ISO 00748-2021.docx

INTERNATIONA1.STANDARDISO748editionFifth2O21-1.1.HydrometryMeasurementof1.iquidf1.owinopenchanne1.sVe1.ocityareamethodsusingpointve1.ocitymeasurementsHydrometrieMesuragedudebitdesecou1.ementsasurfaceIibreMethodesd'exp1.orationduchampdesvitessesUti1.isantIemesragede1.avitesseparpointRSacncc7ttattH1.(E)COPYRIGHTPROTECTEDDOCUMENT©ISO2021IUirhM*hedbdi1.iUedotherwiseupdhi.o啪InyM1.ttti0oemhxitronio»ktu-Dkirietf1.vMqnIrHHBt1.Onmaytheinternetoranintranet,withoutpriorwrittenpermission.PermissioncanberequestedfromeitherISOattheaddressbe1.oworISO'smemberbodyinthecountr)oftherequester.f),WV>fifiU81.andonnet8CH-1214Vernier,GenevaPhone：M1.22749O1.11觥曲ite：图洲跳触OQrgPub1.ishedinSwitzer1.andContentsforewordScopeNormativereferencesTermsanddefinitionsPrincip1.eofthemethodsofmeasurementsSitese1.ection25.1 Se1.ectionofsite5.2 Demarcationofsite.Measurementofcross-sectiona1.area6.1 Genera1.36.2 Measurementofwidth3Measurementofmeanve1.ocity47.1 Determinationofmeanve1.ocityusingpointve1.ocitymeasurements47.1.1 Genera1.I7.1.3 Mfttiquttf1.conprQcedure47.1.4 Detenninationofthemeanve1.ocityinavertica1.57.1.5Integrdt1.onmethod.>>>>1.><，87.2 7erMW三8解蒯砒'fr°msuMaCeve1.Oei7.2.1 Genera1.87.2.2 Non-contactsystems94056922初瞬6f鲫SHm脚熟的W>g冲决加eterEXCRPt1.onS->>>>.<*«.MainsourcesoferrorComputationofdischarge8.1 Arithmeticmethods8.1.1 Genera1.8.1.3 M0>sfsstwnmethod108.1.4 Ba1.hymetricvertica1.s118.2 Independentvertica1.method11Uncertaintiesinf1.owmeasurement139.1 Genera1.139.2 Methodofca1.cu1.atingtheuncertaintyindischargebymeasurementofve!ocityrby9.2.2Contributoryuncertainties149.3 Methodofca1.cu1.atingtheuncertaintyindischargebymeasurementofve1.ocity8%ra1.169.3.2 Contributoryuncertainties169.3.3 Combineduncertaintyindischarge17MM堀网arianceestimatorQ胆_189.6 Q*199.7 F1.aure19Annex B (informative)Surfaceve1.ocitymeasurementusingf1.oats23Annex C (informative)Examp1.esurfaceve1.ocitysystems27Annex D (informative)Uncertaintiesintheve1.ocity-areameasurement._.一.一.29Annex E (informative)Ve1.ocitymeasurementundericeconditions32Annex F (mformative)Correctionsforwetted1.engthofwirewhenmeasuringdepthswithwirenotnorma1.tosurface38Bib1.iography41ForewordISO(theInternationa1.OrganizationforStandardization)isawor1.dwidefederationofnationa1.standardsBuchugh(ISOtnrhniroibirH)tR¼,kWpaphngbody1.ntnoi6tat(bW(no!hntart>edj<mitteehasbeenestab1.ishedhastherighttoberepresentedonthatcommittee.Internationa1.organizations,governmenta1.andnongovernmenta1.,in1.iaisonwithISO,a1.sotakepartinthework.ISOco1.1.aboratesc1.ose1.ywiththee1.ectrotechnica1.standardization.Internationa1.E1.ectrotechnica1.Commission(IEC)ona1.1.mattersofTheproceduresusedtodeve1.opthisdocumentandthoseintendedforitsfurthermaintenanceareeditoria1.ru1.esoftheISO/IECDirectives,Part2(seewww.iso.org/directives).R鹳MOn1.h1.sd做，刷姐n捣嫂黜树那馨ns心快梯田即侪斑相副刚的比咻跳墙临圈加陵subjectof搬1.三曲撼oSOIEC½teM福必曲硼眯蜘黜曲螂蝌e&cordancetheanypatentrightsidentifiedduringthedeve1.opmentCfbeintheIntroductionand/orAnytradeusedinthisontheISO1.istofpatentdec1.arationsreceived(secwww.iso.org/patents).constitutenameendorsement,domentisinformationgivenfortheconvenienceofusersanddoesnotForanexp1.anationofthevo1.untarynatureofstandards,themeaningofISOspecifictermsandinwj喃砌幅hnBa做Hsd幽S期www.iso.org/iso/foreword.htmI.刚v°do击碓INmM陋PremPedCOIbWJ腕外制COm曲feeEuro滥RS品味e(ydrom防Stah的hfiS界就都1.Technica1.CommitteeCkN/TC318,HydrometryfinaccordancewiththeAgreementontechnica1.cooperationbet¼reenISOandCEN(ViennaAgreement).脚氐88.hTfefimiVtFR触。WWtethef斓舸代。米,4曲邱(f9"WHfchhasbeentechnica1.1.y thedocumenthasbeenupdatedtotakeaccountoftechno1.ogica1.deve1.opments; C1.ause7hasbeenrevisedtoreduceuncertaintiesinmeasurements;一ISO9196regardingmeasurementundericeconditionshasbeenincorporated.雁品fifisHHI1.ieSthiscabg<fe1.1.ftstandardsbody.AHydrometryMeasurementof1.iquidf1.owinopenchanne1.sVe1.ocityareamethodsusingpointve1.ocitymeasurements1 Scopeinopenchanne1.sandforca1.cu1.atingthedischargeemp1.oyingpointve1.ocitymeasurementdevices.f1.oatsandothersurfaceve1.ocitysystems.pub1.icagenc1.es.deta1.1.edprocedures,refertoguide1.inesfromInstrumentmanufacturersandtheappropriate2 Normativereferencesconstitutesrequirements1.atesteditiondocument.referencedreferences,(inc1.udingamendments)app1.ies.app1.ies.ISO25377:2020,definitiOTXSuncertaintyguidance(HUG)Forthepurposesofthisdocument,thetermsanddefinitionsgiveninISO772app1.y.ISOOn1.inebrowsingp1.atform:avai1.ab1.eathHps:"WWWjSo.3¾obp4Princip1.eofthemethodsofmeasurementsThisischaracterizedasshownby-F0R4i-p4whereQThisdocumentspecifiesmethodsfordeterminingtheve1.ocityandcross-sectiona1.areaofwaterf1.owingItisapp1.icab1.etomethodsusingrotating-e1.ementcurrentmeters,acousticdopp1.erve1.ocimeters(ADVs),acousticdopp1.ercurrentprofi1.er(DCP)stationarymethod,surfaceve1.ocitymeasurementinc1.udingA1.thoughsomegenera1.proceduresarediscussed,thisdocumentdoesnotdescribeindetai1.howtouseordep1.oythesesystems.NOTEForThefo1.1.owingdomentsarereferredtointhetextinsuchawaythatsomeora1.1.oftheircontentundatedreferences,theofthisoftheFordateddocumenton1.ythcanyeditioncitedForISO772,HydrometryVocabu1.aryandsymbo1.s3TermsandHydrometricISOandIECmaintaintermino1.ogica1.databasesforuseinstandardizationatthefo1.1.owingaddresses:IECE1.ectropedia:avai1.ab1.eathttps:/www.e1.ectropedia.org/Theprincip1.edependsupondeterminingve1.ocityandcross-sectiona1.area.Q=VA(1)一isthef1.ow(ma/s);isthemeanve1.ocity(ms)(averagedoverthecross-section);AnnexB(informative)Surfaceve1.ocitymeasurementusingf1.oatsB.1.Measurementofve1.ocityusingf1.oatsB.1.1Genera1.Thismethodsha1.1.on1.ybeusedwhenitisimpossib1.etoemp1.oyacurrentmeterbecauseofaccessdifficu1.ties,reconnaissance.excessiveve1.ocitiesanddepths,thepresenceofmateria1.insuspensionorincasesofB.1.2Se1.ectionofsiteThreecross-sectionssha1.1.bese1.ecteda1.ongthereachofthechanne1.asdescribedinC1.ause5,attheiwiMuhithg.f1.DbffttaXQitdPt1.曲曲andofiethcrerSkeonctUhBiiettionbeha1.1.hedinBiediigiiuparf1.foTHitttmbftaycross-sectionsha1.1.beusedon1.yforthepurposeOfcheckingtheve1.ocitymeasurementbetweenthecross-sectionsatthebeginningandattheendofthereach.Aminimumdurationoff1.oatmovementofPf.芋觑号种般瞧d.proceduref1.(Hg曲§1痹可喇斓僦tior丸胪利mWH三Q磁阳SS髓&1.one丽hffifthe的细画卜解SectionSisthennoted.Thisproceduresha1.1.berepeatedwiththef1.oatsatvariousdistancesfromthebankoftheriver.MF福W做hemd(ftt.f1.oatsusedtodeterminetheve1.ocityineachsegmentwi1.1.improvetheThewidthofthechanne1.sha1.1.bedividedintoacertainnumberofsegmentsofequa1.width.If,however.M1.n。器用好后籍撷*&瓢分PaIhBpgepos聊4由奥即1视2(解发咻ethen福numberofsegmentsdependingonthetimeavai1.ab1.efortheseobservationsattheparticu1.arstageoftheriver.B.2Typesoff1.oat8.2.1 Surfacef1.oatsThesemaybeusedduringf1.oodswhenve1.ocitymeasurementsaretobemadequick1.y.Theysha1.1.not通2&而UtIbMijoa的Iiovementis1.ike1.ytobeaffectedbywinds.11QA痛!h¾UUVVmtJUWiW4a*丽iidep1.hs钿钳夫肝hedigy&m心，展f1.11w屈ISP颉IiW冏depths.B.2.3Othertypesoff1.oats8.2.3.1 Genera1.Othermethodsofobtainingthemeanve1.ocityineachsegmentmaybeusedifthebedprofi1.eisregu1.aroverthemeasuringreach.8.2.3.2 Sub-surfacef1.oatsThesemaybeusedformeasurementofve1.ocitiesinverydeeprivers.The1.engthofthesub-surfacef1.oat,pmottmest1.xte1.1.ti1.iwfHdf6jyif1.(Mh1fttaftQBfeconotetshg1.trate*mxitsSMdyk1.utabIymtctafrtetberbutthef1.oatsha1.1.innocasetouchthebottom.B.3Determinationofve1.ocity8.3.1 MethodThef1.oatve1.ocitysha1.1.bedeterminedbydividingthedistancebetweenthecross-sectionsbythetimeIEHenmbyft<th1.WitrnMBithiR1.CrShanihaiScKami1.tip1.ib¢idwisurementt1.叫JfiOPrM1.DCdd函NbnUtatJbtanthctaken.ve1.ocityinthesegment.Thecoefficientderivedfromcurrentmetermeasurementsatthesiteatastageasnearaspossib1.etothatduringtheoatmeasurementmaybeusedforconvertingthef1.oatve1.ocitytomeanve1.ocity.8.3.2 Surfacef1.oatsWwerecoefficient"6Jfb1.0VMg值幅Jrt1.E帕ficien丽因3½ri(4fJH90assu“解丽j飒IniyifcethaeSh96Snera1.ve1.ocityprofi1.e.Thehigherva1.uesareusua1.1.yobtainedwhenthebedissmooth,butva1.uesoutsidethisrangecanoccurfundercertaincircumstances.B.373Doub1.ef1.oatsWhereitisnotpossib1.etochockthecoefficientdirect1.y,itmaybeacceptedforguidancethatwhentheGbhfd6pthhihix<(Riff1.otaitis滤而pfdGdtMihdha1.Ocfttfficientisapproximate1.yequa1.to1.r0,andat0,58.3.4 Othertypesoff1.oatsWhereadirectcheckonthecoefficientisnotpossib1.e,itmaybeassumedthatthecoefficientofthesub-mtherangeof0,8to1.0.Errorscanarise： ifthecoefficientfromwhichthemeanve1.ocityisobtainedfromthef1.oatve1.ocityisnotknownaccurate1.y; iftoofewsegmentsareusedfortheve1.ocitydistribution; ifasub-surfacef1.oatorve1.ocity-rodisusedandthedepthofthechanne1.isnotuniformthroughoutthemeasuringreach； ifthef1.oatdoesnottrave1.inthecentreofthepane!duetoob1.iquecurrents;othersIistedwindjabovc,Shou1.dsurfacef1.oatisused.errorisgenera1.1.yneg1.igib1.eincomparisonwiththeB.5Detenninationofdischargefromsurfacef1.oatve1.ocitymeasurementsbedetermined.Ha1.fwaysegmentsofequa1.twocross-sectioncross-sectiona1.area1.ineeachsha1.1.theseSegmentspara1.1.c1.Ve1.ocitybymu1.tip1.ied1.ines.appropriatecoefficient,seeNOTEbe1.ow)correspondi11norma1.ve1.ocity(f1.oatsurfaceve1.ocitydistributionFigureB.1.Measurementsectionsandf1.oatpathsO2021-A1.1.rightsreservedifbutitun1.cssabenotedthatthisIftheupstreamanddownstreamcross-sectionsarep1.ottedasshowninFigureB.1.andthendividedintoasuitab1.enumberofbetweenthewidth,the1.ines,anotherofMNofbedrawncantothecross-sectiona1.1.ines.Thestartingandendingpointsofeachf1.oatmaythenbep1.ottedandjoinedbyfirm1.ines,whi1.ethesurface-pointsseparatingthevariouspane1.softhetwocross-sectionsmaybejoineddottedbytheWherethefirm1.inescrossthe1.ineMN,thesha1.1.bep1.ottedmeanMNandtheendpointsoftheseve1.ocityvectorsjoinedtof0r11v9Vegtyd例ribugpncurve(seeFigureB.2).depth(m)3directionoff1.owKeyFigureB.2Meanve1.ocity-distributioncurvefromf1.oatmeasurementsThemeanareaofcorrespondingsegmentsoftheupperand1.owercross-sections,whenmu1.tip1.iedby1.h<Hwhrtrti*iiysegrfhH>thisTttiiUrnniiUhwtMH1.)ythethdktt4JM1.1.ti<rtivrttirgwcntsrepecMttt>tiwdhd1.argedischarge.Themeanve1.ocityinapane1.mayhedeterminedbymeasuring,bymeansofap1.animeter,theareaundertheve1.ocity-distributioncurveforthecorrespondingsegmentor,a1.ternative1.y,anapproxnateva1.uemaybeadoptedequa1.tothereadingoftheve1.ocityha1.fu,ayacrossthepane1.See'砧:VTp(B.1.)wherev»isthemeanve1.ocityinthesegment;Adstheareaofupstreamsegment;2istheareaofdownstreamsegment.MTEmStarKeWhWignoirttfW眦IeIO忸刑hi眼睫的I；M翻Wt的rKM,rt<f1.M期神4*1*&杰联<ftHW3r,bymeasuringthemeanofthesurfaceve1.ocities.Thisdischargeisthenmu1.tip1.iedbyacoefficientdeterminedfromtheresu1.tsofcurrentmetermeasurementscarriedoutsimu1.taneous1.ywithf1.oatmeasurementsatthe1.eve1.whichapproximatestothatoftheoatmeasurements.AnnexCExamp1.esurfaceve1.ocitysystemsC.1.Surfaceve1.ocityradarsC.1.1.Genera1.Theradar,sabi1.itytoreturnasurface-waterve1.ocityisinf1.uencedby：b)theairgaporthedistancebetweentheradarunitandthewatersurface；According1.y,thefo1.1.owingproceduresshou1.dbefo1.1.owed.Ve1.ocityvc1.ocitiescanarepointedadequatdy(prefcrred)themaximum-surfacebridgeve1.ocitywa1.kway.yaxis.shou1.dturbu1.ence.ve1.ocitydatatoavoidwind-dominatedreaches,eddies,secondaryf1.owsandmacroC.1.2Guide1.inesforsurfaceradarinsta1.1.ationSamp1.equickstartguide choosestraightchanne1.swithpara1.1.e1.stream1.ines； usesectionsthatareparabo1.ic,trapezoida1.orrectangu1.ar; conditionsshou1.df1.owconditionsdownstreamofpiersorchanne1.obstructions(high1.yturbu1.entCo1.1.ectthefo1.1.owingstreamowandchanne1.dataatthecross-sectionofinterest:usingy-axisrsix-pointmethodsurface-waterVe1.OCity7,1.4,3,6POintve1.ocities,throughoutthewaterco1.umn(informative)Ve1.ocityradarsareusedtomeasuresurfaceve1.ocitiesanddonotpenetratethewatersurface.a) thequa1.ityOfdisturbancesorwaveformsonthewatersurface;c)thepotentia1.noiseimposedbywinddrift,eddies,secondaryf1.owsandmacroturbu1.ence.Typica1.1.y,thevertica1.containingthemaximum-surfaceve1.ocitywi1.1.containthemaximumve1.ocity.Ve1.ocitiesshou1.dbemeasuredre1.ativetoaknownpositionorgeo-reference.At1.east20to25surfacewaterradarbeupstreamidentifyordownstreamfromwaterorandItTheheorientedpara1.1.e1.tof1.ow1.inesandti1.ted(fromhorizonta1.)atanomina1.45-degreeincidenceang1.e.Itshou1.dbenotedthatdifferentradarunitsoperateatdifferentincidenceang1.es.It,simportanttonotewhenco1.1.ectingDatashou1.dbeco1.1.ectedatthecross-sectionofinterestandinthevicinityoftheve1.ocityradarfootprint: chooseastreambedfreeof1.argerocks,weedsandobstructionsthatwou1.dcreateturbu1.ence/s1.ackwater; useve1.ocitiesgreaterthan0.1m/sto0,4m/sanddepthsgreaterthan0,3m;avoidvariab1.ebeavoided); avoidsectionsinf1.uencedbytributariesorcontributingdrainagechanne1.s. simi1.artoanyotherpointve1.ocitydischargemeasurement;atthetherecordminimum(seeand); confirmthe1.ocationoftheyaxisbyrepeatingthisproceduretothe1.eftandrightofthey-axis；waterdepthatthey-axis;windspeedanddirection.IRSnf1.I1.rf1.M>city.maximum-surfacewaterve1.ocity;itDeve1.opanindexve1.ocitytoascertainmeanve1.ocityforthesection.G%>cityP的电色到诚。所收减吩旧蛾WEIonbridges,1.ightcab1.ewaysorcab1.estays.PIVisatechniquecurrent1.yPraCtiSed:uSingimagescontinuous1.yfi1.medwithvideoorsti1.1.cameras.Threemethodsarethe1.arge-sca1.epartic1.eimageve1.ocimeter(1.SPIV)deter11nnestheve1.ocityvectorbymatchingwatersurfacepatternsbetweentwoimagesobtainedatdifferenttimepoints；thepartic1.etrackve1.ocimeter(PTV)tracksatracer;dM钿tWdft8cvWcimeter(STIV)monitorsthemovementofwatersurfacepatternstoAsidefromexperimenta1.studies,imageconversionissometimesnecessarywhenthesetechniquesare瞰Meda翻僦act我IwSerii财6%°m觑mp1.(帆职，Rh跚>8Q?S轻鹿旃肪般席YMConvertedwithtneexp1.icitorthorectificationmethod.Additiona1.1.y,insta1.1.ationand1.ocation-surveyofgroundcontro1.pointsarenecessaryforaccurateorthorectificationofthewatersurfacep1.ane.Idea1.1.y,thegroundEB9FfiJ1.P8ift叫部FaSi除MedaBbiIab酷族&郃酗七on.distributedintheXry1.andzp1.anesoftheC.31.aser1.aserdopp1.crinstrumentsfocusabeamof1.ightfroma1.aserwhichismountedabovethef1.owataPpictftrfHi>tuTOeent.fraten(y1.aserdttfeencefhese(1.tR<wy<TOittji)irin-fcdoti'1.<1.rahie1.ocitypetteeratethe1.iquidsurface.Inthisway,asing1.e1.asercanbeusedtoscanbothacrossthef1.owfie1.dhorizonta1.1.yand,toadegreewhichdependsonthec1.arityofthewater,throughthedepth.Thisenab1.esthemeanf1.uidve1.ocitytobeestimatedoverarangeoff1.owconditions.AnnexD(informative)Uncertaintiesintheve1.ocity-areameasurementD.1.Genera1.Itshou1.dbenotedthattheva1.uesgive