托福作文写作范文详解elow.docx

托福作文写作范文详解ReadingThecanetoadisalarge(1.8kg)amphibianspeciesnativetoCentralandSouthAmerica.ItwasdeliberatelyintroducedtoAustraliain1935withtheexpectationthatitwouldprotectfarmers'cropsbyeatingharmfulinsects.Unfortunately,thetoadmultipliedrapidlyzandalargecanetoadpopulationnowthreatenssmallnativeanimalsthatarenotpests.SeveralmeasureshavebeenproposedtostopthespreadofthecanetoadinAustralia.Onewaytopreventthespreadofthetoadwouldbetobuildanationalfence.AfencethatblockstheadvanceofthetoadswillpreventthemfrommovingintothosepartsofAustraliathattheyhavenotyetcolonized.Thisapproachhasbeenusedbefore:anationalfencewaserectedintheearlypartofthetwentiethcenturytopreventthespreadofrabbits,anotheranimalspeciesthatwasintroducedinAustraliafromabroadandhadaharmfulimpactonitsnativeecosystems.Second,thetoadscouldbecapturedanddestroyedbyvolunteers.Canetoadscaneasilybecaughtinsimpletrapsandcanevenbecapturedbyhand.Youngtoadsandcanetoadeggsareeveneasiertogatheranddestroy,sincetheyarerestrictedtothewater.IftheAustraliangovernmentweretoorganizeacampaignamongAustraliancitizenstojoinforcestodestroythetoadszthecollectiveeffortmightstopthetoadfromspreading.Third,researchersaredevelopingadisease-causingvirustocontrolthecanetoadpopulations.Thisviruswillbespeciallydesigned:althoughitwillbeabletoinfectanumberofreptileandamphibianspecies,itwillnotharmmostoftheinfectedspecies;itwillspecificallyharmonlythecanetoads.Theviruswillcontrolthepopulationofcanetoadsbypreventingthemfrommaturingandreproducing.ListeningThecanetoadwon'tbeaseasytogetridofasthereadingsuggests.Themeasuresproposedbythereadingarelikelyeithertobeunsuccessfulortocauseunwantedenvironmentaldamage.Firstofall,anationalfenceprobablywon'tstopthespreadofthetoad.Thatsbecauseyoungtoadsandtoadeggsarefoundinriversandstreams.Nomatterwherethefenceislocated,atsomepointtherewillberiversorstreamsflowingfromonesidetotheother.Thesewaterwayswillbeabletocarrytheyoungtoadsandtheireggstotheotherside.Sinceit'sonlynecessaryforafewyoungtoadsoreggstogetthroughthefenceinordertoestablishpopulationontheotherside,thefenceisunlikelytobeeffective.Secondly,amassivegroupofvolunteerscouldhavesuccesstrappinganddestroyingtoads.ButitslikelythattheseuntrainedvolunteerswouldinadvertentlydestroymanyofAustralia'snativefrogs.Someofwhichareendangered.Itsnotalwayseasytotellthecanetoadapartfromnativefrogsespeciallywhenit'syoung.Third,usingthevirusisabadideabecauseitcouldhaveterribleconsequencesforcanetoadsintheiroriginalhabitatinCentralandSouthAmerica.YoumightbewonderinghowcanavirusreleasedinAustraliacauseharmintheAmerica.WellzAustralianreptilesandamphibiansareoftentransportedtoothercontinentsbyresearchersorpetcollectorsforexample.OncetheanimalsinfectedbythevirusreachCentralandSouthAmerica,theviruswillattackthenativecanetoadsanddevastatetheirpopulations.ThatwouldbeandecologicaldisasterbecauseintheAmericacanetoadsareanativespeciesandavitalpartoftheecosystem.Soiftheyareeliminated,thewholeecosystemwillsuffer.一、阅读听力要点概括ReadingPassageMainpoints:SeveralmeasuresareproposedtostopCaneToadspreading.Subpoint1:Buildanationalfence.Subpoint2:Volunteerscandestroytoads.Subpoint3:Viruscancontrolthecanetoadpopulations.LectureAttitude:Unsuccessfulorunwanteddamage.SubPoint1:Fencewon'tstopthespread.(Eggsinriversandstreams,afewcanpassthefence.)SubPoint2:Volunteercandestroynativefrogs.(Untrained,frogsendangered.)SubPoint3:ViruscanbetransferredtoAmerica.(Byreptilesandamphibians,Disasterforecosystem.)二、范文逐段赏析Paragraph1Thelecturerarguesagainstthethreemeasuresmentionedinthereadingpassagethoughttoreducethepopulationofthecanetoad,aspeciesintroducedtotheAustraliancontinent.此段功能：（Listeningpassage后文提到用L代替）（Readingpassage后文用R代替）以L的观点为主要观点，作者说L反对R中提到的三点，并总结了要解决的问题：如何解决澳洲大陆上的蟾蛛数量。此段结构：作者用一句话总结了全文讨论的问题，并告诉大家全文逻辑为相反。极其简练直接，随即展开全文辩论。Paragraph2Thelecturerarguesthatthefirstmeasure,anationalfence,wouldnotpreventtheflowofstreamsorriversandztherefore,wouldallowyoungtoadsortoadeggstotravelthroughthefence.Thereadingpassage,however,arguesthatsuchafencewouldeffectivelycutofftheroutethatanimalsusetoestablishcoloniesandexpandinpopulation.此段功能：以L的观点起头，谈第一种方法，全国栅栏并不能阻止小溪河流，这样小蟾蛛或者蟾嫁卵可以通过栅栏继续传播。所以R中提到的栅栏方法没有用。此段结构：此段为分分结构，从L的辩论开始，列举了栅栏会失效的证据，最后达到说明R中的栅栏是无用的目的。Paragraph3Regardingthesecondmeasure,recruitingalargegroupofvolunteers,thelecturerexplainsthatvolunteersoftenhavedifficultydistinguishingbetweencanetoadsandnativefrogs,whichareanendangeredspecies.Therefore,volunteersmightunintentionallykillmembersofbothspecies.Thereadingpassagegivestheoppositeview:organizingalargegroupofvolunteerstojoinanexterminationcampaigncouldspeedthedestructionofcanetoads.此段功能:继续转入下一方法，志愿者杀蟾蛛方案。L解释到这些志愿者很难分辨蟾蛛和当地的珍贵青蛙，这样会造成无辜的伤害。所以R中提到的这个方法，也是行不通的。此段结构：此段为分分结构，先列出L中举的证据，最后达到说明R的想法不周全的结果。Paragraph4Finallythelecturerobjectstothethirdmeasure:usinganinfectiousvirustokillthepopulationoftoads.ShepointsoutthatavirusintendedtoeliminateAustralia'scanetoadpopulationcouldbetransmittedtoothercontinentswherecanetoadsareanessentialpartofotherlocalecosystems.Thisisindirectcontrasttotheclaiminthereadingpassage,whichindicatesthataninfectiousviruscouldbedevelopedtostopthereproductionofcanetoadswithoutharmingotherspecies.此段功能：最后一个办法是用病毒杀死蟾蛛。在讨论中，L指出在澳洲能杀死蟾蛛的病毒可能会被带到别的大陆，在那里蟾躲是当地生态圈中的不可缺少的一环，这样的后果目的直接和R中提到的完全相反，R认为病毒能只杀死澳洲蟾蛛而不伤害别的物种。此段结构：分分结构,详细列举L的证据和后果,再告诉读者与其相反的恰好是R的结论。达到反驳R的目的。三、范文全篇总评1、逻辑结构全文遵从总分结构，开头段直接一句话总结+逻辑,展开全文反驳基调。随后三段依照3个分论点依次展开。在分论点的论证中，作者诠释了L的论点和论据，随后再摆出R的证据和论点时，读者已经能清晰感觉到R的错误。十分有力的反对了Ro2、语言表达本文用词并不复杂，但是论据的陈列十分有章法。其中可以借鉴的有：1. Regardingthe.(i),thelecturerexplainsthat.(可以驳倒或者支持论点的证据。)2. Objects：反对，物体，对象/Oppose/Target/Heobjectstheproposalafteradetailedanalysis.题目：Thegraphbelowgivesinformationfroma2008reportaboutconsumptionofenergyintheUSAsincel980withprojectionsuntil2030.Summarisetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures,andmakecomparisonswhererelevant.Sampleanswer:ThelinegraphindicatesthegeneralconsumptionofenergyinAmericafrom1980to2030.Usesofpetrolandoilandcoalseeadrasticincreaseofabout15quadrillionunitesduringthespanofthefiftyyears,whiletheotherfourenergiesriseslightlywiththeunitsofnomorethanfivequadrillion.（首段综述题目，指出表中变化最明显的两类能源，为下文做好铺垫）Tobespecificin1980thehighestproportionofconsumptionwasoccupiedbypetrolandoilatapproximately35quadrillionunits,thoughitexperiencedsomefluctuationsduringthefirst15yearsuntilaround1995.Afterthat,itcontinuouslyincreasesuntilitreachesitspredicted2030highofnearly50quadrillionunits.（按时间进程描述图表上半部分石油资源的变化情况，描述石油使用情况并推断未来发展趋势）Furthermore,usesofcoalandnaturalgasremainthemiddlelevelonthewholezstandingatalittlemorethan15andexactly20quadrillionunitsrespectivelyin1980.Separately,consumptionofcoalapproximatelyhadbeenrisingsmoothlyandisexpectedtoarriveataround30quadrillionunitsin2030.Ontheotherhand,naturalgasremainsat,byandlarge,thesamelevelof20quadrillionunitswithsomeinstabilitiesinthefirsttwentyorsoyears.（按时间进程描述煤炭和天然气的使用情况，对比变化情况并进行前景预测）Finally,usesofnuclearzsolar/windandhydropowerwerethelowest,withthesameunitsofabout4quadrillioncollectively.Ifanything,nuclearpowerisslightlyintheleadwithhydropowertakinguptherearastheleastutilizedenergysource.Itisnoticeablethatnoneofthemhavechangedtremendouslyduringthishalfcentury.（按时间进程描述核能、太阳能、风能、水能的使用情况并给予分析预测）满分要素剖析一.语言表达在文中，如果想要阐述多个数据，有想做到简洁明了不赘述，可以罗列出来数据，并使用respectivelySeParateIy等进行解释。二、逻辑结构全文采用总一分结构，在第一段综述了图表概况，并点出了变化幅度最大的两类能源。在接下来的三段，作者分别选取了图表上半部分，中间部分和下班部分进行了具体阐述。