(hantheyoncewere.Thestumpspeech,aPO1.iIiCa1.SPeeChgivenbytrave1.ingpo1.iticiansand1.astingIto2hours,whichwaspopu1.arintheninctccnthccn1.ury,hasgivenwaytothe3()-secondadvertisementandtheIOsecond,soundbite"inbroadcastnews.Increasing1.ytheaudienceforspeechesisnotthatstandinginfrontofthepo1.iticianbutrathertheviewingaudiencewh>wi1.1.hearandseeashortvideoofthespeechonthenews.IntheseS1.rnPIined1.bms.muchofwhatcomprised(he1.ruditio11<1.po1.itica1.speechofear1.ierageshasbeen1.ost.In15or30seconds,aSpeakercannotestab1.ishthehistorica1.contextthatshapedtheissueinquestion,cannotdetai1.theprobab1.ecausesoftheprob1.em,andcannotexamineahernaivepx)sa1.s(oargueIha1.oneispreferab1.etoohes.Inshortvideos,po1.iticiansassert(断11)butdono1.arue.Becausete1.evisionisanintimate(亲密的)medium,speakingIhmUghitrequiresachangedPOIitiCa1.sty1.ethatismoreconversationa1.,persona1.,andvisua1.1.hanthatoftheo1.d-sty1.es1.umpspeech.Re1.ianceonte1.evisionIneanSthatincreasing1.yourpo1.itica1.wor1.dcontainsmemorab1.epicturesaatber(hanmemorab1.ewords.Schoo1.s(eachustoana1.yzeWoMSandPrin1.However,inawor1.dinwhichpo1.iticsisincreasing1.yvisua1.,info11edcitizenshiprequiresaewseiofski1.1.s.Recognizingthepowerofte1.evision'spictures,po1.iticianscraftte1.evisua1.,stagedeventsdesignedtoattractmediacoverage.Muchofthepo1.itica1.activityweseeonte1.evisionnewshasbeencraftedhypo1.iticians,theirspeechwriters,andtheirpub1.icre1.ationsadvisersforte1.evisedconsumption.SoundbitesinnewsandanswersIoquestionsindeba1.esincreasing1.ysound1.ikeadvertisements.WhaI'sIheZS1.tit1.eforthepassage?A. te1.evision:anAgentofChangeinPo1.iticsB. Te1.evision:aP1.atformforPo1.itica1.DebateC. Te1.evision:an/XhemaiiveoStumpSpeechD. Te1.evision:aNewMediumforCommuniva1.ion2. (2。24浙江,兴海宁市高锻中学校考模拟B(II)Ju1.y2023wasIhCwor1.d'swarmestmonthonrecord,accordingto(heWor1.dMeteoro1.ogica1.Organization.UNSecretary-Genera1.11onioGUIe1.代Ssaidinaspeech(hat(hep1.anetisenteringanocraofg1.oba1.boi1.ing".Howtocoo1.thep1.anethas1.ongbeenatroub1.ingquestiontorscientists.Theyarcnowturningtosun-b1.ockingtechno1.ogy,whichreferstorccc(ingsun1.ightbackintospaceinordertokeepdownthetemperatureofthep1.anet'sc1.imate.AccordingtoEuronews,aEuropeante1.evisionnewsnetwork,oneideainvo1.vespumpingsun-b1.ockingpanic1.es(tf)inoIheUPPoratn>she.Thepanic1.eswi1.1.thenstayin(heairandredirectsunshinebackupwards.Itis1.ikeapp1.yingsunscreenontheoutsideofEarth.ResearchersatYaicUniversity.US.out1.inedap1.antouse125high-f1.yingp1.anestospreadthepartic1.esatIautUdeS(玮度)of60degreesnorthandsouth.Thepanic1.eswi1.1.thentrave1.towardthepo1.es,whichcou1.dpossib1.ycoo!thetemperaturethereby2,C.Anotherverypromisingtechniqueisca1.1.edfc,c1.oudbrightening”,accordingtoChnsSacca,aUSc1.imateexpert.Thismc1.hodinvo1.vessendingsesai1.Pdr1.iCkSin1.oc1.oudsabovethesea.makingthemwhiterandthustheyrecc1.moresun1.ightbackin1.ospace.InJunektheUSgovernmentannouncedinareportIha1.i(wasOf1.feringsupportforso1.arengineeringresearchasawaytos1.owtheriseofg1.oba1.temperatures.Accordingto(hereport,theUSgovernmentbe1.ievesthatthetechno1.ogy*'>thepossibi1.ityofcoo1.ingthep1.anetsignificant1.yinafewyears*.However,fo1.1.owingthereport,anopenIeKerbymore(han60scientistsca1.1.edforcau1.ionzndmoreresearchfirst.Kris1.enRasmussen,ac1.ima1.escientistatCo1.oradoSta1.eUniversi1.y.US.hasbeenstudyinghowdesesun-b1.ockingJneIh(X1$wi1.1.affectrainfa1.1.a(ems.Shesaidthatapartfromrainfa1.1.,ecosystemsandevenhumancommunitieswou1.da1.sobeaf1.eetcd.oWcneedtobeverycautiousonthis/Rasmussento1.dScientificAmerican.Whichisthemostsuitab1.etit1.eforthetext?.Coo1.ingOurP1.anetB.EraofG1.oba1.Boi1.ingC.PumpingB1.ockingPartic1.esD.TheTechniqueofC1.oudBrightening3. (2O23江苏无高三无市第一中学校考),Twe1.veyearsago,Iwasaprofessiona1.dancerandb1.ackbe1.tintaekwondo(跆拳道)whenadiseasewentundiagnosedandwiped(MI1.nymuscu1.arsystem.Ifina1.1.yendedupon1.ifesupportinintensivecarewithorganfai1.ure?,Kaufmanreca1.1.ed.*Iwentfh>m1.ivingthisbig1.ifetonotknowinghowIwasgoing(osurvive.Foriuruue1.y.onmybirthdayin2009.1receivedanewheartandwasgivenasecondchanceat1.ife!MAftervo1.unteeringin1.osAnge1.eshospita1.s,Kaufmanstartedthenon-profit,va'sHeart.Sbcandherorganizationofferedtransp1.antpatientsservicesthatwereoftennotcoveredbyinsurance,inc1.udingfood.gas.co-paysonmedicines,andhousing.*VhatIfoundoutwasthatifyoudidn'thavepost-transp1.ant-housing,youcou1.dn'tget1.istedandadmittedintothehospita1./'Kaufmansaid.She1.eanedthattorthene<riy110.000peop1.eintheUSwaitingfora1.ifesavingorgan(rans1.a11ti(wasnotjustamauerofaddingyo,name(othe1.ist.Patientsmustbefinancia1.1.ysecureandbeab1.etoafYrdtransportation.What,snrc.theymustfindaccomnodationsnearheirtransp1.anthospita1.:KaufmanrunsIWOhousing1.ocations,whicha1.1.ows(hepatientstoremainc1.oseto(heirtransp1.anthospita1.duringtheperiodoftheiraftercare,typica1.1.yaboutthreemonthsatnocost.Herorganizationa1.sohe1.psdonorfami1.ies,whichshethinksmakestheWhoICcirc1.ecomp1.ete.fc,0neorgandonorcansaveeight1.ivesandthenthere,stissueandskinandeyesandb1.oodvesse1.s(1.)andsomanyotherthings/'Kaunansaid.tkThedonoristhewho1.estory.W1.thoUtthedonor,therearcnotransp1.antcenters,notransp1.antsurgeons,nome.Inmyeyes,thedonorsaretheheroes.”Todate.va,s1.1.e<rthashe1.pednear1.y90fami1.ieswithburia1.stsfor(heirk>vedOneSwhoseorganshavesavedcount1.ess1.ives.Kaufmana1.soworksc1.ose1.ywiththosewhoreceivedonationstobui1.dre1.ationshipswithdonorfami1.iesandspreadawarenessabouttheinx)11itnceoforgandonation.Whatmessagedocsthetextmain1.yconvey?.it'sbeucrtogive(hantoreceive.B. Theb1.essedbeartheheartofgiving.C. Hea1.thmattersmuchmorethanwea1.th.D. Vb1.unieeringmakestheWork1.abeerp1.ace.4. (2024江苏除州*三像州市第七中学阶段练习)In1.hcani11u1.kingdom,mimics(模仿)arcnotrare.SIiCkinscc1.spre1.end1.betwigs.HawkInO<hCciterpi1.1.arsresemb1.ex>isonoussnakes.Theexamp1.es,though,arevisua1.Auditorymimicryisrarer.Dani1.oRussooftheUniversityofNap1.esFeckricoI1.thinkshehasfoundanove1.easeofit,ashedescribesinCurrentBio1.ogy.Someba1.s,hebe1.ieves,mimicangrybeesinCrdCrtoscareawayow1.sthatmightotherwisecatthem.Dr.Russofirstnoticedbatbuzzingafewyearsago.ThCnoisestruckhimassimi1.artothesoundofsomebees.HewonderedWhCIhBbatbuzzingwasaf11nofmimicrywhichhe1.ped(oscareoffwtm1.d-bcPreddkHXTotestthisidea,heandhisco1.1.eaguesfirstrecordedthebuzzingthatCaPWNdbatsmade.Then,withpr<Hcc1.ivcc1.othing,theybegan(hemoredangeroustaskOfrccondingthebuzzingmadebydif1.crcntbees.Computerana1.ysisrevea1.edthatbees'andbats'buzzingwere,indeed,simi1.ar.Thentheresearchersrecruitedsevera1.ow1.s.Theypu1.theow1.s,oneata1.ime,inanenc1.osurewithbranchesforthemtostayon.andtwoboxeswithho1.esinthem.,hcyp1.aceda1.oudspeakera1.ongsideoneofIhcboxesand.afterthebirdshadse1.1.1.edin.broadcast1.hn>ughitfivesecondsofUnin1.erruptedbatbuzzingandasimi1.aramountofins<x1.buzzingIhrVCIinKSinarowforeachnoise.Asacontro1.,theybroadcastin1.ikemannersevera1.non-buzzingsoundsmadebybacs.DuringthebroadcastsandforfiveniuesIhereaner.(heyvideoedtheow1.s.Afterana1.ysis*theresu1.tswereUnCq1.IiVQCa1.Whentheyheardho1.h(hebabuzzingand(hebeebuzzing,theow1.smovedasfarfromthespeakersastheycou1.d.Incontrast,whenthenon-buz/ingbatsoundswerep1.ayed,theycreptc1.oser.Dr.Russobe1.ievesthisisthefirstreportedeaseofamamma1.usingauditor)-mimicrytoscarewayaPrcddIor.Theystrong1.ysuspect,however,(hatitisnotunique.Anecdotessuggestsevera1.birdsa1.somakebuzzingnoiseswhentheirnes1.saredisturbed.Andwith(heresu1.tof(heexerimem.hethereforepredictsIha1.audi(oymimicryisfarnreWideSpfead(hanCUrrenuyrea1.ized.16. Wha1.isasuitab1.etit1.eforthe(ext?A. Anima1.Mimicry:BuzzoiYB. Bats:NoMoreVictimtoOwkC. ASe1.f-protectionBchiivioramongAnima1.sD.ANewTricktoScareAwayOw1.s5（2024上江苏扬州，三扬州中学校考阶段蛛习）HibernationButspeciesdon'tstayintheirco1.d,s1.eepingstateforthedurationoftheirdormantperiod.About80percentoftheirenergyisspentin1.emH1.1.ent1.y(fHji>wakingandwanningup.Whytheydothisis*oncofthegreatestmysteries"ofthefie1.d,saysThomasRuf,aprofessorofanima1.physio1.ogyattheUniversityofVctcrinarj'MedicineinVienna.Somethinktheyneedto(urnbackontheirimmunesystemstofightdisease,whi1.eothersthinktheymaysimp1.yawakensotheycans1.eep.Onebirdandavarietyofamphibians(两栖动物).repti1.esandinsectsa1.soexhibithibernation-1.ikestates,!hereisevenat1.eastonefish-theAntarcticCOd-thats1.owsdownitsmetabo1.isminwinter,becoming2()times1.essactive.And.ofcourse,therearcItHsofmamma1.s.Whi1.ebearsmightbeIhefirstthatcmetomind,mostmamma1.ianhiberna1.orsareonIhesma1.1.erside.vThcaveragehibematorweighson1.y70grams.*saysRufThatsbecause1.itt1.ebodieshavehighsurfaceareatovo1.umeratios*makingitmoretaxingforIhemIOstaywarminco1.dweathersoIheyneed(heseasona1.energysavingsmore(han1.argeranima1.s.he1.astparagraphmain1.ydiscusses.A.whencertainanima1.shibernateB.whatkindsofanima1.shibernateC.whysomeanima1.shibernateD.howanima1.shibernate6.(2024上湖南长沙育三长郡中学校考期末)WantIoknowwha1.iscomingsntoaCinCnIanearyou?Probab1.yn<a1.5-hour-1.ongmovie,asin(heo1.ddays.OnOctober20thcomesKi1.1.ersOf1.heF1.owerMoon.Atnear1.y(hn?eandaha1.fhours,its1.engthisnear1.ydoub1.e(hatof(heaveragefi1.m1.astyear.EYenmoViefansstgg1.etoconcentrateforthat1.ongandsomeVMWCNevennodof.Aftcruardsthereisamaddashforthetoi1.ets.Whendocswatchingafi1.mbecomesch¾s1.og?ThCEconomistana1.yzedover100.000featurefi1.msre1.easedinternationa1.1.ysincethe193(*.thestartofHo1.1.ywood'sgo1.denage,usingdatafromIMDb,amoviedatabase.Ihcaverage1.engthofproductions11>sebyaround24%.f11>monehourand21minutesin1.hc1930sIooneIMMIrand47minutesin2022.For(hetenmost-popu1.ar(it1.es.(heaverage1.engthgrewtoaroundtwoandahi1.fhoursin2022.near1.y50%higherthanin(he1930s.Onedriverof(histrendis(hatstudioswant(osqueezethemostOUtof(heircost1.yinte1.1.ectua1.PrOPCrty(知识产权).buttheyarccompetingwithstreamingp1.atformsforeyeba1.1.s,'1.hchopeisIha1.aspectacu1.ardrawn-out'icvc11(mInOViewi1.1.drawaudiencesawayfromIhesma1.1.screenandintocinemas.Thisapproachhasoftenpaidoff:Avengers:EndgameMan,csthree-hoursuperheroInaMe1.Pie<*wasthehighest-grossing（票房J高的）fi1.min2019.1.astyear1.ongmoviesseriesmadeupmostofthehighest-grossingfi1.msinAmerica.Anotherexp1.anationfor1.ongerfi1.mshastodowithdirectors'growinginf1.uence.Whowou1.ddarete1.1.the1.ikesofMr.No1.antocutouthismastcicccs?Moreover,streamingp1.atforms,whichdonothavetoworryasmuchaboutthe1.engthbecauseviewerscanpausewheneverIhcy1.ike,maya1.1.ractbignansbypromisingthemsufficientfu1.andcreativefreedom.NCIf1.iXfundedandre1.eased（hreehourTheIrishmanin2019,afi1.mthatwou1.dhavebenefitedfromadecisiveeditor.IrishorOiherwise.Whatisprobab1.y（hebesttit1.efor（hepassage?A. MovieEnthusiastsB.MovieMarathonsC.MoviePixxiuctionD.MovieInf1.uence7.（2023湖南育三湖南师大附中校考）BenFrancisdidn'tbecomewea1.thythroughafamt1.yinheritance（遗产）,Insiead，theCEOandCO-founderofGymsharkusedhisearningsasaPizzaHpanyat19.E1.evenyearsIa1.er.hisado1.esccn1.st111.egy1.itera1.1.ypaidoff.Francis.30.whohasareportednetworthofSIJbi1.1.ionJoinedForbes,bi1.1.ionaires1.ist.He'sinrarecompany:The1.ist'saverageageis65yearso1.d.Origina1.1.y,Francisandcofoundcr1.ewisMoryan1.aunchedGymsharkasawebsitese1.1.ingIhncsssupp1.ements.Butaftergeningfedupwithhisi1.1.-fittingc1.ochesFrancissuggestedPiVO1.ingthecompany.FrancisandMorganboughtasewingmachine.ThepairbroughtGymsharktoabodybui1.dingexhibitionin2013.butdidn'thaveanymoneytospendonadvertising.Onawhim（一时兴起）theydecidedtogivepopu1.arfitnessYouTubcrsfreeproducts.*MyheroeswereonYouTube.“Francissaid.,"Soitwou1.dbesocoo1.ifmyheroescou1.dconictobewithGymsharkatthisevent.Ididn*1.rea1.1.ythinkthatmuchaboutit.fc,Someofthoseinucnccrswentontoweartheappare1.ontheirchanne1.s,1.aunchingGynishark,sIsa1.estoS1.OOOperday.upfromjustS450.FranosquittheCEOro1.ein2017.11CEOwasnottherightro1.eformewhenIwasinmyear1.y20.“Francissaid.,Thatdstartedabusinessthathadgrownveryquick1.ydidn'tmeanIwasthemostcompetentchiefexecutive.,Hcspentthenextfouryearssupporting1.eadershipro1.eswithinGymsharkinc1.udingchiefPrOdUCtotTiccrandchiefmarketingof1.ccr1.oIcammoreabouttheinsandoutsofthebusiness.before,returningasCEOin2021.Thatyear,thecompanywasva1.uedat1.45bi1.1.ion.Sti1.1.,thecompanysbi1.1.ion-do1.1.arva1.uationisas11u1.1.percentageofthemarketva1.ueofc11pe1.itoni1.ikeNikeand1.u1.u1.enwn."1rea1.1.ythinkGymsharkcanbeIheU.KJsanswertothosebrands.*'Francissaid.“BuithatnotsayingthattheU.K.iswhereitstartsandendsforus.Wca1.sowanttobeatru1.yg1.oba1.brand.Whichcanbethebesttit1.eforthetext?A,Gymshark:FromawebsitetoabigcompanyB. Fruncis:FromaPizza>!u1.de1.iveryguytoabi1.1.inaivC. Francis:StartingIhCU.K.,sfastest-growingcompanyDGymshark:Taking(he1.eadinfitnessc1.othing8. (2024上湖南霞阳育三U阳市八中校考期末)AnewstudybyresearchersattheUniversityofBritishCo1.umbia(UBC)andtheUniveniityofVictoriahasshown(hatComnHH1.1.eve1.softrafficpo1.1.u1.incandamagehumanbrainfunctioninon1.yamatterofhours.“Formanydecades,scientiststhoughtthebrainmaybeprotectedfromtheharmfu1.ef1.eetsofairpo1.1.ution/saidseniorstudyauthorDr.ChrisCaiIstcn.oThisstudy,whichisthefirstofitskindinthewor1.d,providesfreshevidencesupportingaconnectionbetweenairpo1.1.utionandcognition/,Forthestudy,1.heresearchersbrief1.yexposed25hea1.thyadu1.tstodiese1.CXhaUJ(柴油味气)andfi1.teredaira(different1.imesinaIahoraiorysetting.Brainactivitywasmeasuredbeforeandaftereachexposureusingfunctiona1.magneticresonanceimaging(fMRI).Theresearchersana1.yzedchangesinthebrain'sdefau1.tmodenetwork(DMN).asetofin1.er-<onncc1.edbrainregions1.ha(p1.ayanimportantro1.einmemoryandint