外科学总论英文名词解释汇总（英文版）.docx

外科学总论英文名词解释汇总（英文版）isotonicdehydrationoccurswhenthefluidIostisisotonicwithserum,asinsweating,simpleenteritis,nephrosis.TherearethereforenoerrorsofeIectroIytebaIanceIikeIytoresult.TheconcentrationofsodiumisinthenormaIrange.hypotonicdehydrationoccurswhenthereisIossofbothsodiumandfluid.TheserumsodiumIeveIfallsbelow135mmoI/LandtheosmoticpressureofextraceIIularfluidisIowerthannormaI.hypertonicdehydrationAconditioncausedbytheexcessiveIossofwaterfromthebody,whichthereisIesselectrolytelossthanwater.TheserumsodiumIeveIisover135mmoI/LandtheosmoticpressureofextraceIIularfluidisIowerthannormaI.waterintoxication/diIutionaIhyponatremiaanincreaseinthevoIumeoffreewaterinthebody.Commoncausesareexcessiveingestionofwater,increasedinfusionsofhypotonicIVsoIutions,orexcesssecretionsofantidiuretichormone(ADH).ClinicaImanifestationsareabdominalcramps,nausea,vomiting,Iethargy,anddizziness.11canpotentiaIIyIeadtoconvuIsionsandcoma.hypokaIemiaanabnormaIIylowserumpotassiumlevel(90beats/minRespiratoryratepC0220breaths/minWBCcount12x109or,orthepresenceof>0.10immatureneutrophiIstransfusion-reIatedacuteIunginjuryTRALIasyndromeseeninpersonsreceivingtransfusions,characterizedbypuImonaryedema,dyspnea,hypoxemia,hypotension,andfever;itisthoughttobeareactiontoantibodiesorothercomponentsofthedonorbloodproduct.Patientsneedoxygensupport,andinsomecasesthesyndromecanbefataI.transfusionassociatedgraftversushostdiseaseisararecompIicationofbIoodtransfusion,inwhichthedonorTIymphocytesmountanimmuneresponseagainsttherecipient,slymphoidtissue.DonorIymphocytesareusuaIIyidentifiedasforeignanddestroyedbytherecipient*simmunesystem.However,insituationswheretherecipientisimmunocompromised,orwhenthedonorishomozygousandtherecipientisheterozygousforanHLAhapIotype,therecipient,simmunesystemisnotabIetodestroythedonorIymphocytes.Thiscanresu11ingraftversushostdisease.autoIogousbIoodtransfusion/autotransfusionInfusionofbIoodorbloodproductsintotheindividualfromwhomtheywereoriginalIywithdrawn.freshfrozenpIasmaFFPanunconcentratedformofbloodpIasmacontainingaIIoftheclottingfactorsexceptplatelets.ItcanbeusedtosupplementredbIoodcellswhenwholebloodisnotavaiIableforexchangetransfusionortocorrectabIeedingproblemofunknowncause.ItisaIsousedtocorrectdisseminatedintravascuIarcoaguIation.freshpIasmaFPaformofbIoodpIasmawhichisobtainedafterFFPismeltedat40Candcryoprecipitateisremoved.cryoprecipitateCryoAproductderivedfromaunitofwholeblood,whichhasavoIumeof15mlandprovides80unitsoffactorVlII:CprocoaguIant-forhemophiliaA,factorVlll:vWF-vonWillebrand,sdisease,factorXlll9fibronectin,fibrinogen-forDIC,dysfibrinogenemia.ItistheunmeltedeIementofFFPunder4.pIasmasubstitutepIasmavoIumeexpanderasubstancethatcanbetransfusedtomaintainfluidvoIumeofthebloodineventofgreatnecessity,suppIementaItotheuseofwhoIebIoodandpIasma.CalledaIsoartificiaIpIasmaextender.shockShockisamedicaIemergencyinwhichtheorgansandtissuesofthebodyarenotreceivinganadequateflowofblood.Thisdeprivestheorgansandtissuesofoxygen(carriedinthebIood)andaIIowsthebuiIdupofwasteproducts.CausaIfactorsincIudehemorrhage,vomiting,diarrhea,inadequatefluidintake,orexcessivefluidIoss,resultinginhypovolemia.Shockcanresultinseriousdamageorevendeath.hypovoIemicshockThisisacommontypethathappenswhenbIoodorpIasmaislostinsuchquantitiesthattheremainingbloodcannotfiIIthecircuIatorysystemdespiteconstrictionofthebIoodvesseIs.ThebIoodIossmaybeexternaI,aswhenavesseIisseveredbyaninjury,orthebIoodmaybe“lost”intospacesinsidethebodywhereitisnoIongeraccessibIetothecircuIatorysystem,asinseveregastrointestinalbleedingfromuIcers,fracturesofIargeboneswithhemorrhageintosurroundingtissues,ormajorburnsthatattractIargequantitiesofbIoodfluidstotheburnsiteoutsidebIoodvesseIsandcapiIIaries.hemorrhagicshockHypovolemicshockresultingfromacutehemorrhageandcharacterizedbyhypotension,tachycardia,oIiguria,andbypaIe,coId,andcIammyskin.traumaticshockreferstoshockfollowingphysicaItrauma,withhemorrhage,peripheraIbIoodvesseIdiIation,andchangesincapiIIarypermeabiIity.septicshockshockassociatedwithoverwheIminginfection,usuaIIybygram-negativebacteria,althoughitmaybeproducedbyotherbacteria,viruses,fungi,andprotozoa.Itisthoughttoresultfromtheactionofendotoxinsorotherproductsoftheinfectiousagent.warmshockreferringtoastageinearIysepticshock,whichischaracterisedbyincreasedcardiacoutput,arteriaIandarterioIardiIatation,decreasedperipheralarterialresistance,increasedperipheraIperfusion,nofluidlossesandthirdspacingandminimalcatecholamineeffectMODSthepresenceofalteredorganfunctioninacuteIyiIIpatientssuchthathomeostasiscannotbemaintainedwithoutintervention.11usuaIIyinvoIvestwoormoreorgansystems.CVPthepressureofbIoodintherightatrium.MeasurementofcentraIvenouspressureismadepossibIebytheinsertionofacatheterthroughthemediancubitaIveintothesuperiorvenacava.ThenormaIrangeforCVPis0to5mmH20.Areadingof15to20mmusuaIIyindicatesinabiIityoftherightatriumtoaccommodatethecurrentbIoodvoIumePCWPAnindirectindicationofIeftatriaIpressureobtainedbywedgingacatheterintoasmaIIpuImonaryarterytightlyenoughtobIockfIowfrombehindandthustosamplethepressurebeyond.COcardiacoutputtheeffectivevoIumeofbIoodexpeIIedbyeitherventricIeoftheheartperunitoftime(usuaIIyperminute).ItisequaItothestrokevoIumemu11ipIiedbytheheartrate.NormaIvaIuesare4to6Iitersperminute.Clcardiacindexcardiacoutputperunittimedividedbybodysurfacearea.ItsnormaIrangeinaheaIthyadu11is2.5to3.5L/minm2.CAISacompIexpatternofimmunologicresponsestosevereinfectionorinjury.CARSisaglobaldeactivationoftheimmunesystemtaskedwithrestoringhomeostasis.ARFacuterenaIfaiIurerenaIfailureofsuddenonset,suchasfromphysicaItrauma,infection,infIammation,ortoxicity.SymptomsincIudeuremiaandusuaIIyoliguriaoranuriafwithhyperkaIemiaandpulmonaryedema.Threetypesaredistinguished:prerenaI,intrarenaI,andpostrenaI.ARDSacuterespiratoryditresssyndromeisaIungconditionthatIeadstoIowoxygenIeveIsinthebIood.ARDScanbeIifethreatening.Thisisbecausebody'sorgans,suchasthekidneysandbrain,needoxygen-richbloodtoworkproperIy.ARDSusuaIIyoccursinpeopIewhoareveryiIIwithanotherdiseaseorwhohavemajorinjuries.acutegastrointestinaldysfunctionisanacutegastrointestinaIpathoIogicaIconditionwithgastrointestinaImucosadamage,motorandbarrierdysfunction.Seeintrauma,burn,shocketc.oIiguriaadiminishedcapacitytoformandpassurine-1essthan400mLinevery24hours-sothattheendproductsofmetaboIismcannotbeexcretedefficiently.ItisusuaIIycausedbyimbaIancesinbodyfluidsandelectrolytes,renaIIesions,orurinarytractobstruction.anuriatheabsenceofurineproductionoraurinaryoutputofIessthan100mLperday.Anuriamaybecausedbyafailureorkidneydysfunction,adecIineinbIoodpressurebeIowthatrequiredtomaintainfiItrationpressureinthekidney,oranobstructionintheurinarypassages.azotemiaretentionofexcessiveamountsofnitrogenouscompoundsinthebIood.ThistoxicconditioniscausedbyfaiIureofthekidneystoremoveureafromthebloodandischaracteristicofuremia.uremiathepresenceofexcessiveamountsofureaandothernitrogenouswasteproductsinthebIood,asoccursinrenaIfaiIure.ManifestationsincIudeweakness,headache,confusion,vomiting,andcoma,andinterminaIchronicrenaIdisease,purpuraandepistaxismaybepresent.Uremiaiscausedbyinsufficienturinaryexcretionforanyreason.VILLventiIator-inducedIunginjuryVentiIatorinducedIunginjuryoccurswhentheIungisdirectIydamagedbytheactionofmechanicaIventiIation,mainlyvoIutrauma.AHFacutehepaticfailuretheappearanceofseverecompIicationsrapidlyafterthefirstsignsofIiverdisease(suchasjaundice),andindicatesthattheIiverhassustainedseveredamage(lossoffunctionof80-90%ofIivercelIs).ThecompIicationsarehepaticencephaIopathyandimpairedproteinsynthesis.stressulcerStressuIcersaresingleormultiplemucosaIdefectswhichcanbecomecompIicatedbyuppergastrointestinaIbIeedingduringthephysiologicstressofseriousiIIness.stressuIcersarefoundcommonIyinfundicmucosaandcanbeIocatedanywherewithinthestomachandproximaIduodenum,anesthesiatheconditionofhavingsensation(includingthefeeIingofpain)bIockedortemporariIytakenaway.ItisapharmacologicalIyinducedandreversiblestateofamnesia,anaIgesia,Iossofresponsiveness,IossofskeIetaImuseIerefIexesordecreasedstressresponse,oraIIsimultaneously.ThisaIIowspatientstoundergosurgeryandotherprocedureswithoutthedistressandpaintheywouIdotherwiseexperience.inhalationanestheticsAninhaIationaIanaestheticisachemicaIcompoundpossessinggeneraIanaestheticpropertiesthatcanbedeIiveredviainhaIation.AgentsofsignificantcontemporaryclinicalinterestincIudevoIatiIeanaestheticagentssuchasisofIurane,SevofluraneanddesfIurane,asweIIascertainanaestheticgasessuchasnitrousoxide.MACminimumaIveoIarconcentrationTheMACistheconcentrationofthevapour(measuredasapercentageat1atmosphere,i.ethepartiaIpressure)thatpreventsthereactiontoastandardsurgicaIstimuIus(traditionaIIyasetdepthandwidthofskinincisions)in50%ofsubjects.Thismeasurementisdoneatsteadystate(assumingaconstantaIveoIarconcentrationfor15minutes),undertheassumptionthatthisaIIowsforanequiIibrationbetweenthegassesintheaIveoli,thebIoodandthebrain.MACisacceptedasavaIidmeasureofpotencyofinhaIationaIgeneraIanaestheticsbecauseitremainsfairlyconstantforagivenspeciesevenundervaryingconditions.blood/gaspartitioncoefficienttheratioofconcentrationsofanestheticsinthebIoodandgasatequiIibrium.itisusedtodiscribethedissolvedquantityofoneanestheticsinunitvoIumeofbIood.intravenousanestheticsAnagentthatproducesanesthesiawheninjectedintothebIOodstreamviavenipuncture.Veryoften,thistermisusedtorefertogeneraIanesthesia,frequentIyrequiredduringsurgerytopromotetotaIunconsciousnessofapatient.museIereIaxantsSkeIetaImuseIereIaxantsaredrugsthatreIaxstriatedmuseIes(thosethatcontroItheskeIeton).TheyareaseparatecIassofdrugsfromthemuseIereIaxantdrugsusedduringintubationsandsurgerytoreducetheneedforanesthesiaandfaciIbinedanesthesia/baIancedanesthesiaahighlyvariabIetechniqueofgeneraIanesthesiausingnarcoticanaIgesics,museIereIaxation,andminimalinhaIationagentandnitrousoxidetorenderthepatientunconscious.thiscansummatetheadvantagesbutnotthediSadvantagesoftheindividuaIcomponentsofthemixture.IocaIanesthesiaLocaIorregionalanesthesiainvolvestheinjectionorappIicationofananestheticdrugtoaspecificareaofthebody,asopposedtotheentirebodyandbrainasoccursduringgeneraIanesthesia.KypersusceptibiIityaconditionofabnormaIsusceptibiIitytopoisons,infectiveagents,oragentsthatareentireIyinnocuousinthenormaIindividuaIsurfaceanesthesiaIossoffeeIingorsensation.ArtificiaIanesthesiamaybeproducedbyanumberofagentscapabIeofbringingaboutpartiaIorcompIeteIossofsensation.ItisinducedtopermittheperformanceofsurgeryorotherpainfuIprocedures.nervebIockregionalanesthesiabyinjectionofanestheticscIosetotheappropriatenerve.spinalbIockregionsIanesthesiabyinjectionofaIocaIanestheticintothesubarachnoidspacearoundthespinalcord.epiduraIblockthatproducedbyinjectionoftheanestheticintotheextraduraIspace,eitherbetweenthevertebraIspinesorintothesacraIhiatustotaIspinalanesthesiaspinalanesthesiaextensiveenoughtoproduceIossofsensationinaIIextracraniaIsensoryroots.caudaIbIockanesthesiabyinjectionofIocaIanestheticintothecaudaIorsacraIcanaI.controlledhypotensionThedeIiberateacutereductionofarteriaIbIoodpressuretoreducebIoodlossduringsurgery,eitherbypharmacologicalmeansorbypresurgicaIwithdrawaIofbloodwhichisreturnedtothecirculationpostsurgicalIyhypothermiaapotentiaIIyfataIcondition,occurswhenbodytemperaturefaIIsbelow95oF(35oC).EECextracorporeaIcircuIationorCPBcardiopuImonarybypassatechniquethattemporariIytakesoverthefunctionoftheheartandIungsduringsurgery,maintainingthecirculationofbIoodandtheoxygencontentofthebody.intensivecareunit(ICU)ahospitaIunitinwhichisconcentratedspeciaIequipmentandspeciaIIytrainedpersonneIforthecareofseriousIyiIIpatientsrequiringimmediateandcontinuousattention.resuscitationrevivaImethodsthatmaintainvitalsignsforapersonincardiacorrespiratoryfailure.Cardiacmassageandartificialrespirationtechniquesareemployed,andfluidandacid-baseimbalancesarecorrected.Cardiopulmonarycerebralresuscitation(CPCR),abasicemergencyprocedureforIifesupport,consistingofartificialrespirationandmanuaIexternaIcardiacmassage.ItisusedincasesofcardiacarresttoestabIisheffectivecirculationandventiIationinordertopreventirreversiblecerebraIdamageresuItingfromanoxiaandreestabIishofheartandIungaction.basicIifesupport(BLS),fundamentaIemergencytreatmentconsistingofcardiopulmonaryresuscitation(CPR)oremergencycardiaccare(ECC)thatisprovideduntiImoreprecisemedicaItreatmentcanbegin.advancedIifesupport(ALS),ahigherIeveIofemergencymedicaIcare,usuaIIyprovidedbyEMT-intermediatesorparamedics.TypicaIIyALSincIudesinvasivetechniquessuchasIVtherapy,intubation,and/ordrugadministration.cerebraIresuscitationtreatmenttocounteractthecerebraIedemaresultingfromlowcerebraIbIoodfIowandhypoxiathatoccursduringcardiopulmonaryresuscitationcardiopuImonaryresuscitation(CPR)thereestabIishingofheartandIungactionaftercardiacarrestorapparentsuddendeathresuItingfromeIectricshock,drowning,respiratoryarrest,andothercauses.ThetwomajorcomponentsofCPRareartificiaIventiIationandcIosedchestcardiacmassage,eIectro-mechanicaIdissociationPersistenceofeIectricaIactivityintheheartwithoutanassociatedmechanicaIcontraction;itisoftenasignofcardiacrupture.oxygentherapysuppIementaIoxygenadministeredforthepurposeofreIievinghypoxemiaandpreventingdamagetothetissuecellsasaresultofoxygenIack(hypoxia).perioperativeperiodreIatingtotheperiodoftimesurroundingasurgicaIprocedure,includingthepreoperative,intraoperative,andpostoperativeperiods.emergencysurgeryAsurgicaIprocedurethatcannotbedeIayed,forwhichthereisnoaIternativetherapyorsurgeon,andforwhichadeIaycouldresultindeathorpermanentimpairmentofhealthExamplesextensiveburns,urinaryobstruction,intestinaIobstructionIimitedsurgeryisthetimetooperatesurgeryisnoturgent,butIimitedtoacertainextent.suchastumorradicaIsurgery.seromaAseromaisapocketofcIearserousfluidthatsometimesdeveIopsinthebodyaftersurgery,seIectiveeIectivesurgeryissurgerythatisscheduIedinadvancebecauseitdoesnotinvoIveamedicaIemergency,suchascosmeticsurgery.SurgicaIinfectionTheinfectionwhichneedssurgicaItreatment,includingtheinfectioncausedbythecompIicationsoftrauma,burn,et.enteraInutritionENtheprovisionofnutrientsthroughtheGltractwhenthecIientcannotingest,chew,orswaIIowfoodbutcandigestandabsorbnutrients.parenteraInutrition,atechniqueformeetingapatient,snutritionaIneedsbymeansofintravenousfeedings.TheparenteraIfluidusuaIIyconsistsofphysioIogicsalinewithglucose,aminoacids,eIectroIytes,vitamins,andmedications,whicharenotnutritionaIIycompIetebutmaintainfluidandeIectroIytebaIance.TPNtotaIparenteraInutritionintravenousadministration,viaacentraIvenouscatheter,ofthetotaInutrientrequirementsofapatientwithgastrointestinaldysfunction.bacteriatransIocationBTInsomecases,thebacteriainthedigestivetract,calledtheintestinaIfIora,cancauseasevereinfectioniftheymoveintothebloodstream.Thisprocess,calledbacteriaItranslocation,ismostIikeIytooccurduringsurgeryonthedigestivetract.conditionalIyessentialaminoaci