英美概况4版课后答案.docx

上册英国第一部分英国地理第1章自然地理Exercise1.Answerthefo1.1.owingquestions:1. WhereistheU.K.?Andwhatisitmadeupof?Whatisitstota1.area?Key:TheU.K.issituatedinNorthwesternEurope,1.yingtothenorthofFranceandthewestoftheNether1.andsandDenmark.ItismadeupofEng1.and,Scot1.and,Wa1.es,andNorthernIre1.and.Itstota1.areais242534squareki1.ometers.2. WhichmountainisthehighestintheU.K.,andinwhichpartoftheScottishHigh1.and?Key:BenNevis,1343metershigh,isthehighestmountainintheU.K.AnditisinthewesternpartoftheScottishHigh1.ands.3. Whyisthec1.imateofBritainmuchmi1.derthanthatofmanyp1.acesinthesame1.atitude?Key:First1.y,thec1.imateofBritainismoderatedbytheAt1.anticGuIfStream,whichisawarmcurrent,passesthewesterncoastofBritishIs1.esandwarmsthem.Second1.y,theWester1.iesb1.owoverthecountrya1.1.theyearroundandbringwarmandwetairfromtheAt1.anticOcean.Third1.y,Britainissurroundedbyseawaters,whichcanba1.ancetheseasona1.differencesbyheatingupthe1.andinwinterandcoo1.ingitoffinsummer.4. Whatarcthepresentfeaturesofthec1.imateofBritain?Key:Britainhasamaritimec1.imate.Wintersarenottooco1.dandsummersarenottoohot.Therefore,itstemperaturevarieswithinasma1.1.range,rare1.yfa1.1.ingbe1.ow-5eCinwinterorrisingabove24eCinsummer.Sunshinehoursarefewerthaninmoresouther1.yc1.imates.Meanwhi1.e,ithasasteadyrainfa1.1.throughthewho1.eyear.ThereisraininBritaineverymonth.5. WheredothemainriverspartinginBritainrun?Key:ThemainriverspartinginBritainrunfromnorthtosouth,keepingwe1.1.tothewestunti1.thebasinoftheRiverSevern.6. WhatarethecharacteristicsoftheSpey,Don,Tay,Forth,TweedofeasternScot1.and?Key:Theseriversf1.owfastandrungenera1.1.yacrossimpermeab1.erocks,andtheirdischargesincreaserapid1.yafterrain.Exercise2.Exp1.ainthefo1.1.owingterms:1. theEng1.ishChanne1.Key:ItisastraitbetweensouthernEng1.andandnorthernFrance.ItconnectstheAt1.anticOceanwiththeNorthSeathroughtheStraitofDover.Itis560km1.ongandgradua1.1.ynarrowsfromabout180kminthewesttoon1.y34kmintheeast.2. theDeeestuaryKey:Irisa1.argeestuarywheretheRiverDeef1.owsinto1.iverpoo1.Bay.3. theActofUnionof1801Key:In1801theEng1.ishPar1.iamentpassedanactbywhichScot1.and,Wa1.esandtheKingdomofEng1.andwereconstitutiona1.1.yjoinedastheKingdomofGreatBritain.4. Gae1.icKey:ItisoneofCe1.tic1.anguages,andisspokeninpartsoftheHigh1.andsofBritain.5. the-backboneofEng1.andI1.Key:ItreferstothePennines,arangeofhi1.1.sextendingabout257kmsouthwardfromtheCheviotHi1.1.sontheScottishbordertocentra1.Eng1.and.第2章自然资源Exercise1.Answerthefo1.1.owingquestions:1. Whatminera1.sisU.K.richin?Key:TheUnitedKingdomisrichincoa1.,iron,tin,copper,1.ead,andsi1.ver.2. Whenwasthenatura1.gasandtheoi1.intheNorthSeadiscovered?Key:Natura1.gaswasdiscoveredin1964-1966;themajoroi1.depositswerediscoveredin1970.3. Whatpercentageofthecountry1swaterrequirementsareobtainedfromundergroundsources?Key:About35%ofthecountry'swaterrequirementsdependonundergroundsources.4. TheU.K.hassomeofthebigcoa1.fie1.dsofthewor1.d.Wheredothey1.ie?Key:Britaintsbigcoa1.fie1.dsofthewor1.darcinthemid-1.andva1.1.eyofScot1.and,exact1.yineasternCambria,Northumber1.and,Durham,1.ancashire,DerbyshireandNottinghaminEng1.and,andinSouthWa1.es.5. WhatisthefeatureofBritish1.eadores?Key:British1.eadorescontainsi1.ver.Exercise2.Exp1.ainthefo1.1.owingterms:1. 1.eadoreKey:British1.eadoreshavebeenworkedsincepre-Romantimes.Itcontainssi1.ver.2. chinac1.ayKey:Thedepositsofchinac1.ayinCornwa1.1.areofgreateconomicva1.ue.3. sa1.inedepositKey:Mostofthecommonsa1.tusedinBritainisobtainedfromcontro1.1.edbrine-pumpingofthethicksa1.tseriesbeneathCheshire.Reservesarebe1.ievedtobeadequateforcenturiestocome.4. theAtomicEnergyAuthorityKey:Itwasestab1.ishedin1954asastatutorycorporationtooverseeandpioneerthedeve1.opmentofnuc1.earenergywithintheUnitedKingdom.Itisnowanexecutivenon-departmenta1.WithintheDepartmentofTradeandIndustry.第3章经济Exercise1.Answerthefo1.1.owingquestions?1. Wha1.arethecharacteristicsofheBritisheconomy?Key:TheBritisheconomywasthefirsttohavebeenfu1.1.yindustria1.ized.Britainwasoneofthewor1.d'smostadvancedmanufacturingandtradingnations.Thepoundster1.ingistheexchangecurrencyforaboutonethirdofthewor1.d'sforeigntrade.Theagricu1.turedocsnotproduceenoughfoodtomeetthecountry'sbasicneedsandpartofa1.1.vita1.foodstuffshastobeimported.The1.aborforceishomogeneous.2. Whatwastheindustria1.structureoftheU.K.basedonbeforetheSecondWor1.dWar?Whatarethemainminingindustries?Key:BeforeWor1.dWarIItheindustria1.structureoftheUnitedKingdomwasbased1.arge1.yonexporttradesdeve1.opedinthe191.hcentury.Mostoftheindustrieswereconcentratedinspecia1.izedindustria1.areas.Thespecia1.izedmanufacturingregionswerea1.sothechiefcoa1.-miningdistricts,fbrcoa1.hadbeenthemostpowerfu1.1.oca1.izingforce.Themainminingindustryarecoa1.andiron-oreminingindustries.3. Howmuch1.andisavai1.ab1.eforfarminginBritain?Whatcropsaregrownthere?Key:The1.andavai1.ab1.efbrfarminginBritainis29.3mi1.1.ionacres,anditshrinkseveryyearasdemandsforroadsandtheexpansionoftownss1.ow1.yerodetheareasoffarm1.and.ThecropsgrowninBritainarewheat,bar1.ey,oats,rye,corn,potatoes,sugarbeets,ka1.e,andbeans.4. Whatarethechief1.ivestockindustries?Key:Thechief1.ivestockindustriesinc1.udecatt1.e,sheep,pigsandpou1.try.5. WhatdoesBritainimportandexport?Key:Britainisbasica1.1.yanimporteroffoodandrawmateria1.sandanexporterofmanufactures.6. IstheBankofEng1.andthecentreoftheBritishfinancia1.system?Whenwasitfoundedandwhenwasitnationa1.ized?Key:Yes,itisthecentreoftheBritishfinancia1.system.Itwasfoundedin1694andwasnationa1.izedin1946.7. Whatarethepo1.iciesthattheBankfinancia1.1.yapp1.iesinordertomaintaintheBritisheconomyandgovernmentcontro1.?Key:Thepreferredpo1.iciesoftheBankofEng1.andareusua1.1.yofarestrictivekindbecauseitseesitsro1.easprotectingthego1.dandcurrencyreserveandmaintainingtheinternationa1.va1.ueofpound.Oneofthetwotraditiona1.instrumentsoffinancia1.po1.icyinBritainisthe-bankrateI1.,theofficia1.rediscountratechargedbytheBankofEng1.and.Thebankratetrendstodetermine(hegenera1.1.eve1.ofa1.1.interestratesin1.ondon.Theotheristhefisca1.po1.icywhichisnoton1.yusedforpurposesofeconomiccontro1.buta1.sohastoprovidefbracomp1.exsetofdesiderataexpectedformthebudget.Exercise2.Exp1.ainthefo1.1.owingterms:1. (hedeve1.opmentareasKey:Theseareasrefertothere1.ative1.ypoorareasofthenorthandwestofEng1.and.2. theBankofEng1.andKey:ItisthecentreoftheBritishfinancia1.system,foundedin1694andnationa1.izedin1946.3. -bankrateI1.Key:Itisoneofthetwotraditiona1.instrumentsoffinancia1.po1.icyinBritain,thatis,theofficia1.rediscountratechargedbytheBankofEng1.and.4. -invisib1.etradeI1.Key:Itisthetradere1.atedtoprofits,dividendsandcapita1.investment.第4章人口Exercise1.Answerthefo1.1.owingquestions:1. Whatisthepopu1.ationoftheU.K.?Key:Britainhasagrowingpopu1.ation.Inmid-2005,Britishpopu1.ationincreasedto60.2mi1.1.ion.2. What1.anguageistheofficia1.1.anguage?Whatother1.anguagesarespokenintheU.K.?Andinwhichpartofthecountryaretheyspokenmain1.y?Key:Theofficia1.1.anguageisEng1.ish.InWa1.esoneinfourpeop1.espeakWe1.sh,andinScot1.andabout80000peop1.eintheHigh1.andsspeakGae1.ic1.anguage.3. WhichraceinvadedEngkmdintheear1.iesttimes?Key:Intheear1.iesttimesthedark-hairedMediterraneanraceca1.1.edtheIberianssai1.eduptothewestcoastofEng1.and.4. WhatarethethreeGermanictribeswhoformthebasisofhemodernBritishpeop1.e?Key:TheAng1.es,theSaxonsandtheJuteswhichinvadedBritainformthemodernBritishpeop1.e.5. WhatdoesBritishdensepopu1.ationimp1.y?Howmuchpercentageofthepopu1.ation1.iveincitiesortowns?Key:Adensepopu1.ationsuchasBritain'simp1.iesahighdegreeofurbanization.About80%ofthepopu1.ation1.ivesincitiesortowns.6. Whathasbecomeanincreasing1.yimportantfactorinpopu1.ationchangedsincethe1.ate1990s?Key:Since(he1.ate1990s,a1.thoughtherehassti1.1.beennatura1.increase,netinternationa1.migrationintotheUKfromabroadhasbeenanincreasing1.yimportantfactorinpopu1.ationchange.7. WhydotheBritishpeop1.ethinkofthemse1.vesasEng1.ishmen,Scotsmen,We1.shmenandIrishmen,notasBritons?Key:Innorma1.times,theytakethenationa1.divisionverymuchforgranted.Theyhavetheirowntraditions.Forexamp1.e,Scot1.andhasitsownnationa1.churchanditsownsystemof1.aw.Wa1.esspeaksitsown1.anguageandhasacu1.tureofitsown.Exercise2.Exp1.ainthefo1.1.owingterms:1. BritonKey:ItisoneofaCe1.ticpeop1.einhabitingancientBritainatthetimeoftheRomaninvasion2. urbanizationKey:Itmeansthechangingfromarura1.intoatownorcitycharacter.3. Ang1.o-SaxonKey:ItrefersamemberofoneoftheGermanicpeop1.es,theAng1.es,theSaxons,andtheJutes,whosett1.edinBritaininthefifthandsixthcenturies.4. theNormanKey:ItisamemberofaScandinavianpeop1.ewhosett1.edinnorthernFranceinthe10,hcenturyandtheyconqueredEng1.andinthe1Ithcentury.5. Ce1.ticKey:Asubfami1.yoftheIndo-European1.anguagefami1.ycomprisingtheInsu1.arandtheContinenta1.branches.NowinBritainitisthe1.anguageofmanyWe1.sh.6. IberiansKey:Theywereoneoftheancientpeop1.esthatinhabitedtheIberianPeninsu1.a,whoweredark-hairedMediterraneanrace.TheyinvadedBritaininabout3000BC.第5章主要城市Exercise1.Answerthefo1.1.owingquestions:1. Whichcityisthecapita1.ofEng1.andandGreatBritain?Isitthepo1.itica1.centreoftheCommonwea1.th?Key:1.ondonisthecapita1.ofEng1.and,anditisa1.soIhepo1.itica1.centreoftheCommonwea1.th.2. Whatdoes1.ondonconsistofadministrative1.y?Key:1.ondonadministrative1.yconsistsofthecityof1.ondon,theorigina1.nuc1.eus,retainingamedieva1.systemofgovernmentofcourtsofaidermenandane1.ected1.ordmayor;andGreater1.ondonametropo1.itancounty,madeupofInner1.ondonboroughsand.20Outer1.ondonboroughs.3. Whatisthepopu1.ationofBirmingham?WhatisBirminghamfamousfor?Key:Birminghamisthesecond1.argestcityintheU.K.hasonemi1.1.ionpeop1.e.Itisfamousformeta1.goods,hardware,cars,e1.ectrica1.equipment,machinetoo1.s,jewe1.ery,sma1.1.armsandp1.astics.4. WherecanyoufindtheUniversityofG1.asgowandStrathc1.ydeUniversity?Key:TheUniversityofG1.asgowandStrathc1.ydeUniversityarebothinthecityofG1.asgowinScot1.and.5. Whichcityisthecapita1.ofScot1.and?Whatkindofinternationa1.festiva1.ishe1.d(hereeveryyear?Key:Thecapita1.ofScot1.andisthecityOfEdinburgh.Internationa1.festiva1.ofmusicandartishe1.dthereeveryyear.Exercise2.Exp1.ainthefo1.1.owingterms:1. QueensUniversityofBe1.fastKey:Itisoneofthehigheducationa1.institutionsinthecapita1.ofNorthernIre1.and,thecityOfBe1.fas1.TheUniversitytracesitsrootstoQueenVictoria'sfoundingoftheQueen'sUniversityinIre1.andin1845.2. theManchesterShipCana1.Key:Itisa58km1.ongriverwithaminimumdepthof9M,connectingManchesterandWestEng1.and,withtheMerseyestuaryatEastham,aboveBirkenhead.Begunin1887,itwasopenedin1894andchangedManchesterfromariverporttoaseaport.3. B1.ackCountryKey:Itisahigh1.yindustria1.izedregionofwest-centra1.Eng1.andcenteredonBirmingham.Itwasnamedforthegrimeaccumu1.atedfromfactorysmokeandotherindustria1.po1.1.utants.4. CoventGardenOperaHouseKey:Itisatheatrein1.ondon,nowa1.soknownastheRoya1.OperaHouse,bui1.tin1858;itisthehomeoftheRoya1.OperaandRoya1.Ba1.1.etSoitisa1.sooneofcu1.tura1.institutionsin1.ondon.5. Greater1.ondonKey:Itisametropo1.itancounty(pop.7mi1.1.ion),madeupof12Inner1.ondonboroughs,20Outer1.ondonboroughs.6. CardiffKey:Itisthecapita1.and1.argestcityofWa1.es,atthemouthoftheriverTa1.1.,inthesoutheastpartofthecountryonBristo1.Channe1.Therefore,itisa1.soaport.Itsindustriesareshipping,ironandstee1.Itisnowaneducationa1.andindustria1.center.第二部分英国历史第1章前封建社会Exercise1.Answerthefo1.1.owingquestions:1. Wha1.doyouknowabouttheRomaninf1.uenceonBritain?Key:TheRomanoccupation1.astedfora1.most350years.Theresu1.tinggrowthofitscivi1.izationwasmoreobviousinurbanareasthanamongtheagricu1.tura1.peasantsandweakestintheresistanthigh1.andzone.Inthesoutheasternpart,theRomansinf1.uenced1.ifeandcu1.tureradica1.1.y.TheEng1.ishupperc1.asseswerethorough1.yRomanizedandtransformedintoRoman1.and1.ordsandofficia1.s.YettheRomanscametogovernandtotrade,nottosett1.e;andtheyweretoofewinnumbertochangethe1.anguage.andcustomsofthepeop1.eastheydidinFranceandSpain.Someofthenativepeop1.ebecomes1.avesoftheRomans;trues1.avesocietywasintroducedintoEng1.and.2. HowdidtheHeptarchycomeintobeingduringtheAng1.o-Saxontimes?Key:ThethreeGermanictribescametoEng1.andinthemidd1.eofthe5thcentury.Theycombineda1.1.thequa1.itiesthatwerenecessarytodeve1.opanddefendanindependentis1.and.Before1.ongthedistinctionbetweenthesethreetribes1.ostsignificance.Bytheendof7thcentury,theyregardedthemse1.vesas-thenationoftheEng1.ishI1.Butthey1.ackedunityandEng1.andwasdividedintosevenkingdomsandthereforeca1.1.ed-heptarchy.1.3. WhoweretheVikingsandhowdidtheyinvadeBritain?Key:TheywerenorthernwarriorsandsomeofthemcamefromNorwaybutthemainbodycamefromDenmark,andtheyinvadedBritainaroundtheturnofthe8,hcentury.TheyattackedtherockycoastsofScot1.andandnorthernEng1.and.Theysai1.eduptheriversoftheeastandsouthandseizedonesma1.1.Saxonkingdomafteranother.Exercise2.Exp1.ainthefo1.1.owingterms:1. HadriantSWa1.1.Key:About122A.D.,inordertokeepbackthePictsandScots,theRomansbui1.tawa1.1.fromtheSo1.waytotheTyne,whichwasca1.1.edHadrian4SWa1.1.2. Ju1.iusCaesarKey:HewasaRomangenera1.,andbetween55and54B.C.,he1.edhisarmytoinvadeBritaintwice.3. A1.fredKey:HeistheKingofWessexinBritainintheturnof8thcenturywhodefeatedtheDanes.Hewasconsideredthefirstnationa1.heroinBritain.4. EdmundKey:HeissonoftheKingEthe1.redinBritainwhofoughtheroica1.1.yagainsttheDanes.5. VikingsKey:Theywerethenorthernwarriors,main1.yfromNorwayandDenmark,whoinvadedBritainaroundtheturnofthe8thcentury.第2章封建社会Exercise1.Answerthefo1.1.owingquestions:1. WhatweretheconsequencesoftheNormanconquest?Key:(1)TheNormanConquestcausedimportantconsequences.Itincreasedtheprocessoffeuda1.ism,whichhadbegunduringAng1.o-Saxontimes.Bytheear1.ypartof12'hcentury,themanorsystemhadrep1.acedthevi1.1.agesystemcomp1.ete1.y,andFeuda1.ismwasfina1.1.yestab1.ishedinEng1.and.(2) Wi1.1.iamtheConquerorestab1.ishedastrongmonarchyinEng1.and.Thefeuda1.systemofEng1.andacquiredamorecentra1.izedcharacterthaninotherEuropeancountriesofthetime.(3) Itbroughtaboutchangesinthechurch.Theupperranksofthec1.ergywereNormanizedandfeuda1.ized,fo1.1.owingthepatternof1.aysociety.(4) A1.ongwiththeNormancametheFrench1.anguage,whichwou1.dbethe1.anguageofcourtandupperc1.assesunti1.theI4,hcentury.2. InwhatwaysdidHenryIIconso1.idatethemonarchy?Key:HenryIItooksomemeasurestoconso1.idatethemonarchy.First1.y,hecarriedoutaseriousofreformstostrengthenhispower.HestrengthenedtheGreatCounci1.Butthemostimportantstepistoreformthe1.awcourts,whichreducedtheinf1.uenceof1.oca1.baronsonthe1.awcourtsystem.Thereformof1.awcourts1.edtotheemergenceofcommon1.aw.Second1.y,hegreat1.ystrengthenedtheCourtandextendeditsjudicia1.work.Hedividedthewho1.ecountryintosixcircuitsandappointedjusticestoeach.Duringhisreign,acommon1.awwasgradua1.1.yestab1.ishedinp1.aceoftheprevious1.awsofthe1.oca1.barons.Hea1.sointroducedanewjurysystemtorep1.acetheo1.dordea1.-basedtria1.system.Besides,heshiftedthetria1.ofc1.ergymenchargedwithcrimina1.offensesfromtheBishop'scourttoth