ISO 04974-2023.docx

INTERNATIONA1.STANDARDISO4974editionFirst2O23-O7Soi1.qua1.ityGuidanceonsoi1.temperaturemeasurementQUQ1.iMduso1.-RecommanciaUonsre1.ativesaumesuragedeIatemperatureduso1.©ISO2023COPYRIGHTPROTECTEDDOCUMENT©ISO2023IUirhM*hedbdi1.iUedotherwiseupdhi.o啪InyM1.tta0Dmk<nroni(ncm11ni10tf1.*Mqn1.C6pW11opypMRationmaytheinternetoranintranet,withoutpriorwrittenpermission.PermissioncanberequestedfromeitherISOattheaddressbe1.oworISO'smemberbodyinthecountr)oftherequester.f),WV>fifiU81.andonnet8CH-1214Vernier,GenevaPhone：M1.22749O1.11觥ftte:丽丽BQrgPub1.ishedinSwitzer1.andContentsForewordIntroductionv2 Scope13 Normativereferences14 TermsanddefinitionsFundamenta1.s14.1 Princip1.e14.2 Soi1.temperaturemeasurementmethods24.22GiMwmtionaImeasurement24,23QU1.Ckmeasurement.4Se1.ectionofmeasurementmethods55.1 Genera1.55.2 Methodse1.ectioninthesoi1.qua1.ityfie1.d55.3 SIt>ica1.CappHiMinrtas口9Uaftyfieki65.3.2Quickmeasurement6Qua1.ityassuranceandqua1.itycontro1.6Testreport6AnnexA(informative)Soi1.temperaturemeasuredbythermistorandIRthernoneter7Bib1.iography5ForewordISO(theInternationa1.OrganizationforStandardization)isawor1.dwidefederationofnationa1.standardsUudiugh(ISOtdm0itof1.iiRj)tis(vcek<jMMtf1.pbrjr)gbody1.1.tHrwttH1.6tandd>kif(ntvhmitteehasbeenestab1.ishedhastherighttoberepresentedonthatcommittee.Internationa1.organizations,governmenta1.andnon-governmenta1.,in1.iaisonwithISO.a1.sotakepartinthework.ISOco1.1.aboratesc1.ose1.ywiththee1.ectrotechnica1.standardization.Internationa1.E1.ectrotechnica1.Commission(IEC)ona1.1.mattersofTheproceduresusedtodeve1.opthisdocumentandthoseintendedforitsfurthermaintenanceare狐解幽Of1.SO/鹿惴助卜es揣屈犯noteftt111脚.财Mtcordancetheeditoria1.ru1.esoftheISO/IECDirectives.Part2(secwww.iso.org/direc1.ives).曲曲谶en1.a陛nWOntakeS用脚腾忸般on<¾f脚岛四品栅瞰ntm部邮删课躇Mcdaimedpatentrightsinrespectthereof.Asofthedateofpub1.icationofthisdocument,ISOhadnotreceivednoticeof（八）patent(三)whichmayberequiredtoimp1.ementthisdocument.However,i11p1.ementersare蜘临翻河i躺/mj，wWjsOQFg/patents洗蝮油那ion,vWspon三eOra,1suchpatentrights.Anytradeusedinthisconstitutenameendorsenent.documentisinformationgivenfortheconvenienceofusersanddoesnotForanexp1.anationofthevo1.untarynatureofstandards,themeaningofISOspecifictermsand幽幽蛔豳酒侬遮W即辆O)assEif1.眦聚inwe帼"1.吼。nBar池帆四dead朝乩CSvbr¼11isoorgisoforeword.htmI.ThisdocumentwaspreparedbyTechnica1.CommitteeISO/190,Soi1.qua1.ity.AnyfeedbackorquestionsonthisdocumentShaUIdWdimU4¼U041.uwwnatk>na1.standardsbody.Acomp1.ete1.istingofthesebodiescanbefoundatwww.iso.org/members.htm1.Introductioninteractionofandatmosphere,changesinweather(i.e.radiationemperaturedrought,humidity,Peakstemperaturevariationsoi1.prof1.ebe1.owthegroundsurface,withthesoi1.temperatureshiftinginMediterraneantemperaturetemperaturefromcan-ISreach40noreatdepthandmorecmdepth.indry1.andsingrowingtemperaturedeco11positionmeasuredorganicmatter,Iatesbiogeochemica1.processesnutrientassimi1.ationprocesses.temperatureisraisedsoi1.appropriatewaterContenteasi1.ydecomposedtemperatureactivatedSincetemperatureaffectsmentionedgrowth.a1.sotemperaturehasinagricu1.tura1.inf1.uenceonandindustriessuccessfu1.1.ygrowingagricu1.tura1.businesses,harvestgreenhouses,contro1.1.ingsoi1.temperaturedepressingandgreendensity.groundwatergroundbeatriggerva1.ues3dimensiona1.1.yfb1.ockss1.rcamsUndergroundandcanacce1.eratorAsPurposcproccdurcwhichsoi1.temperaturemeasurementadependstemperaturcaccuracyrcquircd1.andthedimateexactdisasterprevention,temperaturemeasurementcarefu1.1.ymeasuredtemperatureShou1.dapproximatebut国丽g1.11pmH*1.明B峪依ntinuous1.yinresponsetoc1.imateandmeteoro1.ogica1.changesandtheannua1.cydes.soi1.andirrcgu1.arCpisodicSomeofthefactorsaffectsoi1.C1.oudinessJnc1.udediurna1.andatmospherictemperature,rainfa1.1.,co1.devents).1.andscapeformation,regiona1.dtfTcrences,vegetationandsoi1.managementpracticesbyhumansa1.soaffectsoi1.temperature.Theothermajorinf1.uenceonsoi1.movingdeeperthedepthz.Soi1.temperaturevariationsacrossdayandyearcanbequiteimportantInborea1.conditionswithintheyear,soi1.areas,thecanpasstothan15at5than50ifatthegroundsurface.Withg1.oba1.warming,soi1.temperature1.endsa1.sotoincreaseinthesameorderasatmospherictemperatureasdemonstratedinvariousstudies3).4.Soi1.season,beofsoi1.beingcrucia1.forofminera1.izationandsuch1.engthofbyp1.antsaswe1.1.asp1.antproductivity.Soi1.temperaturechangeswithdepthinf1.uencemanysoi1.characteristics,suchasmicrobia1.activity,chemica1.reactions,nutrientcyc1.ing,andmanyotherwhenthe2Itisknownthatiforganicmatterismoreavai1.ab1.eandbymicrobesstaysinrangefavourab1.eformicrobes.Soi1.temperaturecanthenbeusedasaproxyfortheriskofcarbondioxideemissionfromtarget1.and.Soi1.itdirect1.yis,p1.antear1.ier,Soi1.basicastrongsciencesthemicrobia1.minera1.izationsuchasammonificationofnitrogencontainedinorganicformstoammoniumandnitrificationthereoftonitriteandnitrateinagricu1.tura1.soi1.Thiscontributestogrowth,especia1.1.ytoduringsprouting.Invegetab1.esforagoodusingbyoptimizingthegrowthspeedandakeytheactivitiesofwormsandothersoi1.organismsthateatvegetab1.es.Ingo1.fcourses,soi1.temperatureiscontinuous1.ymonitoredforpropermaintenanceofgreenstoconditionthegrassgrowth,1.eafco1.ourInthecivi1.engineeringfie1.dforgrounddisasterprevention,soi1.temperatureisusedasausefu1.indicatorsuggestinggroundwaterf1.owroutes.Bycarefu1.1.ymeasuringsoi1.temperatureatmanypointsins1.opingcantomaptheforthestartofmassivesoi1.waters1.idingas1.opebetracked,ofthemovement,draininggroundwatertherefromreducestheriskof1.ands1.ides.Thus,soi1.temperatureishe1.pfu1.inefficient1.ymanaging1.ands1.idepreventionwork.Theforforthedatarequired.Toknowsoi1.ontherangeintargetforforgivenchangestudies,themeasurementcanbedoneinasimp1.eandquickwaywhichindicatessoi1.temperatureasanapproximateva1.ue.Incontrast,toprecise1.ymapsoi1.temperaturedistributionsinthegroundfors1.opeva1.ues.Se1.ectionofIheappropriateshou1.dbcmcthodsforsoi1.toobtainnotbediscussedpriortositeinvestigation.Soi1.qua1.ityGuidanceonsoi1.temperaturemeasurement1Scopethese1.ectionofameasurementmethoddependingonmeasurementpurposes.ObtainNormativemeasurements.constitutesrequirementsaredocument.Fordatedinreferences,on1.ySomeeditiona1.1.citedapp!ies.contentISOTermsanddenitionsForthepurposesofthisdocument,thetermsanddefinitionsgiveninISO11074andthefo1.1.owingapp1.y.ISOOn1.inebrowsingp1.atform：avai1.ab1.eath<tpswww.iso.orgobp3.1soi1.temperature4Fundamenta1.s4.1 Princip1.emicrobesgroundasandresu1.ttodecomposecarbondecompositionThesoi1.intemperaturerangerrangcthercforc,nCcessari1.ystudiesrquickmeasurementothertcmperatureconventiona1.1.ya1.1.owab1.ertheprecisionofwhichisnotWhCrcr11ndw3frQ1.<mndwjtfrf1.cvIcratinnqdcwtahi1.izfeifaffrtran1.mppr*j>trtnr11iindwaterdifferencesmeaningfu1.Theground.accuraciesOfobtainedtemperatureva1.ues,themoredear1.yThisdocumentout1.inesmethodo1.ogiesforsoi1.temperaturemeasurementandprovidesguidanceonIta1.sogivesguidanceonCharaCteriStics,performanceanduseofinfrared(IR)thermometerswhichisnowwide1.yapp1.iedtoobtainrapidmeasurementsandthermistorswhichhavebeencommon1.yusedto2 accuratereferencesThefo1.1.owingdomentsofthisreferredinthetextsuchawaythattheoroftheirForundatedreferences,the1.atesteditionofthereferenceddocument(inc1.udinganyamendments)app1.ies.3 11074,Soi1.qua1.ityVocabu1.aryISOandIECmaintaintermino1.ogydatabasesforuseinstandardizationa1.thefo1.1.owingaddresses：IECE1.ectropedia:avai1.ab1.eathttps:/www.e1.ectropedia.org/temperaturemeasuredatatargetedspotinthesoi1.oratthesoi1.surfaceSoi1.temperaturesaremeasuredforspecificpurposes.Asiswe1.1.known,carbondioxideisemittedfromtheareactiveab1.eoforganictheorganicmatter,inwherworksasagoodindicatorofcarbonemissionrisks.Inthiscontext,soi1.temperaturecanhemeasuredasanapproximateva1.ue,ratherthanasanexactva1.ueofhighaccuracy.ForthePUrPOSCofc1.imatechangethesamecomparedtoofSoi1.methodsisthusapp1.ied.Whentheprimaryinterestisinsoi1.temperaturedistributionsintargetIandtobtainab1.einformationcaninc1.udeindicationofchanne1.theground,they1.1.atdirect1.yandsoi1.causcthesurfaces1.opes,tomove.Differencesinsoi1.temperaturebetweenspots,evenifverysma1.1.,canindicatespatia1.1.ocationsofgroundwaterf1.ows.Soi1.temperatureshou1.dthusbedeterminedathighaccuracyinordertomakethef1.owscanbeindicatedinthehighertherttdnscrib1.dt<1.driarnMsur>jiotVtrttnratfhetrtpcratumcomhnntUiusc£tad1.asdihmHStotkcFhiiM»cterstypica1.1.ygivetheva1.uetoanaccuracyof0r01andhavebeenwide1.yusedfora1.ongtimeasapractica1.instrumentwhenexact1.ydeterminingthetemperatureoftargetobjectsinc1.udingsoi1.1幅曲昭1师腺曲PMtinVheck例龈uin用州HWirect职业哪桩1.Mttometerjf8f必OrwristThemeasurementcanbecomp1.etedin1.essthan10satanaccuracyof0,1at1.east.Byapp1.yinganIRthermometertoaho1.edri1.1.edintheground,soi1.temperaturecanbesimi1.ar1.y,easi1.yandquick1.yRfeaSR叫鹿小Wnd.neiW肝Can1.Rbetri强ertopo1.ach随将tyoperabi1.i秒骷XB网Ib设«emeasurementofsoi1.temperature.Th叫阳揭而赢S丽晨mp版龈Unea册碘隈飞潮I，希赫蚓柴2e址tergap1.sintheaccuracyexistsasmentionedabove.AS限脚R仙牖由赫%吼牖疏Nod,如曲幅IUreotheE副啾燃由福TI1.卷附怙¾wr醯物祕隔8enpurposestoobtainexacttemperahireva1.ues,eveniftakingtime,whi1.ethe1.attertoobtainapproximateva1.uesquick1.y.Quickmethodscanbecharacterizedasscreeningrnc1.hods,thetermofwhichisdefined2soi,measurementmethods4.2.1Genera1.Temperaturecannotbemeasureddirect1.y.Itcanon1.ybeestimatedbyitsinf1.uenceonsomepropertiesOfma1.te门HdtIdereSPUmtp,SimMh”汕PqR>taZitvmoR%eBjdUrrtAMtB1.esERtygehdfeChangesekinip1.estemperatureinpropertiessuchasvo1.ume,1.ength,e1.ectricresistance,therma1.e1.ectromotiveforce(emf)andpressurehavebeenfoundmostusefu1.forpractica1.temperaturemeasurement.Inorderfora1.1.oftaWertieses机球瞄加淤rta三fc济弹een麻碗唳蝴喘小处删WW1.f1.三ersareinstrumentsbui1.ttotakeadvantageofanyofthesepropertiesofmatter.瞬murnOP1.WI三M稻Ma游跚器飒解鼠OrjCaWImdgandMgofWhenestimatingthetemperatureofatargetobject,matterresponsivetotheobject,Sheatisbrought侬瞰躺Ob服ed<<¾p1.yin豳脚照胸胸源ntS帖per*11r用曲e11>bsenti。厢小豳tedafterconfirmingthetherma1.equi1.ibriumconditionsbetweenthetargetobjectandthematterrespondingtotheObjeefSheaaswe1.1.asbetweenthematteranditspropertiesrespondingtotheheatofthematter.雁6部牖的限嬲OVideSi型砒ev史忸imationU秘也rgetobjec占ndtemperat强嗡砧咖mi三Candpropertiestoreachtherespectiveequi1.ibriums.科眼瞄临附rthetemReraturemeas不晞妹蜕icaf穗港融Uradiat渊？断肺戏瞰腐福酒确intensity,notherma1.equi1.ibriumconditionsneedtohebroughtaboutbecausethesigna1.intensityisobservedwithoutmattersuchasthosementionedaboveworkingasanObjeefSproxy.Thispermits出必Cedin1蚀Ry1.tbeeonIf1.S基施hftfeia1.observation,thus,canIwSE蜗UiCkObS翻dre11HW%ionoftargetobjecttemperahire.Howeverrtheaccuracyisnotnecessari1.ysohighasachievab1.ewithdirecttemperaturemeasurementduetotheattenuationoftheIRwavewhi1.epropagatingfromtheobjecttothesensor.tkK1ndto!ytidrimb8fdanccmatcriakabbraBmctcroiigtac1.udhgd11Jui5<bif1.xiB6tH1.rittoerihatrtjmctcrsarcusua1.1.yapp1.iedinaho1.edri1.1.edataspotandadepthtargeted.0ThermistorsTheothertypeofe1.ectrica1.resistancethermometeravai1.ab1.eisasemiconductorca1.1.edathermistor.ThermistorshaveahighnegativetemperatureCoefRcientofresistance,oftheorderof8%RM限做ififi睚&原限晒使rm倒把曲丽丽岫屈的2W>us1(B懒Iar帆削隰的SCSandrods,a1.1.invarioussizes,thuspermittinggreatf1.exibi1.ityinapp1.ication.RO旭6册f耻聃则Mr例解ha1.阴feistors麻产。限根。忐即CaChP1.瞰阳a1.eqA瓶林肺Ihwithsoi1.afterbeingattacheddirect1.yontothewa1.1.orbottomofaho1.e.Temperaturemeasurementisstartedafterconfirmingtheequi1.ibriumconditionsofthethennistor.Soi1.temperaturecanbedeterminedintherangeof-50to150toanaccuracyof0,01at1.east.Minimizingthedeadspaceattheinterfacebetvreenthedevicesensorandthetargetsurfaceenab1.esathermistortocorrect1.ymeasuresoi1.temperature.Howeverfthisrequirementcansometimespresentdifficu1.ties,especia1.1.yat1.ocationsdeepinaho1.e.11J1.Htsint1.icnisc1.vcs.rcsistanccthermometers,atypeofthermistor,havebeenusedwhichhaveintegrated4.2.3QuickmeasurementWhenrequiringquickmeasurementsofsoi1.temperature,usingIRthermometersisapractica1.option.IR1.tbehdyte11iiatwmii11re<tut2hemhjuae1.MingpBdaaueb:Xnw1.BUrthettewnaKiftrtnn11j,emittedbytheobjectanditsemissivity,theobjecttemperaturecanbedeterminedwithinacertainrangeofitsactua1.temperature.Apotentia1.prob1.emisthatatnearambienttemperatures,readings邮除曲襁ht,t(三隈触aW>iated陋蛤曲回联解热wpas1.福%种盥)阳脚眠肝F88f1.>M蝴edemissivity.B蚣er6触限蝴艰蟒附输刑州将顺冰IdiatV即涵假限触CC就!聊踹鹿时fadian1.ambienttemperature.Thispermitstemperaturemeasurementfromadistancewithoutcontactwiththeobjecttobemeasured.ThusrIRthermometersareca1.1.ednon-contactthermometers,todescribeE咻倜琳'ft跚临Bcircumstancestem超厢et三就谶引HgtaCrSU出而8施附服typ酬然南ngnorma1.1.yusedtorconventiona1.measurementcannotbeapp1.iedorwhenbeingforcedtogiveupobtainingaccuratedatabyconventiona1.measurementforavarietyofreasons.Rf>B网,a丽膜卜f11ff1.yV1.B!BastotherrfttMerstWWerb由RiShiBEWSjWacear4fgJWi1.国ead,wrist).Thus,whenneededtoquick1.ymeasuresoi1.temperature,anIRsensorcanbehe1.dc1.osetoatargetspotinaho1.edri1.1.edinthegroundorp1.acedatthetopoftheho1.etogetherwithanoptica1.1.ensto打羔补ecE也A%帕o原分技.h皂用确由R眦P6用空机*ecj三iftss3W三三en三fi(ememisdeepinano1.e.5Se1.ectionofmeasurementmethods5.1 Genera1.purposesfor：obtainingapproximateva1.uesquick1.y.the1.atter.thermometersthe11nistors)ThusAjrpica1.1.ythegivenaccuracythereO1O1.IowernecessitytomeasurementUSinghighTheCharacteristicsadvantagesconventiona1.disadvantagesOfmeasurements,whichthermometers,Circunistancesfo1.1.ows:contactmeasurementrequiringperfectattachmentOfathermistoronatargetspot;workingrangeof-50oCto150；b)quickmeasurementwithIRthermometers:-measurementcomp1.etedwithin10s;accuracyof0,1;5.2Methodse1.ectioninthesoi1.qua1.ityfie1.drequiredforagivenpurposeshou1.dguidese1.ectionOtappropriatemeasurementmethods.measurementaccuracyof0,1ishighenoughforthesepurposes.routeswhentheaccuraciesofobtainedtemperatureva1.uesareon1.y±0,1.Asmentionedin4.1,therearetwomethodo1.ogica1.optionsdependingonsoi1.temperaturemeasurementobtainingexacttemperatureva1.ues,eveniftakingtime,andtheother;Conventiona1.detectionusingtraditiona1.thermometersinc1.udingthermistorsandp1.atinumresistancethermometersisappropriatefortheformeroption,whi1.equickdetectionusingIRthermometersforAsdescribedin4.1,suitab1.emeasurementmethodsforsoi1.temperatureforagivenpurposedependontheaccuracyofsoi1.temperatureva1.uesdesired,andeaseofapp1.ication.Conventiona1.measurement(e.g.using0,1.ifforgivesanpurposeofisawhi1.equickobtaintheva1.ueatIRaccuracybuthighprioritytocomp1.etethemeasurementquick1.yandeasi1.y,IRdetectionissuitab1.e.beconstruedoforquickusingthermistorsandIRdependingona)conventiona1.measurementWiththermistors：