托福作文写作范文详解torm.docx

托福作文写作范文详解ReadingEveryyearzforestfiresandseverestormscauseagreatdealofdamagetoforestsinthenorthwesternUnitedStates.Onewayofdealingwiththeaftermathofthesedisastersiscalledsalvagelogging,whichisthepracticeofremovingdeadtreesfromaffectedareasandusingthewoodforlumber,plywood,andotherwoodproducts.Thereareseveralreasonswhysalvageloggingisbeneficialbothtoadamagedforestandtotheeconomy.Firstzafteradevastatingfirezforestsarechokedwithdeadtrees.Ifthetreesarenotremoved,theywilltakeyearstodecompose;inthemeantime,nonewtreescangrowinthecrampedspaces.Salvagelogging,however,removestheremainsofdeadtreesandmakesroomforfreshgrowthimmediately,whichislikelytohelpforestareasrecoverfromthedisaster.Also,deadtreesdomorethanjusttakeupspace.Decayingwoodisahighlysuitablehabitatforinsectssuchasthesprucebarkbeetle,whichinlargenumberscandamageIivezhealthysprucetrees.Sobyremovingrottingwood,salvagelogginghelpsminimizethedangersofinsectinfestation,thuscontributingtothehealthoftheforest.ThirdandIastzsalvagelogginghaseconomicbenefits.Manyindustriesdependupontheforestsfortheirproduction,andbecauseofthisafirecanhaveaveryharmfuleffectontheeconomy.Often,however,thetreesthathavebeendamagedbynaturaldisastersstillcanprovidemuchwoodthatisusablebyindustries.Furthermore,salvageloggingrequiresmoreworkersthantraditionalloggingoperationsdo,andsoithelpscreateadditionaljobsforlocalresidents.ListeningProfessor:Salvageloggingmayappeartobeaneffectivewayofhelpingforestsrecoverafteradestructivefireorstorm,butitcanactuallyresultinseriouslonger-termenvironmentaldamageItseconomicbenefitsarealsoquestionable.First,cleaningupaforestafterafireorstormdoesnotnecessarilycreatetherightconditionsfortreegrowth.Infact,thenaturalprocessofwooddecompositionenrichesthesoilandmakesitmoresuitableforfuturegenerationsoftree.Therapidremovalofdeadtreescanresultinsoilthatlacksthenutrientsnecessaryforgrowth.Second,it'struethatrottingwoodcanincreaseinsectpopulations,butisthisreallybadfortheforest?Infact,sprucebarkbeetleshavelivedinAlaskanforestfornearlyahundredyearswithoutcausingmajordamage.Andofcoursedeadtreesdonotprovidehabitatsonlyforharmfulinsects.Theyarealsousedbybirdsandotherinsectsthatareimportantcontributorstothelong-termhealthofforests.Inthelongruztherefore,salvageloggingmayendup-doingmoreharmtoforeststhanharmfulinsectsdo.Andthird,theeconomicbenefitsofsalvageloggingaresmallanddonotlastveryIongzinseverelydamagedforests,muchofthelumbercanberecoveredonlybyusinghelicoptersandothervehiclesthatareexpensivetouseandmaintain.Furthermore,jobscreatedbysalvageloggingareonlytemporaryandareoftenfilledbyoutsiderswithmoreexperienceortrainingthanlocalresidentshave.一、阅读听力要点概括ReadingPassageMainpoints:Salvageloggingisbeneficialforseveralreasons.Subpoint1:Removedeadtreesandallownewtreestogrow.Subpoint2:Deadtreesallowinsectstogrow.Subpoint3:Deadtreecanbeusedinindustriesandgoodforeconomic.LectureAttitude:Itcanresultinenvironmentaldamageandquestionableeconomicbenefits.SubPoint1:Cleanupaforestisnogoodfortreegrowth.(Decompositionenrichsoil.)SubPoint2:Insectisnotreallybadforforest.(Beetleslivedwithoutmajordamage,canbeusedbybirds.)SubPoint3:Expensivetoremovedeadtrees.(Jobsaretemporary.)二、范文逐段赏析Paragraph1Thelecturerandthereadingpassageholdcompletelydifferentviewstowardthepracticeofsalvagelogging,whichistheremovalofdeadtreesfromaforestafterafireorstorm.此段功能：（Listeningpassage后文提到用L代替）（Readingpassage后文用R代替）以L的观点为主要观点指出L和R对于salvagelogging意见完全相反，然后补充一句salvagelogging是说在火灾或者风暴后移除死树。此段结构：开头段先直接了表明了逻辑程度为反，然后顺便解释争论的论点。Paragraph2First,thelecturerstatesthatremovingdeadtreesisnotgoodforthehealthofaforestbecauseitdeprivesitofnutrientsnecessaryforfuturetreegrowthzwhichdeadtreesreleaseintothesoilastheydecompose.Incontrast,thereadingpassagestatesthatremovingoldtreesprovidesmorespaceinwhichnewgenerationsoffreshtreescangrowuninhibitedbydeadfall.此段功能：以L的观点为主，L说移除死树对森林是无益的因为死树腐烂的营养是对未来生长的树非常必要的。相反的R却觉得移除死树能迅速空出地方让新树生长，这样无疑会失败。此段结构：此段为总分结构。第一句陈述L的观点和证据,然后表明相反态度后，又陈述了一遍R的观点Paragraph3Second,thelecturerarguesthatsomeinsectsandbirdsthatinhabitdeadtreesarebeneficialfortreegrowth.Someothersthatarethoughttobeharmfulhaveshownnoevidenceofcausingsignificantdamagetotheforest.Byeliminatingbothharmfulandbeneficialbirdsandinsects,salvageloggingmaycauseunwanteddamagetotheforestinthelongrun.Thereading,however,mentionsonlyharmfulinsects,thesprucebarkbeetleinparticular.Itpointsoutthatbecauseclearingtheforestofdeadtreesalsodestroysthehabitatoftheseharmfulinsects,itensuresthehealthyrecoveryofaforestafterfires.此段功能：第二个分论点中，作者先引出L的结论，适当的居住于死树的昆虫和鸟类是对森林有益的。一些认为有害的昆虫其实并没造成一些显著的虫害。如果靠移除死树把有益和有害鸟类昆虫都杀死会造成非预期的长期损失。接着作者开始说R只注意到了害虫,认为移除一种特定的甲虫就能保证森林恢复。此段结构：此段为分分结构，作者列出L的结论和证据后，只轻易的对比了R的结论和证据，但是读者能感觉到R的证据的片面，结论的草率。使R在相比之下显得十分幼稚。Finallywithregardtoeconomicimpact,thelecturerarguesagainstsalvageloggingbecausethedeadtreescanonlybesalvagedataveryhighcost.Additionally,theemploymentopportunitiesassociatedwithsalvageloggingareoftentemporaryandaretypicallyperformedbynon-nativeresidents.Ontheotherhandzthereadingarguesthatthispracticeprovidesmanyindustrieswiththewoodnecessarytosustainproductionandevenoffersemploymentopportunitiestolocalpeople.此段功能：在最后一点经济影响的争论下。L觉得这种移除死树的策略是需要付出十分高的代价的，而且所谓的工作机会也只是暂时性的，而且通常靠经验者而不是当地人就能解决的。对比起来，R只说死树给工业提供了原料，并且提供了工作机ZXo此段结构：分分结构,L还是用证据陈列,直接压倒了R陈列的非常不足的证据。三、范文全篇总评1.逻辑结构全文遵从总分结构，开头段直一句话表明了强烈的反对逻辑和总结了争吵的政策。随后作者只是详细的罗列了L的证据和论点，甚至没有说R是错的。但是把R的证据和结论在L之后一重复，大家就看出R的证据也不完整，结论也很粗率，实在是不堪一击。2.语言表达文中并没有使用很多生僻词汇,但是段式十分漂亮,可以借鉴的词句有:1. Thelecturerandthereadingpassageholdcompletelydifferentviewstoward（某政策），whichisthe（进一步解释政策）.2. Thereading,howeverzmentionsOnly（观点和证据）在一大堆详细的L证据下，R仅罗列了某证据，对比之下清晰的可以看出R的不足。3. Ontheotherhand（如何在段落中转折）HoweverBycontrast/