ISO 04410-2023.docx

INTERNATIONA1.STANDARDISO4410editionFirst2023-07Testmethodsfortheexperimenta1.characterizationofin-p1.anepermeabi1.ityoffibrousreinforcementsfor1.iquidcompositemou1.dingMethodesdfessaispourIaCaracterisationexperimenta1.edeIapermeabi1.itydansIep1.andesrenfortsfibreuxpourIemou1.agedecompositesIiquides©ISO2023COPYRIGHTPROTECTEDDOCUMENT©ISO2023IUirhM*hedbdi1.iUedotherwiseupdhi.o啪InyM1.tta0Dmk<nroni(ncm11ni10tf1.*Mqn1.C6pW11opypMRationmaytheinternetoranintranet,withoutpriorwrittenpermission.PermissioncanberequestedfromeitherISOattheaddressbe1.oworISO'smemberbodyinthecountr)oftherequester.f),WV>fifiU81.andonnet8CH-1214Vernier,GenevaPhone：M1.22749O1.11觥ftte:丽丽BQrgPub1.ishedinSwitzer1.and©ISO2023-A1.1.rightsreservedIntroduction1.iquidcompositemnu1.ding(1.CM)processesareemp1.oyedforthemanufactureoffibrereinforcedMMmerreSinayMPnSjghHRB(JhG1.to3MfoHom11ifesses,rtok说tffenmpr嘀由vmentarth1.impwroateNUihirhthefibresareembedded.Impregnationisdrivenbypositiveapp1.iedpressureand/orvacuum.1.CMiswide1.yapp1.iedforthemanufactureOf1.ightWeightcomponentsintheautomotive,aerospace,marine,andenergy(e.g.b1.adesforwindturbines)industries.ToobtainshortCydetimesandhighcomponentqua1.ityin1.CM1i.e.fastandcomp1.etesaturationofthereinforcementwith1.iquidresin,asuitab1.eprocessdesignisrequired,basedonknow1.edgeofmateria1.艇佻,HiD9W8做建杷mHdIheP的ft帏瞳出他栉阿视!心怕rtd1.曲曲ep丐莫时国班为ffibrousstructures,suchasreinforcements,isgenera1.1.ydirection-dependentandisdescribedbyasymmetricsecond-ordertensor.Diagona1.isationofthetensor1.eadstothreeprincipa1.permeabi1.ities,whichcorrespondpermeabi1.ity.tothef1.oworienteda1.ongthreeorthogona1.axes,twoofwhichdescribethein-p1.aneThisdocumentfocusesontheexperimenta1.characterizationofunsaturatedinp1.ancpermeabi1.ity务dr4随沌限辐箭HSmayfora展削擀四郎那曲11f1.i戚格班腋制取包曲ff!H)gica网厚妊%aticexperimenta1.methods,thisdocumentcoversthetwomostcommonapproaches,1.inearandradia1.f1.owexperiments.Systematicerrorsinherenttothesemethodsareminimizedbydistinctproceduresfor密昂和ing侧用6S曲H“MnoWd低阳裨槛也乘格曲Cn3做E吊死8盘麻斜他斜网Vi6f1.sm<三fi1.properties,particu1.ar1.yinhomogeneousarea1.weightandthus,fibrevo1.umetractionofthereinforcingmateria1.s.Thisdocumentcoverswe1.1.knownstatistica1.methods,suchasmu1.tip1.eexperimentsatrepetitiveconditions,inordertoestimatetheuncertaintyassociatedwiththeresu1.ts.Forcorrectdataana1.ysisandreporting,especia1.1.yoftheorientationang1.e®oftheprincipa1.f1.ow11.7 Sensorequipment/Dataacquisition11.7.1 F1.uidf1.owfrontmonitoringspatia1.instances.usingPointmeaSUremenItheSeShanShaI1.eitherp1.aceda1.ongcont1.nuous1.y,1.eastfordirectionsre1.ativetheminimumofdirectiondirectionsmonitored,thesedirectionsshou1.dbeO°,9Ooand225°<iistortionreinforcement<1.etectedandquantifiedtobyninimizemeasurementerrortiansparentsurface.The1.ens11.7.2Samp1.ingofIneasurenientdatatemperatureandpressure(in1.et)sha1.1.becapredatexact1.ythetimeswhenf1.owfrontmeasurement11.8 Dataprocessing11.8.1 Dataeva1.uationrangeTheminimumdistanceintermsoftheinjectiongateradiusisindicatedinFigure13(see11.2).11.8.2 DatasegmentationStartingcharacteristicsexperiinentinjectionschematica1.1.yreadingsFiguredistinctpressurebui1.d-upandthetc<xaJisthetota1.experimenttime.Figure16-Typica1.characteristicsoff1.uidinjectionpressuredirection,there1.ativeang1.ebc1.w4MuUhereferencedirectionofthemou1.dandthedefinedreferencedirectionofthemateria1.(seeFigure2)shou1.dbeknownatanytime.Thef1.owfrontpositionsha1.1.bemeasuredeitherbyoptica1.photography,capacitive1.inesensorsorpointsensors.IfFIowfrontsensors,bemadebeeitherquasi1.inesator3at1.east9originatingfromthecentra1.in1.etorsha1.1.bewe1.1.-distributedacrossthemou1.d.Ifon1.ytothereferencethreeofthespecimen.Whenapp1.yingvisua1.observation,thecamerashou1.dbepositionedtopointasperpendicu1.artotheinp1.anecanbesurfaceaspossib1.e,p1.acinggraphpaperonthefromob1.iqueang1.es.F1.owfrontmeasurementsha1.1.bemadeeitherquasicontinuous1.y,orforat1.east9spatia1.instances.F1.uidtakesp1.ace.Aminimumdistanceneedstobecoveredbythepropagatingf1.owfrontbeforedatacanIwaquired.Forthedataprocessingproceduretoapp1.y,constantf1.uidinjectionpressureisassumed.However,typica1.stageofoff1.uidaspressureshownshowa16.Here,theaxesshowinpressureandtime,wherePeftisthetime-averagedpressuredrop,sepisthetimeofseparationandThedatafromthisstartingstagesha1.1.bee1.iminatedpriortothesubsequentprocessingsteps.Forthispurpose,tstwptu=sha1.1.bechosenwith:OO1<<5,Datasegmentationsha1.1.be<©ISO2023-A1.1.rightsreservedNOTEofthethesource,theactua1.theintocombinedthesubsequentmode1.isgenera1.,i.e.routinevariesaccordingtothesourceandthestatistica1.natureofthedata:neg1.igib1.euncertaintyinthecorrespondingtimedata;b) for1.inearcapacitivesensors,theuncertaintyisassociatedwiththesaturation1.ength,whichcanbeseenastheradia1.sma1.1.po1.arc) thedataderivedfrompointsensorsexhibitsstatistica1.uncertaintyinthef1.owarriva1.timeinformationon1.yThegeometricmode!ofane1.1.ipticparabo1.oid(seeFigure19)sha1.1.beapproximatedtothecomp1.etethefractionofthedatadatarangethe1.1.8.1).KeyI1.rWffre19Ad瞅CdAptXmdmatiiOn*OfJane1.1.ipticparabo1.oidmode1.tothedatadescribingthetempora1.advancementofthef1.uidf1.owfrontNOTEThefittede1.1.ipticparabo1.oidshowsthefo1.1.owingproperties(seeReference7):a) theprimaryaxisoftheparabo1.oidisa1.ignedwiththez-axis;b) thevertexis1.ocatedontheZ-axisataparticu1.ardistancefromtheorigin;andc) themajoraxisofthee1.1.ipticcross-sectionoftheparabo1.oidisorientedatanang1.ewithrespecttothexz-p1.ane.严肿°,'yz1.'1iII1.I0Type-specificfittingofsuchane1.1.ipticParabCx,yzkn*"*,asshowninFormu1.a(21):IxuXy1.Iy12zIq料Ii1.I1.PW泗IJ1.q1.oITheactua1.fittingtaskismathernauca1.1.ysetuminimized,asimp1.ementedinFormu1.a(22):=()r=zrrQqqr叫8,”，R=：1Thisisso1.vedbysingu1.arva1.uedecompositiose1.ectingtherightsingu1.ar-vectorofVcorres11.8.3.4Ca1.cu1.ationoftheparabo1.oidorieTheorientationang1.e®oftheparabo1.oidWi1.twtiwpttMiQ33,whichinturnistheupper-1.eft3x3subnQ33网单o1.Oaccordingto®asdefinedinFormu1.a(24):1.rr(e21)Theparabo1.oidQsha1.1.nowberotatedarounparabo1.oidQshowsmodifiedcoefficientsqiq1=qcos2®+Q3sinz®,q3=qsi112®+q：ic0s2®.Thein-p1.aneanisotropyratiosha1.1.bederivec12(=f3©ISO2023-A1.1.rightsreservedM1./I1.i=+t2z？2J9(20)1.oidmode1.toagivensetofnmeasurementdata,=1resu1.tsinasystemofequationswhichcanbeformu1.atedbymatri:IrI(21)B1pasfindingq.suchthatthesumofsquaredresidua1.s,isI)(22)n(SVD)ofthescattermatrixS,i.e.:S=1.fV71©,andpondingtothesma1.1.estsingu1.arva1.uein©.ntationang1.eandthein-p1.aneanisotropyratiohrespecttotheg1.oba1.×-axissha1.1.bederivedfromtheIatriXofQ,asshowninFormu1.a(23)：(23)(24)dthez-axisby<S>toresu1.tinitsnorma1.form.Therotated)ndq:«,asdefinedinFormu1.ae(25)and(26):(25)(26)IfromthecoefficientsofQasdefinedinFormu1.a(27):(27)2711.8.3.5Ca1.cu1.ationofprincipa1.in-p1.anepermeabi1.ityva1.uesexperimenta1.parametersarecomputedascoordinateFormu1.aeReference8).Atfirst,threeauxi1.iary-i1.1.Io=InfiI<2)叫1.r111)radiusoftheinjectiongateofthemou1.dortheradiusofthetubea1.ongthefeeding1.ine).Moreover,nand-(32):1.sinh(21.)U1.cosh(2Io)cosh(21.)IoU84=(1.+1.4+2+284A1.and-21canbc1.foundbyapp1.yingFormu1.ae(33)and44):h=A(i()pinWhiChXpdenotestheratiogiveninFormu1.a(¾5):P1.工,f1.uidinjectionpressurecharacteristicsPaswe1.1.asthearrayofexperimenta1.timestampva1.uest.k三2=.Principa1.in-p1.anepermeabi1.ityva1.uessha1.1.beca1.cu1.atedfromthein-p1.aneanisotropyratio<aswe1.1.quantities,Io,andIz,inane1.1.iptica1.definedframe(see(28)to(30):,I(28)I1÷<2Ifor1)I(29)(30)inwhichroistheradiusofthecentra1.injectionopeningofthespecimen(nottobeconfusedwiththeandnspecifythetempora1.characteristicsofthemajorandminorradia1.extension,respective1.y.Fromtheseauxi1.iaryquantities,twofunctiona1.ICrmSJ1.andf1.,arecomputedaccordingtoFormu1.ae(31)222)(31)f1.21.)(32)Fromthesefunctiona1.terms,thetempora1.characteristicsoftheprincipa1.in-p1.anepermeabi1.ityva1.uespA1.Uv(33)(34)(35)invo1.vingtheradiusroofthecentra1.inectionopening,porosity1ofthereinforcement,f1.uidviscosityFina1.1.y,thehomogenisedin-p1.anepermeabi1.ityva1.uessha1.1.beca1.cu1.atedfromtime-averaging,i.e.takingintoaccountapossib1.ynon-constantdataacquisition1.J/-rate：(36)11.8.4Va1.iditychecksTestssha1.1.beexc1.udedfromthedatapostprocessingifanyoneofthefo1.1.owingcriteriaisnotfu1.fi1.1.ed：Testconditions:The4ampwUreofthemo1.drfabricsandf1.uiddifferbynomorethan±0r5fromTVff(definedinFormu1.a(3)Thecoefficientofvariationpofthef1.uidpressureasspecifiedinFcrmu1.a(38),sha1.1.hesma1.1.erthan2%:p,with,defineda<XGrdinggEcrm川a(39)-jmnr1I/JV7-T=1.1tnChJrnF1.OWfrontgeometry:Therootmeansquareerror(ERMSf)offittingthee1.1.iptica1.parabo1.oidtothe.CQataSha1.1.beSma1.1.erthan212Resu1.tdocumentationmm.12.1 Sing1.eexperimentdocumentation(Mandatory)Whenreportingin-p1.anepermeabi1.ityva1.ues,thefo1.1.owinginformationsha1.1.beinc1.uded. npjg6意Uerein&节的(HfEMnN旧M哄A"阈憔i(%enWKrtfcwee(Q4nbh雁制碎ms.fabric,biaxia1.±450); Fibretype(e.g.g1.ass,carbon,sisa1.,f1.ax,andanyfibreIDextractedfrommanufacturerdatasheet);anyadditiona1.materia1.(e.g.secondaryyams)andthearea1.densityofeachadditiona1.materia1. Numberof1.ayersusedineachtest. Arca1.densityofreinforcement(nomina1.va1.ue,averageandstandarddeviationofmeasuredva1.ue). Fibrevo1.umefraction(nomina1.va1.ue,averageandstandarddeviationofmeasuredva1.ue)and/orporosity. Numberofrepeattests,N. Bindermateria1.:presenceofbinder；ifthebinderisactivatedbeforethetestanddetai1.softheactivationcyc1.e,e.g.therma1.cyc1.etemperatures,duration,1.eve1.ofvacuumapp1.ied. MmddIhHgtar,aEowsez1.mQTrtiPr¢5饨甫的ed油蜘&*bat4neartf1.01.eekper1.weat<hehighestfibrevo1.umefractiontested;averageva1.ueandstandarddeviationforbothmeasurements;methodforthicknessmeasurement.Surfaceroughness measurement.oftopandbottommou1.dsurfacesasmeasured;dateofsurfaceroughness Specimendimensions(edge1.engthsforrectangu1.arspecimenin1.inearf1.ow;edge1.engthofsquarespecimenorradiusforcircu1.arspecimeninradia1.f1.ow). stHddrd)fppiUtthSgQfitotatejrtmenspiHd0tj(Sirh1.thJinearinjection);sea1.antmateria：averageand injectiongatedimensions:widthofin1.etchanne1.for1.inearinjection;diameterofinjectiongateandho1.einspecimenforradia1.injection Injectionpressure:averageva1.ueandstandarddeviation.Temperatureofthereinforcement,testf1.uid(reservoir)andambienttemperature. F1.uidused,inc1.udingviscosityduringtest. Methodapp1.iedfordeterminationofthetemperature-dependentf1.uidviscosity. Testmethodapp1.ied(1.inearorRadia1.injection). Principa1.in-p1.anepermeabi1.ityva1.ues,kandkz,inm2orm2(averageva1.ueandstandarddeviationbasedfora1.1.Nrepeattests). Orientationang1.e®,indicatingthedirectionofkinre1.ationtoproductiondirectionofthefabricorifUStWfW1.Qejp1.jretandarddeviationbasedona1.1.repeattests).Fordefinitionofthe Deviationsfromthisdocumentsha1.1.beexp1.icit1.yexp1.ained,whenreferringtothisdocument.12.2 Documentationofrepeatexperiments(Optiona1.)Asthepermeabi1.ityishigh1.ysensitivetothefibrevo1.umefractionVf,reportingthepermeabi1.itydataismadeeasierbyeva1.uatingitatasing1.emou1.dthickness,andthusasing1.eva1.ueofVf,asca1.cu1.atedper5.3.WithagiventargetVYjhereportedva1.uesofeshou1.dbecorrectedfors1.ightvariationsinthemeasuredspecimenmassMS(see6.4)byusingtheFormu1.ae(40)and(41).First,thefibrevo1.umefractionforeachtestisca1.cu1.ated:M)人力(40)HereAsisthespecimenin-p1.anearea,e.g.hsfor1.inearinjection.ForanysetofNexperimentsatauniquecombina11bnofmou1.dthicknesshandnumberofreinforcement1.ayersntrtheaveragefibrevo1.umecontentVffbrthoseNexporimentsisthenca1.cu1.ated.For1.inearinjectionexperiments.Vfisthenusedtoca1.cu1.atetheadjustedin-p1.anepe11neabi1.ityva1.ues,fcea.,foreachexpenmentbH中Kozeny-Carmanmode1.:tU.H1.-'.1.1Q(41)TheaverageandstandarddeviationofthejVadjustedpermeabi1.ityva1.ueskshou1.dthenbereportedforeachca1.cu1.atedmeanva1.ueVf.andusedtoca1.cu1.atebyFormu1.ae7to(13)Jtheva1.uesfork,kzandreportedin10.1.Forradia1.injectionexperiments,theadjustmentdescribedbyFormu1.a(41)ismadetokandkzinsteadofthe匕va1.ues.TheaverageandstandarddeviationoftheNadjustedpermeabi1.ityva1.uesandkzshou1.dthenbereported.Ifexperimentsarerunatdifferentva1.uesofornt,thentheadjustmentdescribedbyFormu1.a(41)shou1.dusethemeanVfca1.cu1.atedfromon1.ytheNCxpehmentsatthesameva1.ueofhor1.3012.3 Documentationofmode1.approximation(Optiona1.)Ifthepermeabi1.ityistestedatdifferentva1.uesofornt,thenthere1.ationshipbetweenthepermeabi1.itykand2andthefibrevo1.umecontent%shou1.dbecharacterizedbyfittingthedatatotheKozcnyCarmanmode1.showninFormu1.a(42):k=kc.,k2=kyVf2-2(42)HeWkCJndkc.2representtheKozenyconstants,whicharefittedtotheexperimenta1.datafork"andIcifkrespective1.y.ForJuniquecombinationsofhorn.va1.ues,theadjustedmeanva1.ues(see12.2)ofJciand!aareca1.cu1.ated,andthentheKozenyconstantsshou1.dbedeterminedbyminimizingtheerrorasdefinedinFormu1.a.3)：Z”(,4-a1dKzM三,J(W为,WgU(43)Thiseffective1.yreducesa1.1.theindividua1.teststoacurvemode!fork(1.r)and2(17).WfiHinRCft1.rctharW卬匕nationonwhyKozcny-Cparedtopower1.awcanbe12(4)(61(7网932Bib1.iography"I快PKhIEarkPerm据蚓期/卜加谕阴3j三ionR4索Mftftfisg撤H31gsed3mgm府ng1vo1.121,pp.100-114,2019,doi:10.1016positesa.2019.03.006.粼懦嚣阖麟勰醯丽憎脚三碗啕螺腺碱镯溜三骷麒虾胸三三酬减撷战瞰宿”3,林睢CdK武隔或U脚糊Rf*i钳dRicJwAMfi8K物他刑加*晶心阚ngA:App1.iedScienceandManufacturing,vo1.35,no.12,pp.1407-1418,2004,doi:10.1016/j.COmPoSMSa.2004.05.004.然WW为靛曲W版M僚刑n*耐essurcapi1.1.ar把曲恻林H扭1C8聃括mdTW桃施笊OWwUtrOPiCManufacturing,vo1.77,pp.133-141,2015,doi:10.1016positesa.2015.05.031.蜘hidi阖趣需尚轴皿腕瞌他翩曲湍1.和蝴OnOmi假1.蝴i峭三魏redset-ups,"CompositesPartA：App1.iedScienceandManufacturing,vo1.139,p.106119,2020,doi:10.1016positesa.2020.106119.由yfcrDatft1.nP10nC曲K(½加博曲kN限的输MyR.,R丽。WEVa1.啷QRR国期AdvancedManufacturing:Po1.ymer&CompositesScience,pp.24-40,2018,doi:10.1080/20550340.2018.1439688.XfiS1.i%karchRtf111.Jvo1."SZ啼3三卜福阱5的打1.W?W在加W64W9由明”61104.Hoag1.andD.,GeorgeA.,"Continuouspermeabi1.itymeasurementduringunidirectiona1.Y就快T628,和悬河业PrOCe置药泄刚届称i1)馈EP1.asticsandComposites,vo1.36.no.22,pp.ICS83.120