大学英语专业英语写作课件.ppt.ppt

TEM 4 Composition,高校英语专业四级考试大纲将写作分成两个部分：Section A:Composition测试目的：检查学生在基础阶段末期的英语写作能力。测试要求：根据所给的题目及具体要求，写一篇200字左右的短文。测试时间：35分钟测试短文类别：说明文、议论文或记叙文。评阅标准：内容切题完整，条理清楚，意思明确，文章结构严谨，语法正确，语言通顺恰当。,Composition Marking Criteria,15 points:文章内容切题，思想表达清楚，行文通顺流畅，论证严密，论据充分，基本上无语言错误。14-12 points:文章内容切题，思想表达清楚，语言比较通顺、连贯、只有极少量语法错误。11-9 points:文章内容基本切题，尚能表达中心思想，但说理不够清楚，文字连贯不够好，有少量语法错误。8-6 points:基本切题，思想表达不够清楚，连贯性差，语言错误多。5-3 points:文章条理不清，语言缺乏连贯，句子错误很多，或语言虽通顺流畅，但完全偏题。注：白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分。,1.如题目中给出主题句，起始句，结束句，均不得计入所写字数2.只写一段者：04分；只写两段者：09分（指规定三段的作文）长度计分标准:170150词:扣1分 130150词:扣2分 110130词:扣3分 90110词:扣4分 90词以下:至多给5分,经原国家教委批准，四、六级考试已从1997年6月份起采用“作文最低”制计算成绩，其中足见国家对提高大学英语写作能力的重视程度。按规定，考生作文若为0分，无论其总分是否高于60分，均作不及格处理；若其作文分高于0分，低于6分，报导成绩时，需从总分中减去6分，再加上实得作文分。也就是说，要从总分中减去实得作文分与6分之间的差额部分。,英语专业四级考试委员会要求阅卷人员评分时综合考虑以下四个问题:1.作文是否体现主题思想;即是要求作文文章切题,全文统一,无不相关细节内容.2.组织结构是否合理;主要体现在全文条理清楚,组织连贯和谐,善于使用衔接语以增强文章的逻辑性.3.语言文字是否有重大错误;4.卷面布局是否整洁.,2006年TEM-4作文试题及样卷评分,Topic,Recently a Beijing information company did a survey of student life among more than 700 students in Beijing,Guangzhou,Xian,Chengdu,Shanghai,Wuhan,Nanjing and Shengyang.The results have shown that 67 percent of students think that saving money is a good habit while the rest believe that using tomorrows money today is better.What do you think?,Instructions,Write a composition of about 200 words.You are to write in three parts.In the first part,state specifically what your opinion is.In the second part,support your opinion with appropriate details.In the last part,bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.You should supply an appropriate title for your composition.Marks will be awarded for content,organization,grammar and appropriateness.Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.,Sample 1,The Good Habit Nowadays,more and more young people think that it is better that using tomorrows money today than saving money,while in my opinion,I think its right.For the first,our contrair has to develop.So it calls us to use more money to let the nation develop.And then,that may make our life more comfortable.For example,I heard a story.There are two man.A use tomorrows money to buy a new houseas he has to pay money to the bank every monthswhile B start keeping money.Twenty years later,B finally keeping enough money to buy a new house,but A has been lived in it for twenty years and pay enough money to the bank.At the end,if we have the abilile to pay the list,why we dont use tomorrows money to let our life more wonderful?So,thats what I think.,5-6分。结构基本符合，但语言过于简单，语法错误多，内容模糊不清，题目不正确，字数少于170。举例不可信。举例应该真实可信，比如亲身经历、朋友体验或者名人轶事等。文章结尾太简单。,Sample 3：Saving Money is a Good Habit,I think saving money is a good habit.Because saving money can make you learn how to use less money to buy more things.Saving money can make you become a rich man.If some thing happen one day,you must use some money to solve the problem,but nobody can lend to you the money.Your saving money can help solve the problem.Nowdays,some students use their parents money to buy a lot of unnessary things.Such as,Some students change their mobil phone every month.Its not a good habit.Although their parents have a lot of money,they cant use money in that way.Its waste of money.If you save money as a habit.You can think carefully before you buy everything.“This thing is necessary for me?Can I buy the cheaper one?”All those questions can be asked by yourself.If you want to buy a very useful thing,but you dont have enough money,you can save money for it.After some time,you can buy it for your-self.Saving money is a good habit.It make you become rich.It make you learn how to use less money to buy more things.,本卷得分8-9分。文章基本切题，结构基本正确。但语言简单，重复动词，语法错误多。开始段没有引入主题，而是直接提出作者观点，太突然。而且有许多非完整句。文章没有深度，思考肤浅。,Sample 2:Saving money is a good habit,The other day,I heard a conversation between a boy and a girl.“Why are you always lack of money?As far I know,your parents give you ample money for your daily life”.said the girl.“Yes,I always use tomorrows money today”.Said the boy.“Its a bad habit,and you should your money!”the girl shouted.This is a very common phenomenon among the university students.Owing to their argument,certainly,I am in favor of the girls view.What possibly contributes to the preference can be listed as follow.In the first place,money is very important for us.We use money buy food,buy clothes and so on.But,money is very precious,because its very hard to make money.So money should be used when its necessary.In the second place,there are so many poor children who quit school for lack of money in poor religion.So its very significant to save our money to help those poor children.And they are look forward to your help!The last but the least important is that if you always use tomorrows money today,you will form a bad habit.But your money is limited.So you may rob others of money.In short,I hold a firm belief that saving money is a good habit and we should keep it forever.Its the high time that we took some measures to save money!,9-10分。文章切题，结构正确，有内容，有句式变化。但语法错误多，随意，粗心漏词。说理缺乏逻辑。比如很多小孩失学不是我们需要节约用钱的理由，再比如钱不够用就会去抢别人的钱吗？文章的入题不错，但故事交代很马虎，语言也很平凡，且不够简练。文章结尾主题被简单重复，思想没有升华。,Sample 4:Saving Money or Using Tomorrows Money,A survey by a Beijing information company which is to reveal how students think of the way to deal with money did recently,with the result that 67 percent of students think that saving money is a good habit while the rest believe that using money of tomorrow today is better.As far as I am concerned,it depends.,First of all,saving money is a good habit of traditional concept,which makes people feel secure.However,using tomorrows money today is suggested and couraged according to societys needs.Economics can develop rapidly by the great amount of money used by people.That is to say,peoples consumption urge the economics to develop.Secondly,different people have different life goals.Some people prefer to work hard when they are young and then enjoy the happy and rich life when they are old.Others would like to enjoy life every minute and do not think about the life after they retire from their company.They believe“time is money”,as the proverb goes.Therefore,it goes without saying that not enjoying todays life is a great pity for them.Money can be earned after its spent,while time past will not come back.,All in all,saving money or using tomorrows money today depends on peoples perception.The passitive of saving money does not outweigh that of using tomorrows money today.In a word,people could deal with money,according to their thoughts.,11-12分。文章切题，结构正确，内容充实，观点有代表性，语言通畅。但长句有一点语法错误。单词和拼写有个别失误。,Sample 5,There is no concensus among the people on the issue of the choice between saving money and using tomorrows money today.The attitudes toward this problem vary from person to person.And in my humble opinion,it is essential for us to save more money today instead of using tomorrows money.There are many reasons that may account for my point,and the following are the most conspicuous aspects.,To start with,we Chinese people boast a good tradition of being economical.The traditional Chinese culture regards waste as a poor moral standard.As a university student,we need to keep on carrying forward our nations fine moral standard,i.e.saving.And saving money is conducive not only to the cultivation of a good moral,but also to release the heavy burden resulting from some accidents in the future.In other words,saving todays money could meet our urgent need of it in the future.Last but not least,the fierce competition well face after we graduate is full of uncertainties.Once we could not find a job which offers high salaries,it will be impossible for us to return the money to the creditors.To put it into a nutshell,I am a great believer that saving money is a good habit because it really exerts positive impacts on both the present and the future.,本卷得分12分。语言通畅，词汇丰富，观点明确，条理清楚，结构正确。但有少量语法错误和拼写错误。没写题目（如果有题目可给13分）。,Characteristics of a Good Composition,(Robert Kaplan),The classic organizational pattern that readers of English expect is a straight line of development which includes:introductions,main ideas,topic sentences,supporting details,conclusions,etc.,This organizational pattern can be stated simply:Tell your audience what you are going to tell them;then tell them;then tell them what you told them.,1.A composition must have unity.,All the facts and all the ideas in an essay should contribute to the presentation of its thesis or central thought.Irrelevant things,however interesting they are,should be excluded.,2.Each paragraph should have one central thought.,All paragraphs must be arranged in some kind of order,so that one paragraph leads naturally to another to form an organic whole.,3.Proportion is as important to an essay as it is to a painting.,The essential part of an essay is the body or the middle part.It will be just right to give this part about seven-or-eight-tenths of the total space.,Some Principles of Organization,Organization of an Essay,Is there a clearly stated purpose/objective?Are there effective transitions?Are the introduction and conclusion focused on the main point of the essay?As a reader,can you easily follow the writers flow of ideas?Is each paragraph focused on a single idea?At any point in the essay,do you feel lost or confused?Do any of the ideas/paragraphs seem out of order,too early or too late to be as effective as they could?,Steps in Writing a Composition,.Prewriting:choosing a topic and exploring ideas.Writing the first draft:getting your ideas on paper.Revise the first draft:Strengthen your composition.Making the final copy,.Prewriting:choosing a topic and exploring ideas,It is important to note that writing is a process,not a“product.”This means that a piece of writing,whether it is a composition for your English class or a lab report for your chemistry class,is never complete;that is,it is always possible to review and revise,and review and revise again.1.Choosing and Narrowing a Topic If you are given a specific writing assignment(such as an essay question on an examination),what you can write about is limited.On the other hand,when you are given a free choice of topics and can write about something you are interested in,you must narrow the topic to a particular aspect of that general subject.,1:Choosing and Narrowing a Topic,General topic Environment PollutionSpecific topic Ocean PollutionVery specific topic Effects on Sea Life,2.Brainstorming After you have chosen a topic and narrowed it to a specific focus,the next prewriting step is to generate ideas.This is done by a process called brainstorming.Although these brainstorming activities may seem unnecessary at first,after doing them a few times,you will realize their usefulness.Brainstorming for ideas can get you to start writing more quickly and save you time in the later stages of the writing process.Listing is a brainstorming technique in which you think about your topic and quickly make a list of whatever words or phrases come into your mind.,II.Prewriting,Write down the general topic at the top of your paper.Then make a list of every idea that comes into your mind about that topic.Keep the ideas flowing.Use words,phrases,or sentences.Rewrite the list,group similar ideas together and cross our items that dont belong or that are duplications.,Listing,II.Prewriting,communication problems,homeless people shocking sight,poor verbal skills,families dont spend time together,children disrespectful,classroom environment,new language,unclear expressions,American family life,public transportation is not good,lack vocabulary,use first names with teachers,show affection in public,college professors wear jeans,Americans talk too fast,students ask questions,they are friendly,no formal dress code,use slang and idioms,professors role,everyone eats fast food,students can challenge professors,Now rewrite your list and group similar ideas together.,Now circle the main idea and cross out irrelevant items.,3.Thinking of a proper theme and deciding on our purpose,All outlines should begin with a thesis statement of summarizing sentence.This thesis sentence presents the central idea of the paper.It must always be a complete,grammatical sentence,specific and brief,which expresses the point of view you are taking towards the subject.The thesis of a composition is its main point or its central idea.After that,you should look at the list of facts again,eliminate those unnecessary or unimportant ones,rearrange them in a logical order,and write an outline.,4.Make an outline,Once the thesis is formulated,certain facts on the list will become more important than others,while a few may seem irrelevant.After those suitable items are picked out,an outline may be prepared.Suppose the topic assigned is The School Library.,Topic:The School LibraryThesis:The library plays a very important part in a students life.Outline:I.A student has to borrow books,from the library.A.He needs reference books for his elective courses.B.He may want to read novels,stories and plays.II.He reads newspapers and magazines in the library.A.Many new magazines are on display in the First Reading-Room.B.There are newspapers from all provinces.C.Back numbers may be borrowed at the counter.III.He needs the library all the more in his junior and senior years.A.The library provides him with books for his research.B.He would not be able to write his graduation paper without using the library Conclusion:students should make good use of their school library.,Types of Outlines,Thesis(controlling idea)I.Introduction II.Main idea:A.Sub-idea B.Sub-idea:1.Supporting detail 2.Supporting detail:a.Fact 1 b.Fact 2 III.Main idea:A.Sub-idea B.Sub-idea:1.Supporting detail 2.Supporting detail 3.Supporting detail C.Sub-idea IV.Conclusion,Two Commonly Used Types of Outlines,the topic outline the sentence outline,A Topic Outline,Thesis:Foreign trade is beneficial to and indispensable for all nations.I.Introduction:the foundation of foreign trade II.The necessity of visible trade A.Lack of certain commodities B.Insufficiency of particular items C.Comparative advantage in certain items D.Latest innovations and different styles of commodities.E.The importance of a favorable balance of trade III.The necessity of invisible trade-exchange of services between nations A.Transportation B.Insurance C.Tourism D.Technology IV.Conclusion:the purpose of foreign trade and the importance of the balance of payments,A Sentence Outline,Thesis:Foreign trade is beneficial to and indispensable for all nations.I.Introduction:the utilization of different economic resources and the development of different skills form the foundation of foreign trade.II.Trade in commodities(visible trade)is necessary between nations.A.No nation has all the commodities it needs.B.A nation may not have enough of certain commodities.C.A nation may sell certain commodities at a profit.D.Latest innovations and different styles of commodities may make for