托福作文写作范文详解outh.docx

托福作文写作范文详解综合写作ReadingAsearlyasthetwelfthcenturyA.D.zthesettlementsofChacoCanyoninNewMexicointheAmericanSouthwestwerenotablefortheir"greathouses/'massivestonebuildingsthatcontainhundredsofroomsandoftenstandthreeorfourstorieshigh.Archaeologistshavebeentryingtodeterminehowthebuildingswereused.Whilethereisstillnouniversallyagreeduponexplanation,therearethreecompetingtheories.OnetheoryholdsthattheChacostructureswerepurelyresidential,witheachhousinghundredsofpeople.SupportersofthistheoryhaveinterpretedChacogreathousesasearlierversionsofthearchitectureseeninmorerecentSouthwestsocieties.Inparticular,theChacohousesappearstrikinglysimilartothelarge,well-known"apartmentbuildings"atTaoszNewMexico,inwhichmanypeoplehavebeenlivingforcenturies.AsecondtheorycontendsthattheChacostructureswereusedtostorefoodsupplies.OneofthemaincropsoftheChacopeoplewasgrainmaize,whichcouldbestoredforlongperiodsoftimewithoutspoilingandcouldserveasalong-lastingsupplyoffood.Thesuppliesofmaizehadtobestoredsomewhere,andthesizeofthegreathouseswouldmakethemverysuitableforthepurpose.Athirdtheoryproposesthathouseswereusedasceremonialcenters.ClosetoonehousezcalledPuebloAltozarchaeologistsidentifiedanenormousmoundformedbyapileofoldmaterial.Excavationsofthemoundrevealeddepositscontainingasurprisinglylargenumberofbrokenpots.ThisfindinghasbeeninterpretedasevidencethatpeoplegatheredatPuebloAltoforspecialceremonies.Attheceremonies,theyatefestivemealsandthendiscardedthepotsinwhichthemealshadbeenpreparedorserved.SuchceremonieshavebeendocumentedforotherNativeAmericancultures.ListeningProfessor:UnfortunatelynoneoftheargumentsaboutwhattheChacogreathouseswereusedforisconvincing.First,sure,fromtheoutside,thegreathouseslooklikelaterandnativeAmericanapartmentbuilding,buttheinsideofthegreathousescastsseriousdoubtontheideathatmanypeoplelivedthere.llexplain.Ifhundredsofpeoplewerelivinginthegreathouses,thentherewouldhavetobemanyfireplaces,whereeachfamilydiditsdailycooking,butthereareveryfewfireplaces.Inoneofthelargestgreathouses,therewerefireplacesforonlyaroundtenfamilies.Yettherewereenoughroomsinthegreathouseformorethanahundredfamilies,sotheprimaryfunctionofthehousescouldn'thavebeenresidential.Second,theideathatthegreathouseswereusedtostoregrainmaizeisunsupportedbyevidence.Itmaysoundplausiblethatlargeemptyroomswereusedforstorage,butexcavationsofthegreathouseshavenotuncoveredmanytracesofmaizeormaizecontainers.Ifthegreathouseswereusedforstorage,whyisn'ttheremorespilledmaizeonthefloor?Whyaren'ttheremoreremainsofbigcontainers?Third,theideathatthegreathouseswereceremonialcentersisn'twellsupportedeither.YouknowthatmoundatPuebloAlto?Itcontainslotsofothermaterialsbesidesbrokenpots,stuffyouwouldn'texpectfromceremonies.Forexample,therearelargequantitiesofbuildingmaterials,sands,stones,evenconstructiontools.Thissuggeststhatthemoundisjustatrashheapofconstructionmaterial,stuffthatwasthrownawayornotusedupwhenahousewasbeingbuilt.Thepotsinthepilecouldberegulartrashtoo,leftoverfromthemealsoftheconstructionworkers.SothePuebloAltomoundisnotgoodevidencethatthegreathouseswereusedforspecialceremonies.阅读听力要点概括ReadingPassageMainpoints:3theoriesonthebuildingsinNewMexico.Subpoint1:Chacostructuresareresidential.Subpoint2:Chacousedtostorefood.Subpoint3:Chacousedforceremonialcenters.LectureAttitude:Noneconvincing.SubPoint1:Veryfewfireplaces,residentialarenotprimaryfunction.SubPoint2:Notracesofmaizeorcontainers.SubPoint3:Containstuffnotfromceremonies.（Trashheap.）范文逐段赏析Paragraph1TheauthorofthereadingpassageproposesthreetheoriesaslikelyexplanationsoftheprimaryfunctionofChacoCanyonhouses,greatstructuresbuiltintheI2thcentury.Thelecturer,however,pointstotheinaccuraciesineachofthesetheories.此段功能：（Listeningpassage后文提到用L代替）（Readingpassage后文用R代替）开头段总结R认为有三个用途可以解释chacocanyon建筑，随后表明逻辑，L认为三个都不准确。此段结构：作者分清晰的复述了双方观点,辩论对象,为接下来的辩论做好了准备。Paragraph2Thelecturerarguesthatthemodestnumberoffireplacesinthesestructuresisincontradictionwiththeirhugesizes,indicatingthatthesestructurescouldnothavebeenusedforresidentialpurposes.Thereadingpassage,however,drawscomparisonsbetweentheChacohousesandothersimilarlargeresidentialstructuresinsupportofthe“residential“theory.此段功能：作者用L继续引出第一点，L指出房间里没有很多壁炉，所以不太可能是住用途。R在这点上，用的是类比的手法，用别的和Chaco相似的住宅来证明Chaco也是住宅。此段结构：总分结构。L和R互相陈列双方证据，L的证据给R造成了足够的怀疑,达到了证明notconvincing的效果。Paragraph3Thesecondtheory,thatthehouseswereusedforfoodstorage,isalsorejectedbythelecturer.Heexplainsthataplacethathadbeenusedforstoringmaizewouldhavemanytracesofscatteredmaize,whichisnotthecaseintheareaoftheChacoCanyonhouses.Thisprovidessupporttotheideathatthe”foodstoragetheoryzzisunlikely.此段功能：作者先陈述第二点理论，房间是用于食物储藏用途也被L推翻了。L说一个储存玉米的仓库起码会有碎玉米的痕迹，但是这些痕迹在Chaco根本找不到，无法支持这个储存理论。此段结构：此段为总分结构，在开头作者抛出结论后接着补充证据，达到反驳R了效果。Paragraph4Finally,regardingthethird“ceremony“theory,thelecturercontendsthatthepresenceofbrokenpotsclosetothegreathousesdoesnotoffersufficientproofthatthiswasaplaceforceremonialactivities.Hearguesthatthereareothermaterialssuchaspiecesofconstructiontrashfoundalongwithbrokenpotswhichsuggeststhatthesepotswereprobablynotusedforceremonialpurposesbutinsteadwerediscardedbyconstructionworkersuponcompletionofthegreathouses.此段功能：在最后一点，仪式用途的说法上。作者先从L出发，指出一些在房子周围的破罐子完全不足以证明这里举行过仪式。这样的东西很可能就是建筑垃圾，是建筑工人修造完工后就扔在这里的。此段结构：此段为总分结构，L抛出对罐子的观点，接下来解释观点形成的原因。范文全篇总评1、逻辑结构全文遵从总分结构，开头段告诉读者逻辑和有三方面进行辩论。在接下来的论段里，作者详细陈列了L和R各自的观点和证据。在三个用途解释上面，作者都表示了L对其不信任然后给出了新解释，同时给出了补充证据，呼应了首段。2.语言表达文中有一些不错的，引出观点和证据的句式，其中可以借鉴的词句有：1. drawscomparisonsbetween:对两方面进行对比2. Maize:玉米：Corn3. Regarding.(XKA)zlecturerContendS.(证据A)4. Discard:抛弃:thrownawayoHehasdiscardedhisoldtheory.