专题08 主旨大意题（阅读理解题型通关）（解析版）.docx

专题08主旨大意题通关练1 .主旨大意题解题策略2 .名校优选专项通关练r解题策略】主旨大您SS是要求考生在阅读和理解全文的基础上为文率进行归纳、概括或评价,解答此类超型时，不能只凭文中的只言片语而断章取义，比如关于Iiue和mainidea类JS都需要在阅读全文的基础上，结合文化背景知识、谙才知识、生活常识等进行逻辑推理和判断.从而发现文中胞含的信息。从出形式看:常见的f标四类和上H大息类.标A1.类解策略特点，.ft;充分引发读者的阅读欲里，2 .概括件:准确而又简短.3 .针对性:标题外Jf与文章内容刚好相符。方法t1 .中心句法:利用主题中心句中的主遨词作标应.2 .一介法:将文章的写作对象和其主要特点'意义或影响整合后作标牌文章大意类解题策略特点：不同体拢文章主即句的常见位置不同，共作用各不相同.位M1 .必以（新付报道、说明文、议论文）。起到开宗明义，点明主趣，使读者一开始就明臼文章的内容及主旨。2 .丕揖记叙文、议论文.起到照应开头、总结全文'升华主题的作用”在最后对全文进行概括和总结,进一步明确文章的中心刖想,使作者的观点表达得更清楚.3 .各段主题句整合即文章大意，借助各个段落的主题句，然后对其进行概括和归纳，从而概括出文章的主题或中心思想”.4 .而一训:当文章或段落中没有明确的主跑句时.可以从段落中寻找反复出现的高颇词，即中心词，也能提炼出文章的主旨大急。5 .线室：记叙文类文堂都有一个主战，如，一个彳i趣的人或一件难忘的，"等。全文第烧该主规组织材料,分析文欧的结构，把握文章的主线，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系,即可归纳出文章的主旨大意。正确逸项帆Ei性强.攫盖全文或全段.2 .范围不大也不小.3 .精确性强，不改变语言的色彩和表达的程度。.过于笼统范围过大.2 .以偏概全.主次不分。3 .偷换概念，张冠李戴。4 .无中生有,主观腌断.【名校优选专项通关练】1.(2024浙江杭州学军中学校考模IMIioTe1.evisionhasIransfbrmedpo1.iciesintheUnitedStatesbychanging(hewayinwhichinfb11nationisspread,bya1.teringpo1.itica1.campaigns,andbychangingcitizen'spatternsof心PGn牌topo1.itics.Bygivingcitizensiukpendcntaccesstothecandidates,te1.evisionreducedthero1.eofthepo1.itica1.partyinthese1.ectionofthemajorpartycandidates.Bycenteringpo1.iticsonthepersonofthecandidate,te1.evisionacce1.eratedthecitizen*sfocusoncharacterratherthanissues.Te1.evisionhasa1.teredthef11nsofPoIiIiCHcommunicationaswe1.1.ThemessagesonwhichnosiofusN1.yarebriefer(hanIheyoncewere.Tbes1.umpspeech,aPO1.iIiCa1.SPeeChgivenby(rave1.ingpo1.iticiansand1.astingI(o2hours,whichwaspopu1.arin(heninetee11h-century.hasgivenwayco(he30socondadvertisementandtheIOsecond“soUndbite"inbroadcastnews.Increasing1.ytheaudienceforspeechesisnotthatstandinginfrontofthepo1.iticianbutrathertheviewingaiicnccwhowi1.1.hearandseeashortvideoofthespeechonthenews.Inthesesimp1.ifiedforms,muchofwhatcomprisedthetraditiona1.po1.itica1.speechofear1.ierageshasbeen1.ost.In15or30seconds,aspeakerCannO1.estab1.ishthehistorica1.context(hatshapedtheissueinquestion,cannotdetai1.theprobab1.ecausesoftheprob1.em,andcannotexamineahernaivepx)sa1.s(oargueIha1.oneispreferab1.etoohes.Inshortvideos,po1.iticiansassert(断11)butdono1.arue.Becausete1.evisionisanintimate(亲密的)medium,speakingIhmUghitrequiresachangedPOIitiCa1.sty1.ethatismoreconversationa1.,persona1.,andvisua1.1.hanthatoftheo1.d-sty1.es1.umpspeech.Re1.ianceonte1.evisionIneanSthatincreasing1.yourpo1.itica1.wor1.dcontainsmemorab1.epicturesaatber(hanmemorab1.ewords.Schoo1.s(eachustoana1.yzeWoMSandPrin1.However,inawor1.dinwhichpo1.iticsisincreasing1.yvisua1.,info11edcitizenshiprequiresaewseiofski1.1.s.Recognizingthepowerofte1.evision'spictures,po1.iticianscraftte1.evisua1.,stagedeventsdesignedtoattractmediacoverage.Muchofthepo1.itica1.activityweseeonte1.evisionnewshasbeencraftedhypo1.iticians,theirspeechwriters,andtheirpub1.icre1.ationsadvisersforte1.evisedconsumption.SoundbitesinnewsandanswersIoquestionsindeba1.esincreasing1.ysound1.ikeadvertisements.WhaI'sIheZS1.tit1.eforthepassage?A. te1.evision:anAgentofChangeinPo1.iticsB. Te1.evision:aP1.atformforPo1.itica1.DebateC. Te1.evision:an/XhemaiiveoStumpSpeechD. Te1.evision:aNewMediumforCommuniva1.ion【答案】A【解析】E斤大意ISC通读全文,井根据第段“Te1.evisionhasInmsfbrmcdPo1.i1.icsin1.hcUnitedStatesbychangingthewayinwhichinformationisspread,bya1.teringpo1.itica1.campaigns,andbychangingcitizen'spatternsofresponse(oPHiUes.(电视改变了倍息传播的方式,改变了政治运动,改变了公民对政治的反应模式.从而改变/美国的政治可知.文章主要说明了电视改变了政治的传播以及交流形式C如今的政治演说比过去更像广告CA选项,电视：政治变革的推动者,'以符合文章标题。故选A,2.(2024浙江兴海宁南育锻中学校考模拟Bff1.pJu1.y2023wasthewor1.d'swarmestmonthonrecord,accordingtotheWor1.dMeteoro1.ogica1.Organization.UNSecretary-Genera1.AntonioGutcrrcssaidinaspeechthatthep1.anetisenteringan"eraofg1.oba1.boi1.ing*.Howtocoo1.(hep1.anethas1.ongbeenatroub1.ingquestionforscientis1.s.Theyarenowturningtosun-b1.ockingtechno1.ogy.WhiChreferstoref1.ectingsun1.ightbackintospaceinordertokeepdown(heCcniperatun?ofthep1.anet'sc1.imate.AccordingtoEuronews,aEuropeante1.evisionnewsnetwork,oneideainvo1.vespumpingsun-b1.ockingpartic1.es(粒f)intotheupperatmosphere.,Ihepartic1.eswi1.1.thenstayintheairandredirectsunshinebackUPwaMS.I1.is1.ikeapp1.yingsunscreenontheoutsideofEarth.ResearcheisatYa1.cUniversity.US.out1.inedap1.antouse125high-f1.yingp1.anestospreadthepartic1.esatIauHMie$（萍度）of60degreesnorthandsouth.Thepartic1.eswi1.1.thentrave1.（ward（hepo1.es,whichcou1.dpossib1.yc1.thetemperaturethereby2,C.Anotherverypromisingtechniqueisca1.1.ed"c1.oudb11ghtcning,accordingtoChnsSacca.aUSc1.imateexpert.Ihismethodinvo1.vessendingseasa1.tpartic1.esintoc1.oudsabovethesea.makingthemwhiterandthustheyreec1.moresun1.ightbackin1.space.inJune.IheUSgovemmen（announcedinareportthatItwasoft*eringsupportforso1.arengineeringresearchawaytos1.owtheriseofg1.oba1.temperatures.Accordingto（herepo11.（heUSgovernmentbe1.ievesthatthetechno1.ogy"of1.rsIhepossibi1.ityofcoo1.ingIhep1.anetsignificant1.yinafewyears".However,fo1.1.owingIhcreport,anopen1.etterbymorethan60scientistsCd1.Cdfarcautionandmoreresearchfirst.KristcnRasmussen,ac1.imatescientistatCo1.oradoStateUniversity.US.hasbeenstudyinghowthesesun-b1.ockingnth>dswi1.1.a11ec1.rainfa1.1.patterns.Shesaidthatapar1.fromruinfa1.ecosystemsandevenhumancommunitieswou1.da1.sobeaiTcc1.cd.,bWcneedtobeverycautiousonIhiSJRasmussento1.dScientificAmerican.Whichisthemostsuitab1.etit1.eforthetext?A.Coo1.ingOurP1.ane1.B.EraofG1.oba1.Boi1.ingC.PumpingB1.ockingPartic1.esD.TheTechniqueofC1.audBrightening【答窠】A【解析】上闿大通题,通读全文并根据第一“HOWtOcoo1.thep1.anethas1.ongbeenatroub1.ingquestionforscientists.Theyarcnowturningosun*b1.<kingtechno1.ogy,whichreferstorccctingsun1.ightbackintospaceinordertokeepdownthetemperatureofthep1.anet'sC1.ima1.C（如何给地球降温R是困扰科学家的一个问鹿。他们现在转向了太阳阻挡技术，这是指将阳光反射【叫太空，以降低地球气候的温度）”可知,文章主要介绍了应耐全球变暖的方法使用这样技术.即将太阳光反射W1.太空以降低地球气候的淑度.A选项曲地球降祝“版符合文章标也T故选A.3.（2023江苏无雷三利布第一中学校考）oTwcIvcyearsago.1wasaprofessiona1.dancerandb1.ackbe1.tintaekwondo（跆拳道）whenadiseasewentundiagnosedandwipedoutmymuscu1.arsystem.1fina1.1.yendedupon1.ifesupportinintensivecarewithorganfai1.ure.*'Kauimanreca1.1.ed.wentf11>m1.ivingthisbig1.ifetonotknowinghowIwasgoingIosurvive.For1.una1.e1.y.onmybirthdayin2009.IreceivedanewheartandwasgivenasecondchanceatAftervo1.unteeringin1.osAngeIeShospita1.s.Kaufnumstarte<1.thenon-profit.va,sHeart.Sheandherorganizationofferedtransp1.antpatientsSCrViCCSthatwereoftennotcoveredbyinsurance,inc1.udingfood,gas.co-paysonmedicines,andhousing.*'Vhatifoundoutwasthatifyoudidn'thavepost-transp1.ant-housing,youcou1.dn,tget1.istedandadmittedintothehospita1./*Kaufmansaid.She1.eanedthatforthenear1.y1IO,(X)Opeop1.eintheUSwaitingfora1.ifesavingorgantransp1.ant,i1.wasn1.justa11a1.(crofaddingyournanwto(he1.ist.Pa1.ientsmustbefinancia1.1.ysecureandbeab1.etoafYbrdIranspor1.ation.What's11>re.theymustfindacconnodationsnear(heirtransp1.anthospita1.:KaufmanrunsIWObousing1.ocations,whicha1.1.ows(hepatientsoremainc1.osetoIheirUNnSP1.an1.hospita1.duringtheperiodoftheiraftercare,typica1.1.yaboutthreemonthsatnocost.Herorganizationa1.sohe1.psdonorfami1.ies,whichshethinksmakestheWhoICcirc1.ecomp1.ete."Oneorgandonorcansaveeight1.ivesandthenthere'stissueandskinandeyesandb1.oodvesse1.s(血管)andsomanyotherthings/*Kaufiinansaid.tfcThedonoristhewho1.estory.Withoutthedonor,therearcnotransp1.antcenters,notransp1.antsurgeons,nome.Inmyeyes,thedonorsarctheheroes.*,Todate.va,sHearthashe1.pednear1.y90fami1.ieswihburia1.costsfortheir1.ovedoneswhoseorganshavesavedcount1.ess1.ives.Kaufmana1.soworksc1.ose1.ywiththosewhoreceivedonationstobui1.dre1.ationshipswithdonorfami1.iesandspreadawarenessabout(beinx)11inceofOrgaI1.donation.Whatmessagedocsthetextmain1.yconvey?A. Itsbettertogivethantoreceive.B. ,heb1.essedbeartheheartofgiving.C. Hea1.thmattersmuchmorethanwea1.th.D. Vb1.unteeringmakesthewor1.dabetterp1.ace.【答案】B析】主旨大意题。由尾段“Todate,Ava'sHearthashe1.pednear1.y9()fami1.ieswithhuria1.costsfortheir1.ovedOneSwhoseorgansIkivesavedcun(1.css1.ives.Kau1.rnana1.soworksc1.ose1.yW1.1.h(hosewhoreceivedonationstobui1.dre1.ationshipswithdonorfami1.iesandspreadawarenessaboutIhCimPortanCeOfOrgandOnatiOn."(迄今为止.Ava,sHeart已经帮助了近90个家庭，为他们的亲人支付了丧葬钳用,他们的器官挽救了无数牛i。考夫硬还与接受指的人密切合作，与捐赠者家庭建立关系,并传播对器由捐赠Ift要性的认识.)并联系全文可知.KaUfman有爱心、悔褥感恩.她抉得保佑.茯得了别人捐触的涔官而杠狭新生，所以本文的中心思想.是伟得奉献的人会被保佑故选B项,4. (2024江苏徐州高三徐州市第七中学阶段练习)Intheani11u1.kingdom,mimics(模仿)arenotrare.S1.ickinsectspretendtobe1.wigs.Hawkm<Mhcaterpi1.1.arsresemb1.epoisonoussnakes.Theexamp1.es,though,arcvisua1.Auditorymimicryisrarer.Dani1.oRussooftheUniversityofNap1.esFcdcricoI1.thinkshehasfoundanove1.easeofit,ashedescribesinCuncntBio1.ogy.SOmebats,hebe1.ieves,mimicangrybeesinordertoscareawayow1.sthatmighto<hcnvisccatthem.Dr.Russofirstnoticedbatbuzzingafewyearsago.Thenoisestruckhimassimi1.artothesoundfsomebees.Hewonderedwheiherbatbuzzingwasaformofminicrywhichhe1.ped(oscareo1.Twtm1.d-bcPredaIorXTotestthisidea,heandhisco1.1.eaguesfirstrecordedthebuzzingthaCaPwNdbasmade.Then,withPnMeC1.iVec1.othing,theybegan(heInOredangeroustaskofvcordingthebuzzingmadebydicrcntbees.Computerana1.ysisrevea1.edthatbees'andbats'buzzingwere,indeed,simi1.ar.IhcntheresearchersHXnIitcdsevera1.ow1.s.Theyputtheow1.s,oneatatime,inanenc1.osurewithbranchesforthemtostayon.andtwoboxeswithho1.esinthem.I,hcyp1.aceda1.oudspeakera1.ongsideoneof1.heboxesand.afterthebirdshadsea1.edin.broadcast1.h11>ughitfivesecondsofUnin1.enup1.edbatbuzzingandasimi1.aramountofinsectbuzzingthree1.imesinarowforeachnoise.Asacontro1.(heyIxoadcasiin1.ikemannersevera1.non-buzzingsoundsmadebybars.DuringthebroadcastsandforfiveminutesIhereiifter.IbeyYkIeOedtheow1.s.Afterana1.ysis*theresu1.tswereUnCqUivoca1.Whentheyheardboth(hebatbuzzingand(hebeebuzzing,(heow1.smovedasfarfromthespeakersas(heycou1.d.Incontrasc,whenthenon-buzzingbasoundswerep1.ayed,theycreptc1.oser.Dr.Russobe1.ievesthisisthefirstreportedeaseofamamma1.usingauditorymimicrytoscareUWayapreda1.or.TheyS1.rong1.ysuspect,however.Iha1.itisnotunique.Anecdo<cssuggestsevera1.birdsa1.soJnakebuzzingnoiseswhenheirnestsaredis(fbed.AikIwith(heresu1.tof(heexperiment,heIherefbrepredictsthatauditorymimicryisfarmoreWideSpreadthanCUfTenuyrea1.ized.16. Whatisasuitab1.etit1.eforthetext?A. Anima1.Mimicry:BuzzoiYB. Bats:NoMoreViciim(oOxv1.sC. ASe1.I-protectionBehavioramongAnima1.sD.ANewTrick(oScareAwayOw1.s【答案】A【解析】也行人.强防通读全文.根据第¾,P*'Soncbats,hebe1.ieves,mimicangrybeesinokr1.scareawayow1.sthatmightotherwisecatIhDn.(他认为.仃屿娟蝠会模仿愤怒的玄蛀.以吓跑可能会吃抻它们的猫头庵C厂以及被后段中“Andwiththeresu1.toftheexperiment.heIbcrcfbrcpredictsthatauditor)*mimicryisfarmorewk1.csprcadthancurrent1.yrca1.izxxi.(根据次5结果，他因此预测听觉模仿比目前认识到的要广泛得多J'可知,本文主要介绍了一项研究，研究发现一些动物会模仿其他动物的声音,吓跑潜在的敌人.A项动物模仿：(敌人)浪开”符合主题，故选AJ更。5. （2024上江苏扬州三扬州中学校考阶段练习）HibernationButspeciesdon'tstayintheirco1.d,s1.eepingstateforthedurationof1.hcirdormantperiod.About80percentoftheirenergyisspentimcrmiucnt1.y(MJ歌地>wakingandwamingup.Whytheydothisis,*oncofthegreatestmystcricsofthefie1.d.SRySThomaSRuf.aprofessorofanima1.physio1.ogya1.theUniversi1.yofVeierinaryMedicineinVienna.SomethinktheyneedtoIumkickon(heirimmunesystemstofightdisease,whi1.eothersIhinktheymaysimp1.yawakensotheyc<ns1.eep.Onebirdandavarietyofamphibian“两栖动物)，repti1.esandinsectsa1.soexhibithibcmation-1.ikcstates.Thereisevenat1.eastonefishtheAntarcticcod(hats1.owsdownitsmetabo1.isminwinter,becoming20IiIneS1.essactive.And,ofcourse,(hereare1.o<sofnumma1.s.Whi1.ebearsmightbethefirstthatcomecomind,mostmamma1.ianhibematorsareonthesma1.1.erside.,Theaveragehibcmatorweighson1.y7()grams；'saysRufThatsbecause1.itt1.ebodieshavehighsurfaceareatovo1.umeratios,makingitmore(axingfor(hem(ostaywarminco1.dweathersotheyneedtheSCaSoniI1.energysavingsmorethan1.argeranima1.s.The1.astparagraphmain1.ydiscusses.A. whencertainaninu1.shibernateB.whatkindsofanima1.shibernateC.whysomeanima1.shibernateD.howanima1.shibernate【答案】B(瘠析】：旨大意题根抠依总段内容，特别是根据"OnebirdandavarietyOfamPhibianM两W1¾),rexi1.esandinsectsa1.soexhibithibernation-1.ikesta1.es.Thereisevenat1.easeonefishtheAntarcticcodthats1.owsdownitsmetabo1.isminwinter,becoming20times1.essactive.And.ofcourse,thereare1.otsof1.A的鸟、鱼、各种两栖动物、爬行动物.昆虫以及微切树乳动物都会进入冬眠状态.因此本段主要讲的是哪些动物缁要冬眠,故B项正确。6.2024上湖南长沙三长郡中学校考期末)Wan1.IoknowWhiHiscoiningsoontoacinemanearyou?Probab1.yno<a13-hour-1.ongmovie,asintheo1.ddays.OnOctober20thcomesKi1.1.ersoftheF1.owerMOon.A1.near1.ythreeandaha1.fhours,its1.engthisnear1.ydoub1.eIhaIof(heaveragefi1.m1.astyear.EvenInOvriefansstrugg1.e(oConcenmteforthat1.ongandsomeViewe1.Sevennodoff.Afterwardsthereisamaddashfor(hetoi1.ets.Whendocswatchingat1.1.mbecomesuch¾s1.o?TheEconomistana1.yzedover10(),(XK)featurefi1.msre1.easedin(cma(iona1.1.ysince(he1930s,thestartofHo1.1.ywood'sgo1.denage.usingdatafromIMDb,amoviedatabase.'11>caverage1.engthofp11x1.uctionsrosebyaround24%.fromonehourand21minutesinthe1930stoonehourand47minutesin2022.FortheIenmost-popu1.artit1.es,(heaverage1.engthgrewtoaroundIwoandaha1.fhoursin2022.near1.y50%higherthaninthe193（）s.OnedriverofthistrendisthatstudioswanttosqueezethemostOUtoftheircost1.yinte1.1.ectua1.px>peny（知识产权）but（heyarccompetingwithstreamingp1.atformsforeyeba1.1.s.Thehopeisthataspectacu1.ar,drawn-out*cvcnt,moviewi1.1.drawaudiencesawayfromthesma1.1.screenandintocinemas.Thisapproachhasoftenpaidoft':Avengers:EndgameMan,csthree-hoursuperheronmepieces,wasthehighes-grssing（票房最高的）fi1.min2019.1.astyear1.ongmoviesseriesmadeupmostofthehighest-grossingfmsinAmerica.Anotherexp1.anationfor1.ongerfi1.mshastodowithdirectors,growinginf1.uence.Whowou1.ddareIe1.1.the1.ikesofMr.No1.antocutu1.hismasterpieces?Moreover,streamingp1.atforms,whichck>no<havetoworryasmuchabouttheIeng1.hbecauseviewerscanpausewheneverIhey1.ike,mayattractbignamesbypromisingthemSUfnCienIfundandcreativefreedom.NeIfIiXfundedandre1.eased（hn?e-hourTbeIrishmanin2019,aHimthatwou1.dhavebenefitedfromadecisiveeditor,Irishorotherwise.WhatisProb1.IbIythebesttit1.eforthepassage?,MovieEnthusiastsB.MovieMarathonsC.MoviePixx1.iKtionD.MovieInf1.uence【答案】B【解析】主旨大意题，根据第，段“Vamoknowwhaii§Smingsoonioacinemanearyou?Probahiynotai.5-bour-1.ongmovie,asintheo1.ddays.OnOctober20thcomesKi1.1.ersoftheF1.owerMoon.Atnear1.ythree<ndaha1.fhour$.its1.engthisnear1.ydoub1.ethatoftheaveragefi1.m1.astyear.Evenmoviefansstrugg1.etocoIKenIraKIorIha1.1.UnRandsomeViCWCnievennodoff.Aftenvaids（hereisamaddashfor（hetoi1.ets.Whendoeswatchinga1.nbecomesucha迎S?（世知道你附近的电影院即格上映什么电影吗？可能不会像过去那样是部1.5小时长的电影IO月20日上映的花月杀手九该片时长近三个半小时,几乎是去年平均时长的两倍.即使是影迷也很难在这么长时间内集中注意力.一些观众甚至会打陀.之后.人们疯狂地冲向见所.什么时候看电影变成了i件苦差事？）”及下文内容可知,文章主要讲述了电影的时长变得越来越长这现象，并分析了出现这种现象的原因，由此可知，B项“MovieMara1.hOnS（电影马拉松）”适合作本文最佳标题。故选B项.7.2023衡育三湖南师大附中校考）BcnErancisdidn'tbecomewea1.thythroughafami1.yinheritance（遗产）.Instead,theCEOandco-founderofGymsharkusedhisearningsasaPizzaHpanyat19.E1.evenyears1.ater,hisa1.csccntstrategy1.itera1.1.ypaidoff.Francis,30,whohasareportednetworthOf$1.3bi1.1.ion,joinedForbes'bi1.1.ionaires1.ist.He'sinrarecompany:The1.ist'saverageageis65y