托福作文写作范文详解nite.docx

托福作文写作范文详解ReadingInthepastcentury,thesteadygrowthofthehumanpopulationandthecorrespondingincreaseinagricultureandpesticideusehavecausedmuchharmtowildlifeintheUnitedStatesbirdsinparticular.Unfortunatelyforbirds,thesetrendsarelikelytocontinue,withtheresultthatthenumberofbirdsintheUnitedStateswillnecessarilydecline.Firstzashumanpopulationsandsettlementscontinuetoexpand,birds'naturalhabitatswillcontinuetodisappear.Forestszwetlands,andgrasslandswillgivewaytoevermorehomes,malls,andoffices.Asthetraditionalareassuitableforbirdskeepdecreasing,sowillthesizeofthebirdpopulationsthatdependonthosevanishinghabitats.Second,agriculturalactivitiesmustincreasetokeeppacewiththegrowinghumanpopulation.Thegrowthofagriculturewillalsoresultinthefurtherdestructionofbirdhabitatsasmoreandmorewildernessareasareconvertedtoagriculturaluse.Asaresult,birdpopulationsinruralareaswillcontinuetodecline.Third,ashumansettlementsexpandandagricultureincreases,theuseofchemicalpesticideswillalsoincrease.Pesticidesarepoisonsdesignedtokillagriculturalandhomegardenpestszsuchasinsects,butinevitably,pesticidesgetintothewaterandintothefoodchainforbirdswheretheycanharmbirds.Birdsthateatthepoisonedinsectsordrinkcontaminatedwatercandieasaresult,andevenifpesticidesdonotkillbirdsoutright,theycanpreventthemfromreproducingsuccessfully.Sopesticideshavesignificantlycontributedtodeclinesinbirdpopulation,andbecausetherewillcontinuetobeaneedtocontrolagriculturalpestsinthefuture,thisdeclinewillcontinue.ListeningThepassageclamsthattherewillbefewerandfewerbirdszbuttheargumentsusedtosupportthisclaimareunconvincing.First,itstruethaturbangrowthhasbeenbadforsometypesofbirds,buturbandevelopmentactuallyprovidesbetterandlargerhabitatsforothertypes,somuchsothatcityandsuburbandwellersoftencomplainaboutincreasedbirdspopulationsseagullsatlandfills,pigeonsonthestreetsandsoon.Evenbirdslikehawksandfalconscannowbefoundincities,wheretheypreyontheincreasingpopulationsofpigeonsandrodents.Soitsnotgoingtobeastoryofuniformdeclineofbirdpopulationsinthefuture.Somepopulationsmayshrink,butotherswillgrow.Asforagriculture,itstruethatittoowillincreaseinthefuture,butnotinthewayassumedbythereadingpassage.Thetruthis,intheUnitedStates,lessandlesslandisbeingusedforagricultureeveryyear.Increasinginagriculturalproductionhaveresultedfromandwillcontinuetoresultfromtheintroductionofnewzmoreproductivevarietiesofcrops.ThesenewcropsproducemorefoodperunitofIandzandasaresult,there1snoneedtodestroywildernessareas.Andthird,whileitscertainlytruethattraditionalpesticideshavebeendestructivetobirds,itsincorrecttoprojectthishistoryintothefuture.Nowthatpeopleareawareofthepossibleconsequencesoftraditionalpesticides,twochangeshaveoccurred.Firstznewandmuchlesstoxicpesticideshavebeendeveloped,andthat,simportant.Second,andperhapsmoreimportantlythereisagrowingtrendtodevelopmorepestresistantcrops,cropsthataregeneticallydesignedtobeunattractivetopests.Pestresistantcropsgreatlyreducetheneedforchemicalpesticides.Andbestofallzpestresistantcropsdon'tharmbirdsatall.一、阅读听力要点概括ReadingPassageMainpoints:Birdsnumberwilldeclineinresultofhumangrowth.Subpoint1:Birds1habitsdisappearsincehumanexpand.Subpoint2:Birds'habitatsdecreasesincefurtheragriculturalactivities.Subpoint3:Useofchemicalpesticideswillincreaseandkillagriculturalthenkillbirds.LectureAttitude:Unconvincing.SubPoint1:Notauniformdeclineforallbirds.(BadforsomezGoodforsome,Seagulls,PigeonszHawks.)SubPoint2:Lesslandisusedforagriculture.(ProductiveCrops.)SubPoint3:Newpesticidesdon'tharmbirds.(Lesstoxic,Pestresistantcrops.)二、范文逐段赏析Paragraph1ThereadingpassageclaimsthatthenumberofbirdsintheUSwilldefinitelydecline.Yettheprofessorarguesthatbirdpopulationswillnotshrinkduetoincreasesinhumanpopulation,agriculture,andpesticideuseasissuggestedbythereadingpassage'sauthor.此段功能：（Listeningpassage后文提到用L代替）（Readingpassage后文用R代替）以L的观点为主要观点。先复述R的观点：US的鸟群数量会降低。再确定L的反对逻辑关系。然后说鸟群数量不会随着人类增长而减少。此段结构：开头段非常简练干净，先复述R的观点，然后说L反对R,再列出L的观点。为引出充分的辩论做出了准备。Paragraph2Firstztheprofessorpointsoutthaturbangrowth,whileharmfultosometypesofbirds,canprovidehabitatsformanyothertypes.Asamatteroffactzurbanandsuburbandwellerscomplainfrequentlyabouthavingtoomanybirds.This,however,contradictsthestatementinthereadingpassagethaturbandevelopmentcausesbirdstodisappear.此段功能：引出第一个分论点（人类引起的城市扩张对鸟类影响），L中说，虽然扩张影响了一部分鸟类，但是能为其他很多鸟类提供住所。甚至城市人会投诉鸟数量太多了，反对了R中的声明。此段结构：此段为总分结构,先写出L的结论,随后列举证据,最后达到反对R观点的效果。Paragraph3Second,theprofessorexplainsthatagriculturaldevelopmentwon'taffectbirdpopulationasthereadingillustrates.Newly-introducedandhighlyproductivecropscontinuouslycontributetoproductionenhancementandmoreefficientlanduse,makingitunnecessaryforhumanstodestroymorewildernessareas.此段功能：引出第二个分论点，L中教授继续发表观点：农业发展不会影响鸟群数量。然后解释说新型高产作物使得人们不需要更多耕种用地。此段结构：此段还是总分结构。L发表了新观点后，列举证据，最后一句和R中所得结论相反。Paragraph4Thirdzwhileconvincedoftheharmfulnatureofpesticideusetobirds,theprofessordoesnotthinkitwillbeaprobleminthefuture,inthatpeopleareincreasinglyawareofthisproblemandaredevelopinglesstoxicpesticidesandpest-resistantcropsassolutions.此段功能：在第三个论点讨论中。L先表达了反对意见：教授认为在农药使用对鸟类危害的问题上根本不需要担心，未来也没有问题，证据是人们开始用毒性较小的农药和抗虫害的谷物了。此段结构：此段还是总分结构，虽然开头是总结了要讨论的问题，紧跟着的插入语L就表达了观点，随后做出解释和反驳了R的观点。三、范文全篇总评1 .逻辑结构全文遵从总分结构，开头段总结了L和R的观点，利于展开全文反驳基调。随后三段依照3个分论点依次展开。在分论点的论证中，由于R的观点比较绝对，L用了很多反例，很容易的就把R的观点击倒。2 .语言表达全文语句过渡平滑，用词准确而不难，其中可以借鉴的词句有：1 （某观点Bo）.Thiszhowever,contradictsthestatement.（M观点A）.2 .Shrink:收缩，缩水CompressContractTherehasbeensomeshrinkinourexporttrade.