孔子（公元前551年—公元前479年）知识点梳理汇总.docx

ConfuciusConfucius（551B.C479B.C.）isoneofthemostfamousChinesepeople.AsthefounderofConfucianism1,histhoughthasexertedadeepinfluenceonChinaanditspeople.ButConfuciuswasnothisrealname.Itwasacourtesytitle,aLatinizedformofttKongFuzi”,meaning44MasterKong,HisfamilynamewasKongandhisgivenname,Qiu.AndhestyledhimselfZhongni.HewasbornatZouyi,theStateofLu2.孔子（公元前551年一公元前479年）是中国最著名的人物。作为儒家创始人，他的思想一直在中国有着深远的影响。但孔子不是他的原名，而是一种尊称，是孔夫子的拉丁文。孔子姓孔名丘，字仲尼，出生在鲁国陂邑（今山东曲阜东南）。AsoneofthegreatestthinkersandeducatorsinthehistoryofChina,Confucius,legacyliesinthefollowingthreeaspects:Firstly,hecompiledandpreservedtheliteraryworks,TheSixClassics,includingShi3,Shu4yLF,YuehyYi7andChunw8,whichareregardedastheclassicsofConfucianism.TheaccomplishmentmakesalargeimpactonthesuccessionanddevelopmentofthetraditionalChineseculture.作为中国历史上伟大的思想家和教育家，他整理了诗、书、礼、乐、易、春秋六部文献，被后代奉为儒家经典，合称“六经”，为传统文化的继承和发展做出了巨大的贡献。Secondly,ConfuciusbuiltupasystemofphilosophicalthoughtswithRenasitsbasicvirtue.ThisvirtueisthecentralthemeofhisAnalects9.HeconsideredRenasthefirstandhighestcriterionofman,sbehaviorandthecoreofmorality.Renmeantto“loveothermen"；tohelpotherstobeestablishedwhenonewishedtobeestablishedoneself;andhelpotherstobesuccessfulwhenonewishedtobesuccessfuloneself.Confucius,conceptofLireferstoasetofritualandmusicalsystems,withthehierarchicalsystemasitscore.RenandLiarecomplementary:LiistheexteriorprincipleofRenwhileRenisLi,sintrinsicguidingpower.ToaccomplishRen,onemustabidebyLi,andRenwillbenaturallygeneratedintheprocessofpracticingLi.Fundamentally,thepurposeofConfucius,LiistorestorethetraditionalritesoftheZhouDynasty".第二，建立了一套以“仁”为核心的思想体系，这集中体现在论语一书中。他认为“仁”是人的最高道德境界，是道德的核心内容。“仁”就是“爱人”；“夫仁者，己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人”。“孔子也讲“礼”，礼是礼乐制度，核心内容是等级制度。礼与仁互为表里，礼是仁的外在规则，仁是礼的内在指导因素。要达到仁，必先合乎礼，在反复实践礼的过程中自然会产生仁°孔子讲“仁”的目的是维护和恢复周礼。Thirdly,Confuciusestablishedprivateschools,creatingascientificeducationalsystem.Confuciusalsoheldtheideathateveryoneshouldbeeducatedregardlessofhissocialstatus.Ineducationalpractice,hecreatedflexibleteachingmethods,promotingthecombinationoflearningandthinking,learningandreviewingaswellasteachingandlearning.Heemphasizedonindividualizedandheuristicteaching.Theseideasarestillofgreatsignificanceinpracticetoday.第三，办私学，创立了科学的教育思想体系。孔子提出“有教无类”。在教育实践中创立了灵活多样的教学方法，提倡“学”与“思”结合，学习与复习结合以及教与学结合，讲求因材施教和启发式教学等。这些思想，直到今天还有其现实意义。exertv.运用，施加例句1Heexertedallhisauthoritytomakethemaccepttheplan.他利用他的所有权力让他们接受这个计划。例句2Themoonexertsaforceontheearththatcausesthetides.月球对地球的吸引力引起潮汐。successionn.继承例句IJHebecamechairmaninsuccessiontoBernardAllen.他接替伯纳德艾伦任主席。例句2She,sthirdonorderofsuccessiontothethrone.她在王位继承人顺序中排第三。hierarchicaladj,分层的，等级制度的例句Japanisahierarchicalsociety.日本是一个分等级社会。heuristicadj.(教学或教育)启发式的例句Confuciustaughthisstudentsinaheuristicway.孔子以启发式教授他的学生。1. Confucianism:TheteachingsofConfuciusemphasizingloveforhumanity;highvaluegiventolearning,family(includingancestors),peaceandjustice,influencingthetraditionalcultureofChina孔子思想，儒家思想2. Shi:TheBookofSongs诗3.Shu:4. CollecHonofAncientTexts书5. 1.i:TheRites礼6. Yue:TheMusic乐6.Yi:TheBookofChanges易7. ChunQiu:TheSpringandAutumnAnnuals春秋8. Ren:Benevolence仁9. Analects:AlsoknownastheAnalectsofConfucius,areconsideredarecordofthewordsandactsofthecentralChinesethinkerandphilosopherConfuciusandhisdisciples,aswellasthediscussionstheyheld.WrittenduringtheSpringandAutumnPeriodthroughtheWarringStatesPeriod,theAnalectsistherepresentativeworkofConfucianismandcontinuestohaveatremendousinfluenceonChineseandEastAsianthoughtandvaluestoday.论语是记录孔子及其弟子言行的书。写于春秋战国时期。论语是儒家思想的代表作并对中国及东南亚地区思想及价值观产生巨大的影响。