ISO IEC 04396-1-2023.docx

ContentsForewordIntroductionv2 Scope13 Normativereferences14 Termsanddefinitions15 SyinboiSandabbreviatedterms9Basicconceptsofdistributedapp1.ications105.1 Introductiontodistributedapp1.ications105.2 NamingconceptsforDistributed-App1.icationFaci1.ities(DAFs)115.3 5Eentsf)<yfemSstributed-App1.icationfaci1.ity(DAF)115.3.2 DAFsecurityprincip1.es135.3.3 CommonDistributed-ApphcationProtoco1.(CDAP)136Introductiontodistributedmanagementsystems(DMSs)166.1 Genera1.166.2 NetworkManagementDMS(NM-DMS)166.3 NppiirSpiacManagcmentDMS(NSMfNMKpMS).186.5 D1.Fa1.1.ocator196.51(Jene1.*a1.9U-JDistributedInterProcessCommunicationFundamenta1.structure227.1Distribu1.ed-IPC-Faci1.ity(DIF)227.1.Overview-222311aMIFS7.D7.1.37.1.4Htersp11)d三5511nectionsDIFsecurityDrineiDIeS.23247.1.5IPCcomponents25AnnexA(informative)BasicconceptsofdistributedsystemsBib1.iographyISO/IEC4396-1.:2023(E)INTERNATIONA1.STANDARDTe1.ecommunicationsandinformationexchangebetweensystemsRecursiveinter-networkarchitecture一Referencemode1.1Scopedescribes： distributedmanagementsystems(DMSs); NormativeInter-ProcessFaci1.ity(DIF)operations.ThereTermsanddefinitionsinthisdocument.Forthepurposesofthisdocument,thefo1.1.owingtermsanddefinitionsapp1.y. ISOOn1.inebrowsingp1.atform:avai1.ab1.eat1.tpswwwiso<Fgobp3.1addressNotcassignc<tr)'：faci1.itatcaddncssuscfu1.ncssunambiguousopcrationoftheDIF,(an<1.1.ocationdcpen<tD1.F)."11isidentifiercan3.2 app1.icationconnectionexchangedentry：App1.icationsharedunderstandingbetweenthroughAEsrestab1.ishmentproceedtothewhichtransferphase,istheresponsibi1.ityofcommondistributedapp1.icationprotoco1.(CDAP)(3.18).CQrHbdicaterfetorth1.di)hfotear4th(!ia1.objoftHcivoikntsdMtctfnbue义EtihgOb心M.wdittiujscpcOfthat1.ayurcurrent1.yina1.ayer.WhichmeaningisintendedIsgenera1.1.yc1.earfromthecontext.Whenthescopeofanameornamespaceisrefenedtoas,'g1.obathisimp1.iesthatnamespaceisnotasubsetofanyotherWj1.ib1.yoftenhedefinitionsbe(f1.te1.1.1.JBiWYfractpiiatic.theyre1.ateto1.et191,ifthenameaisunambiguousinthescopeofA.thenthereisnootherboundorunboundoccurrenceofthenameainA.AnyreferencetoainthecontextofAwi1.1.yie1.dthesameobject.NoWconsideranotherconfiguration.TheremaybeanoccurrenceofainBwhere91)3=suchthatareferencetoawi1.1.notyie1.dthesameobjectasareferencetoainthescopeofA.Forexamp1.e,aname情节beb(Ma映TO丽飘5被除hins4醍i三m屣阁师hismeaW1.8r1.aytWieesamerank.Thesamestringcanbeassignedtodifferentobjectsas1.ongastheyareindifferentnamespacesassociatedwithdifferentscopes.Forexamp1.e,thereisatendencytobe1.ievethattheaddressce5由tfqWfi袖1.rfif臃陷nges.32-1)e1.ements,when,infact;thereareanumberof'ho1.es'inAcomparisonofthescopeofonenamespacebeing1.argerorsma1.1.erthananother,comparesthe眼2!能沿潞踞脸廨除sad<fi盟羹$*a瞰N耨ve.d也删;T蹄由他战艇四ACeaSe.addressspacehasA.2.3Namesofsetsofnames(orWhateVerCaStnames)Inadditiontothefirstordernamesdefinedabove,theremaybesecondordernamesofsetsofbound酬handKRtuttiiMipRpfaItdtnrmoretW%nehnice<Refti5由晌ft；f1.)wso1.ved,ThefurittayR>eapp1.iedfunctionofthepropertiesoftheobjectsnamed.Tobemoreprecise,1.etaset0；Sbegiventhe区幅ic¾<F蛭:N产,j5Vf*11"atwhenisreso1.ved,thefunctionRisapp1.iedtothee1.ementsofIntraditiona1.architectures,setsthatreturneda1.1.memberswereca1.1.edmu1.ticast,whi1.esetsthat演价E羽喝抽h甘IwfPMgffrtitif*国般苗'Hi游质iBharercnM5w"hinginbetweenFromanextremeview,anindirecta1.ias,orsymbo1.ic1.inkissimp1.ythenameofasetwithonee1.ementSdoMha1.feysnotriHames.toSiy8eab3VfKStobje三1ftissetrequirementthatthen1.ebere-eva1.uatedwitheveryreference.Itmaybere-eva1.uatedperiodica1.1.yorwhenasignifianteventoccurs.2.4Reso1.vingnamesto1.ocateobjectsReso1.vinganamemeansto1.ocateanobjectwiththatnameinagivencontext.Thereareon1.ytwomeansfor1.ocatingobjectsgivenaname:a) exhaustivesearch;b) thenatureofthenameprovideshintstonarrowthesearch.The1.atteristhemoreinterestingcase.Incomputing,themostcommonuseofthismeansistoimposeahierarchica1.structureonthenames.Thenameisconsideredtoconsistofasequenceofsub-stringsFe.r用性SentnatUr加eHiM£ifnea河喇网tant>MttdbjM帕南Iftnw)附领!<N洲供er,embed%由tsoneissopreva1.ent,itwi1.1.beusedinthisdocument.Commonexamp1.esOf1.ocatinganobjectbyusinghintsinthenameare:memoryaddresses,whichindicatewhereinmemoryawordis；34Therc1.ationtoof1.PC.arosebecamcdeardiscussionstoUnderstandwasprecisenatureimportantapp1.icationandapp1.icationsusingConsideredapp1.icationprotoco1.,andcasewasthattheapp1.icationthatcommunicationwasafbund,andtherestindicatetheafewbitsofthepage;知：ir&fempn网沏Thkhtpapm丽theuFWCcimiEn1.etTdmtonM即式SAHIkaQqIPH曲DRtrd(晔)MrtfCitsMgetheThehierarchyimposedina1.1.ofthesecasesindicatesobjectsthatare4*neaeachotherintermsofthespednmeipac.riceat1.i<38tatd11K0ind>veb'u8<x<minmsp3!d<rs4(rwartainingthereshare<1.stateInfindusemaycantoanotherobject,inwhichinturnsettings.WithnamethatthetheobjectfQWrgtinafpeFhaps)sing1.eapp1.icationprotoco1.thana1.1.App1.ication-Process.Hence,35anobjectisareusedmethodsIotheimprovethesearchforname,andasshortentheto1.ocateorhashfunctions.Inanoperatingsystem,sub-stringsnamedirectories(databases),whichcontainpointerstothenext1.eve1.ofnaming.Searchru1.esaresometimesusedtodirectthesearch.IndirectionorbeenusedinanIPCagroupofmanner.Searchthatarehowthenametobesearched.Tosummarize,tohaveausefu1.namespaceanamespaceshou1.dhaveaco1.1.ectionofnamesandshou1.dbethattothescopeitshowtheandaremayandboundatanyAt1.eastareon1.ytwoandha1.fmeansto1.ocateanobjectgivenitsname,exhaustivesearchandinformationembeddedinanamethatprovidesahintfor1.imitingthesearch.Hierarchyisthemostcommonapproach.IndirectionisofWherea1.ongr1.eanobjectwhattothewhenItwi1.1.beusefu1.toAnApp1.ication-Processistheinstantiationofanapp1.icationprograminaprocessingsystemto(AEs),we1.1.aspurpose,nnanagingtheresources(egonemoretasksor1.PC)a1.1.ocatedtothisAP.Tasksarca1.soAppiication-Processes.AnAPmayhavemu1.tip1.etasks(orthreads)ascomponents.Wearbitrari1.ydistinguishthosetasksinvo1.veddirect1.ywith)PCasAEs.itsconceptEWhatintheOSIfromthosediscussionsthethatthereisofthedistinctionbetweentheapp1.icationandtheaspectsoftheapp1.icationinvo1.vedwith1PC.Fortheear1.yapp1.ications(e.g.termina1.,fi1.etransfer)therewasa1.mostnodistinction.Butitbecamec1.earasmoresophisticatedconstructedwerethesamethatwou1.dbetheitmorethanoneapp1.icationwou1.dbewith,nottheapp1.icationprotoco1.Infact,anapp1.icationmightusemorethanoneapp1.icationprotoco1.TheAEstateassociatedwithitspeer.Thisandthoseoftheofisdonefortworeasons:First,itshou1.dbeacomponentore1.sethereisaninfiniteregress.SomeaspectoftheAPshou1.dbeanaspectofthethesharedthatwiththewith1.fistobeaentityandisentity,thenshou1.dbewithitspeer.Henceaninfiniteregress.notSecond,theaspeci11cAEismodu1.ethatmayappearinmoreoneshou1.donccreateaapp1.cationprotoco1.incorpora1.edncedintoCachtheapp1.icationprotoco1.differentconfigurations,AnAppHcation-ProcessApp1.ication-ProcessnumberhavedistinctAEsandtherwise,havemu1.tip1.einstancesA.3.2Detai1.sofanApp1.ication-Entity(AE)Operationsstartstop.theirdifferenceswhich*app1.icationperformedremote1.yontoobjectsobjectscreatede1.ete,manipu1.ate"difference'estab1.ished,operationsareapp1.ication(c1.ientserver)symmetric.notified.HerecanConc1.udethauhatonceanapp1.icationapp1.icationbetweenprotoco1.1.thenwhyestab1.ishmu1.tip1.eAEs?objectsavai1.ab1.epurposethedia1.oguemoreprotoco1.stwo,invo1.vepropertytvroApp1.ication-Process,Stateaninvo1.vinga1.1.*muki-partycorrespondents,areadvantagescanshowusingone,on1.yMade1.app1.icationprotoco1.necessaryused.thereApp)icationconsiderab1.earchitecture.Somere1.aying.app1.icationprotoco1.sinc1.udefunctiona1.itythatshou1.dbepartofIPC,e.g.A.3.3NuancesofanApp1.ication-Process(AP)“service"ComP1.MionUSedtheprocessingnebu1.ousInessagesapp1.icationprocesses.processesfundamenta1.istsj>ecificassociatedwithapp1.icationswiththedistinctionsre1.atingtonaminginonewayoranother:b)Anapp1.icationprocessi.e.thePotentia1.sheI1.-IikeinstantiateaSpecifictheapp1.icationtheapp1.icationprocessingSatisfactoiy.thisppiication-Processwherecommunicationnameofanyinstanceapp1.icationapp1.icationis1.e.thebott1.eneckandcaniscomp1.icatctheusesameasain1.brary,rathersing1.eprocessthata1.1.usersshou1.dgothrough.ShNy鼻牌3tf.app1.icabereference副刖i6p激帔碗粕2Rga卅IyM例t再的唱制6HpiMoroutputandhenceservenopurpose.36.3.1describedthegenera1.theory,however,mostofitisnotneededbecausethereareon1.ythreewrite,(andTheinverses),inmaybeprotoco1.s*arere1.atedthetheyread/andcontro1.ofthesequencingandpara1.1.e1.ismofoperations,orcommonsequencesofoperations.Thisismorethedomainofprogramming1.anguagesthancommunicatingremoteoperations.Theotherthef1.owiswhethertheuseoftherequestedprotoco1.orHence,wewcassumeThereison1.yoneapp1.icationprotoco1.anditisstate1.ess.ifthereison1.yconnectionpeerAEsistohavethesetofTheprimaryforofcreatingonthisconnection,i.e.itisaccesscontro1.A1.1.thanisaon1.yofthecorrespondents.SharednotAEti.e.mu1.tip1.eprotoco1.s"i.e.distributedapp1.ications.Tocommunicate,theAEshou1.dexchangeinformationwithitspeer.Todothis,itgeneratesSDUsviaanAPItopasstheSDUtoitspeer.Whi1.ewetoon1.ythattheonedoesrequirethatison1.yonebeandAnyareProtoco1.thatobeystheru1.escanbeusedwiththisMode1.andthespecificationsderivedfromit.InPartiCuIar,1.egacyapp1.icationprotoco1.scanbesupportedinthismode1.andwi1.1.beconsideredaccommodatedbythisdeckpointrecovery,or1.egacyTherehasbeenatendencyinComputerSciencetota1.kaboutapp1.ications,services,etc.Terms1.ikethata1.1.havebeenandtorefertoofa1.1.setsof(PDUs)betweenHereadonebyview1.ocusofprocessingistaken,whichthisdocumentreferstoasanApp1.ication-Process.A1.1.processingsooneror1.atershou1.dreso1.vetoasing1.e1.ocusofprocessing.Thefo1.1.owingarethevarioustermsa)Anapp1.icationistheprogramanddatarequiredtoinstantiateanapp1.icationprocessonanyprocessingsystem.Thisrepresentson1.ythepotentia1.tocreateanapp1.icationprocess.onprocessingSyStemjSashe1.1.ortotaskcaninvokenameofas1.ocusofandcausetheprogramtobecreated.Anapp1.icationprocessdoesnotneedtoberunningtobereferencedonasystem.Thisdefinitionissometimesca1.1.edanapp1.icationprocesstypeorc1.ass.FromanIPCpointviewrAntheNameIs,effect,thewiththeofa1.1.oftheprocessinstancesseed)be1.owthatmayexistonaspecificprocessingsystemwitharu1.ethatse1.ectsanyoneinstanceorcausesaninstancetobeinstantiatedontheprocessingsystem.TheIfa1.1.thcsearcprocessesofbyatypethatbcthiscaseofusingaprocessingnamefortheset.Thisiswhatseemstobeca1.1.eda“service“inotherenvironments.ISO1EC4396-1.:2023(E)d) Anapp1.icationprocessinginstanceMu1.tip1.cactua1.executinginstanceapp1.icationapp1.icationprocessfai1.edcommunicationsystem.However,system.Simi1.ar1.y,exceptionsrimagineCommonreasonab1.erecoverywheree) theOS1.ismodc1.withinanApp1.ication-Processapp1.icationconccrnedprotocok.theinteractionswithermoref) E.App1.ication-PrQcessespossibIehandIeanApp1.ication-Processtohavemu1.tip1.einstancesofthesameA.3.4NamingOfApp1.ication-Proccsscs(APs)andApp1.icationEntities(AEs)practica1.terms,spacegenera1.1.y*g1.oba'*g1.oba1.,*meaningdefinedbyisthenamedistributeddatabasesthattherestrings.mu1.tip1.e)s*g1.obarnameconstraintTheremaximum"g1.oba1.*namespacestakenfromthesamerequirementma>rthereapp1.iedtodisjointoneover1.appingSetsmeansApp1.ication-Processes.Caredifferentcontextreso1.vinganame.Badthingsnamehappenaifnamesbe1.ongs.reso1.vedusershou1.dbecontext.ofhisSameApp1.ication-ProcessspacesshouIdbebeassignedtonamesameApp1.ication-Processassynonyms.Namesstructuremayexhibituser-interfacecandesign.exp1.oite<ithetheirconcernthenamestructureref1.ectedrequired,humansTraditiona1.1.y,asstatedthecapabi1.itypaperin1.ocation-independentInShoch,s1.ocation-independentapp1.icationthatindicatesartificia1.1.ydisguisethis1.ocated,bute.g.byPrintStation311iF1.oorSWCornerrimposehetakenfromaddresses.App1.icationorganizesorganizedanentire1.yapp1.icationsPurposeeachthanotheronspecificsystem,istheinstancesofthesameofSPednCProCOSSmayexistatPUr曲%sametimeonthesameprocessingsystem.Inmanycases,thereisnoreasontoreferenceaspecificinstance.Mostreferencesthataremaderequestanyinstanceoftheapp1.icationprocessontheprocessingorafai1.edtherearecanthemostquitebeingdesignsafteraBecrfif1.fi1.ud由出的whWiwy许eithrtwdistintftiTirt>ttnPrinstajMWn1.mOncasesseentodaygenera1.1.ynotnEataskEswererough1.yequiva1.entthatiswithAnAPhaveoneiPC.InAEs.Aswesawabove,differentAEswou1.ddefineaccesstodifferentsetsofobjectsandcapabi1.iti7withintheApp1.ication-Process.HencerAEnamesarerequiredforAPsthatsupportmu1.tip1.eAEs.Tobecomp1.ete,thatformu1.tip1.eusershaveanEIforeachone.ThescopeofanAPnamespaceisarbitraryandsubjecttothediscretionofitscreators.ThescopeoftheAPnametheisscopeofca1.1.ednamespaceistherenochainofspacewithgreaterscope.Incanbeusedtoreso1.vethename,itisthechainofdatabases,notthenamespaceorthegrammarforconstructingnames,thatdeterminesthescope.Sincetherecanbemu1.tip1.enon-intersectingchains,setOfcanbeThereno1.ogica1.spaces,onitscanbet¼,osize.Whi1.eitmayseemusefu1.thattherebeasing1.eg1.oba1.APnamespace,thereisnoarchitectura1.namespacesthatbebeoneandon1.yorandthereisnoofenforcethis.Namesforshou1.dbetakentoensurethata1.1.usersofthenameareusingthesamemethodstoreso1.vethem.NamesassignedtoanAPfromdifferentAPnamespacesarcsimp1.yaspecificcaseofa1.1.owingsynonyms.HowevcrrtheIoca1.forsystemshou1.dknowtowhichcanspaceareTheinthewrongawaretherequirementmaybesufficient1.yonerousthatsomeincarnationsdonota1.1.owit.Anothernamemayboundathefromsomenameatcreation.Thefromtheofthesenamespacesdependsontheirscope.Indomainsofsma1.1.scope,theymaybesimp1.eandf1.at.Fordomainswith1.argescope,theymaybehierarchica1.(orsomeotherorganization).ThesenamespacesismatterofthatbeHereinon1.yuse.HowiswiththekindsOfiSnameStotheirproperties,andthere1.ationsamongthem.moreprecise1.yhaveinJonShoch,sofbeing5,thePnamespaceshou1.dbetermsrthenameindicateswhat,whi1.ethenetworkaddressindicateswhere.Formostapp1.ications,itdoesnotmatterwheretheyare,butthereareafewforwhichitdoesmatter.Forexamp1.e,thenameofaprinterusefu1.Thereisnotowheretheprinterfact,thesametoken,reasoncanitona1.1.app1.ications.Above,itwasarguedthata1.1.identifiersincomputingspecifya1.ocationinacontext.Thisisnotacontradiction,butanindicationofourimprovedunderstanding.App1.icationnamesareusednamespacethatnamesare"1.ocationufortoputdifferennear,fromthepointofviewoftheuser.forIPCisanon1.ythingthatofthesuppor1.edeasi1.y,themostandperhapstheAE.Itisrequestspossib1.etorequestIPCwithaspecificinstanceofanApp1.ication-Process.Therearesituations,suchasrecoveryorcertain1.ong-1.ivedprocesses,wheretheinitia1.requestwi1.1.requirecommunicationwithaparticu1.arinstanceoneitheranApp1.ication-ProcessorAE,orboth.Simi1.ar1.y,thecurrentarchitecturesdonnectsupportathe自Pr