装备工业资料介绍--------英文翻译.docx

Industrialtechnologyandequipmentmodernizationofthenationaleconomyasawholeisdeterminedbythelevelanddegreeofmodernization,CNCequipmentisthedevelopmentofnewtechnologyandcutting-edgeindustriesandhigh-techindustries(suchasinformationtechnologyanditsrelatedindustriesBiotechnologyandrelatedindustries,aviation,aerospaceandotherdefenseindustries)enablingtechnologyandthebasicequipment.NCwidelyusedintheworldtodaymanufacturingtechnology,toincreasemanufacturingcapacity,enhancetheabilitytoadapttodynamicmarketchangesandcompetitiveability.BesidesthedevelopedindustrialworldwillNCNCequipmentandtechnologyasthestrategiccommodities,nottakensignificantstepstodevelopitsowndigitaltechnologyanditsrelatedindustriesinthe"high-techNCkeytechnologyandequipmenttoChina'spolicyofclosuresandrestrictions.Inshort,numericalcontroltechnologyatthecoreofeffortstodevelopadvancedmanufacturingtechnologyhasbecometheworld'sdevelopedcountriestoaccelerateeconomicdevelopment,improveouroverallnationalstrengthandanimportantwaytostatehood.NCtechnologyistheuseofdigitalinformationtothemechanicalandprocesscontroltechnology,NCNCtechnologyequipmentisrepresentedbythenewtechnologiesontraditionalmanufacturingindustriesandtheformationofthepenetrationofnewmanufacturingmachineryandelectronicsproducts,theso-calleddigitalequipment,technologycovermanyareas:(1)MachineryManufacturingTechnology;(2)informationprocessing,processing,transmissiontechnology;(3)controltechnology;(4)servodrivetechnology;(5)sensortechnology;(6)softwaretechnology.装备工业的技术水平和现代化程度决定着整个国民经济的水平和现代化程度，数控技术及装备是发展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业(如信息技术及其产业、生物技术及其产业、航空、航天等国防工业产业)的使能技术和最基本的装备。当今世界各国制造业广泛采用数控技术，以提高制造能力和水平，提高对动态多变市场的适应能力和竞争能力。此外世界上各工业发达国家还将数控技术及数控装备列为国家的战略物资，不仅采取重大措施来发展自己的数控技术及其产业，而且在“高精尖”数控关键技术和装备方面对我国实行封锁和限制政策。总之，大力发展以数控技术为核心的先进制造技术已成为世界各发达国家加速经济发展、提高综合国力和国家地位的重要途径。数控技术是用数字信息对机械运动和工作过程进行控制的技术，数控装备是以数控技术为代表的新技术对传统制造产业和新兴制造业的渗透形成的机电一体化产品，即所谓的数字化装备，其技术范围覆盖很多领域：（1）机械制造技术；（2）信息处理、加工、传输技术；（3）自动控制技术；（4）伺服驱动技术；（5）传感器技术；（6）软件技术等。1 NCTechnologyTrends1数控技术的发展趋势NCtechnologyapplicationsnotonlybringaboutarevolutionarychangetothetraditionalmanufacturingindustries,themanufacturingindustryhasbecomeasymbolofindustrialization.Withthecontinuousdevelopmentandapplicationofnumericalcontroltechnologyfieldsexpanded,andsomeimportantsectorsofthenationaleconomy（IT.automobiles,lightindustry,healthcare,etc.）areplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinthedevelopment.Becausethesebusinesseshavemoderndigitalequipmentneededbythegeneraltrendofdevelopment.NCtechnologyandequipmentfromtheworld'sdevelopmenttrends,itsmainfocusisthefollowing:数控技术的应用不但给传统制造业带来了革命性的变化，使制造业成为工业化的象征，而且随着数控技术的不断发展和应用领域的扩大，他对国计民生的一些重要行业（IT、汽车、轻工、医疗等）的发展起着越来越重要的作用，因为这些行业所需装备的数字化已是现代发展的大趋势。从目前世界上数控技术及其装备发展的趋势来看，其主要研究热点有以下几个方面：1.1 speed,thenewtrendofhigh-finishingtechnologyandequipment1.1 高速、高精加工技术及装备的新趋势Efficiency,andqualityisthemainadvancedmanufacturingtechnology.High-speed,high-finishingtechnologiescangreatlyenhanceourefficiency,improveproductqualityandgrades.shortenproductioncyclesandimprovetheircompetitivenessonthemarket.Japanwillenditstiptechnologyasoneofthefivemajormodernmanufacturingtechnology.InternationalInstituteofproduction（52th）willbeidentifiedasoneoftheResearchCenterforthe21stcentury.Recently,theoveralluseofalargealuminumalloybilletsemptied"thesolutiontothewing.largefuselagepartstoalargenumberofpartstoreplacerivets,screwsandotherCONNECTIONSassembled.makecomponentstrength,stiffnessandreliabilityimproved.Alloftheprocessingequipmentandhigh-speed,high-precisionandhighflexibilityrequirements.HannoverExpofromthecase,thehighspeedprocessingcenterswillbetospeedupstiffness,orevenhigher,operatingspeedofupto100m/minairaround.ReliabilityandMTBFvaluesabroadNCdevicehasmorethan6copper,30000hservosystemMTBFvaluereachedmorethandemonstratedveryhighreliability.Inordertoachievehigh-speed,high-finishing,ancillarycomponentssuchasthespindle,therapiddevelopmentofalinearmotor,Applicationswillcontinuetoexpand.效率、质量是先进制造技术的主体。高速、高精加工技术可极大地提高效率，提高产品的质量和档次，缩短生产周期和提高市场竞争能力。为此日本先端技术研究会将其列为5大现代制造技术之一，国际生产工程学会(CIRP)将其确定为21世纪的中心研究方向之一。近来采用大型整体铝合金坯料“掏空”的方法来制造机翼、机身等大型零件来替代多个零件通过众多的钾钉、螺钉和其他联结方式拼装，使构件的强度、刚度和可靠性得到提高。这些都对加工装备提出了高速、高精和高柔性的要求。从EMO2001展会情况来看，高速加工中心进给速度可达80mmin,甚至更高，空运行速度可达IOommin左右。在可靠性方面，国外数控装置的MTBF值已达6OOOh以上，伺服系统的MTBF值达到30000h以上，表现出非常高的可靠性。为了实现高速、高精加工，与之配套的功能部件如电主轴、直线电机得到了快速的发展，应用领域进一步扩大。1.2 5-axismachiningmachinetoolandtherapiddevelopment1.2 5轴联动加工和复合加工机床快速发展Using5-axismachiningof3Dcomponents,thebestavailabletoolforcuttinggeometrynotonlyfinishhigh,butalsogreatlyincreaseefficiency.Generallybelievedthatone5-axismachineefficiencycanmean2,3-axismachinetools,particularlytheuseofcubicboronnitrideandothersuperhardmaterialsforhigh-speedmillingofhardenedsteelcutterparts,5-axismachiningformorethanthree-axismachiningefficiency.Butforthepastfive-axisCNCsystemmainframecomplexreasons,theirpricesseveraltimeshigherthanthe3-axisCNCmachinetools,plusprogrammingtechniquesratherdifficult,constrainingthedevelopmentofafive-axismachinetools.Atpresent,duetoaspindle,enabling5-axismachiningspindleheadofcompositestructuressimplified,manufacturingdifficultiesandcostsloweredsignificantly,reducingthegapbetweenthepriceofCNCsystem.Soforthefirsttypeofcompoundaxisand5-axismachinemachinetool(includingfivesurfaceMachine)development.InHannoverExpo,thenewmachineinJapanforthefirst5axissurfacemachiningmachinecompound,fourverticalplaneprocessingcanberealizedandarbitraryangleprocessing,55-axismachiningandsurfaceprocessingmakesonthesamemachinecanbeachieved,butalsotoachievetheprocessingoftiltedsurfaceandinvertedconehole.GermancompaniesDMGdisplayDMLIVoutionseriesprocessingcenterunder5fixtureinafive-axismachiningandsurfaceprocessing,CAMorCNCcontrolsystemcanbecontrolled,directlyorindirectly.采用5轴联动对三维曲面零件的加工，可用刀具最佳几何形状进行切削，不仅光洁度高，而且效率也大幅度提高。一般认为，1台5轴联动机床的效率可以等于2台3轴联动机床，特别是使用立方氮化硼等超硬材料铳刀进行高速铳削淬硬钢零件时，5轴联动加工可比3轴联动加工发挥更高的效益。但过去因5轴联动数控系统、主机结构复杂等原因，其价格要比3轴联动数控机床高出数倍，加之编程技术难度较大，制约了5轴联动机床的发展。当前由于电主轴的出现，使得实现5轴联动加工的复合主轴头结构大为简化，其制造难度和成本大幅度降低，数控系统的价格差距缩小。因此促进了复合主轴头类型5轴联动机床和复合加工机床(含5面加工机床)的发展。在EM02001展会上，新日本工机的5面加工机床采用复合主轴头，可实现4个垂直平面的加工和任意角度的加工，使得5面加工和5轴加工可在同一台机床上实现，还可实现倾斜面和倒锥孔的加工。德国DMG公司展出DMUVoution系列加工中心，可在一次装夹下5面加工和5轴联动加工，可由CNC系统控制或CAD/CAM直接或间接控制。1.3 intelligent,open-end,thenetworkhasbecomethemaintrendsincontemporarydevelopmentofNCSystem1.3智能化、开放式、网络化成为当代数控系统发展的主要趋势CNCequipmenttothe21stcenturyisquiteintelligentsystemIntelligentinclude:allaspectsoftheNCsystemforthepursuitofintelligentprocessingefficiencyandquality,Ifprocessingtheadaptivecontrol,automaticgenerationparameters;ToimprovedrivingperformanceandconvenienceoftheusersofintelligenceIffeedforwardcontrol,theelectricalparametersoftheadaptivecomputing,automaticidentificationloadautomaticallyselectedmodel,self-tuning;simplifyprogramming,Intelligentstreamlineoperations,suchastheintelligentautomaticprogrammingandintelligentman-machineinterface;Thereintelligentdiagnosis.Intelligentmonitoringthecontenttofacilitatethediagnosisandmaintenance.NCsystemforthetraditionalNCsoftwareindustryclosedandproductionproblemsthatexisted.ManycountriestoopenCNCsystem,AmericanNGC(TheNextGenerationWork-Station/MachineControl).ECOSACA(OpenSystemArchitectureforControwithinAutomationSystems)Japan'sOSEC(OpenSystemEnvironmentforControllr).China'sONC(OpenNumericalControlSystem).NCNCsystem,thefuturehasbecomeanopenroad.NCNCsystemistheso-calledopensysteminthedevelopmentofaunifiedoperatingplatform,machinetoolmanufacturersandend-users,tochange,increasingorpruneobjectstructure(NCfunction),serializedform,userscanconvenientlybeappliedtothespecialtechnicalknow-howandintegratedcontrolsystemtoquicklyachievedifferentvarieties,OpenCNCdifferentgrades,creatingadistinctivebrandpersonality.NCnowopensystemarchitecturestandardcommunicationsstandards,standardizedconfiguration,theoperatingplatform,NCNCsystemandreservoirsystemsoftwaredevelopmenttoolsisthecoreofthecurrentstudy.NetworkequipmentlasttwointernationallyrenownedNCMachineToolExpoanewbrightspot.NCnetworkequipmentwillgreatlysatisfyproductionlines,manufacturingsystems,manufacturingenterpriseinformationintegrationondemandAgilemanufacturingaswellascreatinganew,virtualenterprisesonthebasisofaglobalmanufacturingunit.NCNCMachineandsomefamousforeigncompaniesinthepasttwoyearstocreatearelatednewconceptsandprototypeShowinHannover,Japan'sYamazakiMazak(Mazak)exhibitsnCyberProductionCenter"(intelligentproductioncontrolcenterCPC);Japancove(42ndmeeting)MachineCompanydisplay"plazaIT,'(InformationTechnologySquare,listedITPlaza);Germany'sSiemens(Siemens)displayedintheOpenManufacturingCompanyEnvironment(openmanufacturingenvironment,calledOME).NCmachinetothenetworkreflectsthedirectionofthetrend.21世纪的数控装备将是具有一定智能化的系统，智能化的内容包括在数控系统中的各个方面：为追求加工效率和加工质量方面的智能化，如加工过程的自适应控制，工艺参数自动生成；为提高驱动性能及使用连接方便的智能化，如前馈控制、电机参数的自适应运算、自动识别负载自动选定模型、自整定等；简化编程、简化操作方面的智能化，如智能化的自动编程、智能化的人机界面等；还有智能诊断、智能监控方面的内容、方便系统的诊断及维修等。为解决传统的数控系统封闭性和数控应用软件的产业化生产存在的问题。目前许多国家对开放式数控系统进行研究，如美国的NGC（TheNextGenerationWork-Station/MachineControl）欧共体的OSACA（OPenSystemArchitectureforControlwithinAutomationSystems）、日本的OSEC（OpenSystemEnvironmentforController）,中国的ONC（OPCnNumericalControlSystem）等。数控系统开放化已经成为数控系统的未来之路。所谓开放式数控系统就是数控系统的开发可以在统一的运行平台上，面向机床厂家和最终用户，通过改变、增加或剪裁结构对象（数控功能），形成系列化，并可方便地将用户的特殊应用和技术诀窍集成到控制系统中，快速实现不同品种、不同档次的开放式数控系统,形成具有鲜明个性的名牌产品。目前开放式数控系统的体系结构规范、通信规范、配置规范、运行平台、数控系统功能库以及数控系统功能软件开发工具等是当前研究的核心。网络化数控装备是近两年国际著名机床博览会的一个新亮点。数控装备的网络化将极大地满足生产线、制造系统、制造企业对信息集成的需求，也是实现新的制造模式如敏捷制造、虚拟企业、全球制造的基础单元。国内外一些著名数控机床和数控系统制造公司都在近两年推出了相关的新概念和样机，如在EM02001展中，日本山崎马扎克（MaZak）公司展出的CyberProductionCCntCr”（智能生产控制中心,简称CPC）；日本大隈（OkUma）机床公司展出“ITPIazav（信息技术广场，简称IT广场）；德国西门子（SiemenS）公司展出的OPCnManufacturingEnvironment（开放制造环境，简称OME）等，反映了数控机床加工向网络化方向发展的趋势。2NCTechnologyandthedevelopmentofbasicindustriesestimate2对我国数控技术及其产业发展的基本估计NCTechnologystartedin1958,nearly50yearsofdevelopmenthistorycanbedividedintothreestages:Thefirststagewasfrom1958to1979,closeddevelopmentstage.Atthisstage,asforeigntechnologyblockade,andourbasicconditions,thedevelopmentofNCrelativelyslow.Thesecondstageisthe"June5","Planandduringthe"EighthFive-yearPlan,"aperiodthattheintroductionoftechnology,absorbingsystemmadepreliminarystage.Atthisstage,duetotheimportanceofreformandopeningupandnationalandinternationalresearchanddevelopmentenvironmentandtheimprovementoftheenvironment.NCTechnologyresearchanddevelopmentofproductsmadeconsiderableprogresshasbeenmade.ThethirdstageisinthenEighthFive-yearPlan,"andlaterthe"NinthFive-YearPlannperiod,namelytheimplementationoftheindustry,marketcompetitionstage.Atthisstage,ourdomesticCNCequipmentindustryhasmadesubstantialprogress.Duringthe"NinthFive-yearPlan"period,thedomesticmarketshareofdomesticCNCmachinetools,50%NCdomesticdistributionsystem(universal)havealsoreached10%.TakingtheNCTechnologydevelopmentfornearly50years,especiallyinthewakeoffourfive-yearplantotackledifficultproblems.Generallyspeaking,thefollowingresults.A.NCtechnologylaidthebasisforthedevelopmentofbasictechniquesofmodernCNC.ChinahasbasicallymasteredfromtheNCsystem,servo-driven,NCserver,piecesoftheplaneanditssupportinginfrastructuretechnology,Mostalreadyhavethetechnologyforcommercializationofthebase,sometechnologycommercialization,industrialization.B.NCinitiallyformedtheindustrialbase.Commercializationofresearchresultsandinpartonthebasisoftechnology,suchastheestablishmentofacentralNC.NASANCNCsystemwiththeabilitytomassproductionfactories.LanzhouElectricalMachineryPlant,anumberofcentralCNCservosystemandservomotormanufacturersandtheBeijingNo.1MachineToolPlant.JinanNo.1MachineToolPlantseveralNCmainframeproduction.ThesemanufacturershaveformedanNCbasicindustrialbase.C.NCestablisharesearch,development,thebasicmanagementteam.AlthoughtheNCandindustrialtechnologyresearchanddevelopmenthasmadeconsiderableprogress,However,wemustalsoclearlyunderstandthatourhigh-endCNCtechnologyresearchanddevelopment,especiallyintheindustrialandtechnologicallevelofChina'srealsituation,thereisalargegapbetweendemand.DespitetherapiddevelopmentofChina'svertical,horizontalratio(comparedwithforeigncountries)havenotonlyskillsgapthepaceofdevelopmentinsomeareastherearegapsthatsomeofsophisticatedCNCtrendofwideningthegapbetweentheleveloftechnicalequipment.Fromtheinternationalperspective,thelevelofindustrialandtechnologicallevelofChinaNCestimatedasfollows.A.Technicallevel,andtheadvancedlevelofabout10-15yearsbehindthesophisticatedtechnologyisevengreater.B.Industriallevel,themarketshareoflowcoverageofsmallspecies,notscaleproduction;specializedcomponentsandcompletesetsoflowproductionlevels;relativelypoorqualityappearance;reliabilityisnothigh,commercializationofinadequate;DomesticNCsystemisnotyetsetuptheirownbranding,userconfidence.C.Onthecapacityofsustainabledevelopmentofpre-competitiveresearchanddevelopmentofNCtechnology,engineeringcapabilityisweak;NCeffortstoexpandtheapplicationoftechnologyisnotstrong;Standardsrelatedresearch,developingbackward.我国数控技术起步于1958年，近50年的发展历程大致可分为3个阶段：第一阶段从1958年到1979年，即封闭式发展阶段。在此阶段，由于国外的技术封锁和我国的基础条件的限制，数控技术的发展较为缓慢。第二阶段是在国家的“六五”、“七五”期间以及“八五”的前期，即引进技术，消化吸收，初步建立起国产化体系阶段。在此阶段，由于改革开放和国家的重视，以及研究开发环境和国际环境的改善，我国数控技术的研究、开发以及在产品的国产化方面都取得了长足的进步。第三阶段是在国家的“八五”的后期和“九五”期间，即实施产业化的研究，进入市场竞争阶段。在此阶段，我国国产数控装备的产业化取得了实质性进步。在“九五”末期，国产数控机床的国内市场占有率达50%,配国产数控系统(普及型)也达到了10%o纵观我国数控技术近50年的发展历程，特别是经过4个5年计划的攻关，总体来看取得了以下成绩。a.奠定了数控技术发展的基础，基本掌握了现代数控技术。我国现在已基本掌握了从数控系统、伺服驱动、数控主机、专机及其配套件的基础技术，其中大部分技术已具备进行商品化开发的基础，部分技术已商品化、产业化。b.初步形成了数控产业基地。在攻关成果和部分技术商品化的基础上，建立了诸如华中数控、航天数控等具有批量生产能力的数控系统生产厂。兰州电机厂、华中数控等一批伺服系统和伺服电机生产厂以及北京第一机床厂、济南第一机床厂等若干数控主机生产o这些生产厂基本形成了我国的数控产业基地。C.建立了一支数控研究、开发、管理人才的基本队伍。虽然在数控技术的研究开发以及产业化方面取得了长足的进步，但我们也要清醒地认识到，我国高端数控技术的研究开发，尤其是在产业化方面的技术水平现状与我国的现实需求还有较大的差距。虽然从纵向看我国的发展速度很快，但横向比（与国外对比）不仅技术水平有差距，在某些方面发展速度也有差距，即一些高精尖的数控装备的技术水平差距有扩大趋势。从国际上来看，对我国数控技术水平和产业化水平估计大致如下。a.技术水平上,与国外先进水平大约落后10-15年，在高精尖技术方面则更大。b.产业化水平上，市场占有率低，品种覆盖率小，还没有形成规模生产；功能部件专业化生产水平及成套能力较低；外观质量相对差；可靠性不高，商品化程度不足；国产数控系统尚未建立自己的品牌效应，用户信心不足。c.可持续发展的能力上，对竞争前数控技术的研究开发、工程化能力较弱；数控技术应用领域拓展力度不强;相关标准规范的研究、制定滞后。