中国沿海防范商渔船碰撞事故指引（2023版）.docx

中国沿海防范商渔船碰撞事故指引GUIDELINEFORTHEPREVENTIONOFCOLLISIONBETWEENMERCHANTVESSELSANDFISHINGVESSELSINCOASTALWATERSOFCHINA本指引参考1972年国际海上避碰规则和中国沿海商渔船航行实际，结合航运公司、行业协会、海事院校的实践经验，坚持“安全第一、预防为主”的原则，对在中国沿海航行商船优化航行方法，规范避让行动和应急救助等提出建议，旨在为船舶预防碰撞事故提供指导，提升商渔船碰撞风险防控能力。ThisguidelineincorporatestheInternationalRegulationsforPreventingCollisionsatSea1972,aswellasthenavigationandfishingpracticesspecifictothecoastalwatersofChina.Italsotakesintoaccountthepracticalexperiencesofshippingcompanies,industryassociationsandmaritimeinstitutions.FollowingtheprincipleofPrioritizingSafetyandEmphasizingPrevention,thisguidelineoffersrecommendationstooptimizenavigationtechniques,regulateactiontoavoidcollision,andaddressemergencyrescuemeasuresformerchantVesselsnavigatinginthecoastalwatersofChina.Itsobjectiveistoprovideguidanceoncollisionpreventionandtoimprovethecollisionriskcontrolcapabilitiesofbothmerchantandfishingvessels.一、航行方法1. NavigationTechniques目的港为中国沿海港口或航经中国沿海的船舶，开航前应重点关注中国沿海渔场分布，加强航次避碰风险分析评估,科学制定航次计划。涉及渔船密集水域的，要时刻谨记：安全第一、宁可绕行、不要冒险！如必须进入渔船密集水域，应尽可能了解渔船捕鱼作业的方式及对捕鱼号灯及网具的识别方法等，掌握渔船捕鱼的交通流向，提前制定避让方案，找出最佳穿越航线。PriortovoyagesboundforChineseportsortransitingthroughcoastalwatersofChina,specialattentionshouldbepaidtothespatialdistributionoffishinggroundsintheseareasbeforedeparture.Itisessentialtoconductathoroughcollisionriskassessmentandcarefullymakevoyageplans.Bewareoftheclustersoffishingvesselsandprioritizesafetyaboveall,optingtoavoidsuchclustersratherthantakingunnecessaryrisks.Insituationswhereentryintowaterswithhighconcentrationsoffishingvesselsisunavoidable,properidentificationoffishingvessels,theirlights,shapes,andnets,aswellastheirongoingfishingoperations,ishighlyrecommended.Developingacollisionavoidanceplaninadvancetosafelypassclearofallfishingvesselsandtheirnetsisstronglyadvised.（一）进入渔船密集区水域之前。Priortoenteringareaswithhighconcentrationsoffishingvessels.1.召开航行安全会议，确保驾驶台所有航行值班人员知晓渔船作业特点、渔船密集水域航行安全注意事项，进一步评估碰撞风险、优化避让方案、通报情况，并督促船员遵照执行。1.1.1 Anavigationsafetymeetingshouldbeorganizedtoensurethatallbridgewatch-keepingpersonnelarewell-informedaboutthecharacteristicsoffishingoperations,safetyprecautionsfornavigatinginareaswithhighconcentrationsoffishingvessels,comprehensivecollisionriskassessment,optimizationofcollisionavoidanceplans,informationreportingandsharing,aswellasemphasizingtheimportanceofcrewmembersadheringtotheseguidelines.2,对雷达、电子海图、船舶自动识别系统、航行数据记录仪、甚高频无线电话，以及航行灯、白昼信号灯和其他声响信号设备进行检查和测试，确保正常可用。1.1.2 Thoroughlyinspectandtestnavigationalaidsandcommunicationequipment,includingradar,ECDIS/ECS,AIS,VDR,VHF,navigationlights,Aldislight,andothersound-signalingappliances,toensurethattheyareallingoodworkingcondition.3.检查“四机一炉”，确保工作状况良好。备妥主机，以便随时用车。对手操舵（随动、非随动）、自动舵和应急操舵等操舵方式进行测试，确保操舵系统工作正常，以便随时紧急操纵避碰。1.1.3 .Conductathoroughexaminationofthemainengine,auxiliaryengine,steeringgear,windlass,andboilerstoensurethattheyareallinoptimalworkingcondition.Ensurethatthemainengineispreparedforimmediatemaneuvering.Testthemanual（Follow-up,Non-Followup）,auto,andemergencysteeringtoverifythatthesteeringsystemisingoodworkingorder,readytofacilitateemergencycollisionavoidanceactionsifrequired.4,合理安排值班，任何时候驾驶台都应保持至少两名航行值班人员。1.1.4 Ensureappropriatebridgewatchkeepinglevel,withaminimumoftwoWatchstandersconsistentlyonthebridgetofulfilltheirdutiesandresponsibilities.（二）经过或临近渔船密集区水域期间。Navigatinginorclosetoareaswithhighconcentrationsoffishingvessels.1.驾驶台航行值班人员应使用视觉、听觉以及适合当时环境和情况的一切可用手段保持正规瞭望，全面掌握本船周边水域其他船舶的航行态势，以便对局面和碰撞危险作出充分的估计。1.1.5 BridgeWatchstandersshouldatalltimesmaintainaproperlook-outbysightandhearingaswellasbyallavailablemeansappropriateintheprevailingcircumstancesandconditions,comprehensivelycollectthenavigationsituationofothervesselsinthevicinity,soastomakeafullappraisalofthesituationandoftheriskofcollision.2.进入渔船密集区域航行时应将自动舵调整为手操舵。若当时环境许可，尽可能保持1海里以上距离通过，并保持戒备，防止渔船因为护网等原因突然加速、停船、掉头等造成紧迫局面。1.2.2Theautosteeringshouldbechangedtomanualwhenenteringareaswithhighconcentrationsoffishingvessels.Clearingdistanceofatleast1nmshouldbemaintainedifthecircumstancesofthecaseadmit.Maintainahighlevelofvigilanceandstrivetoavoidclose-quarterssituationsarisingfromsuddenspeedchanges,stopsandcoursealterationsbyfishingvesselstoprotecttheirnets.3.值班驾驶员根据周围渔船密集程度和航行值班强度调整值班等级，必要时应立即通知船长上驾驶台。1.2.3Officerofthewatchshouldadaptthelevelofwatchkeepingbasedonthedensityoffishingvesselsandworkload,andifnecessary,promptlycallmastertothebridge.4.船长要针对夜间渔区航行的特殊戒备要求，制定和签发夜航命令。1.2.4Mastershouldissuenightordersbasedonthenecessarysafetyprecautionswhilenavigatingthroughfishinggroundsduringnighttime.（三）应特别注意的事项。1.3Mattersrequiringspecialattention.1.每年伏季休渔结束后，是中国沿海渔船活动密度最高时段。伏季休渔期需查阅中华人民共和国农业农村部最新规定。1.3.1Whenthesummerfishingbanislifted,thedensityoffishingvesselswillnormallyincreasetothehighest.PleaserefertotheIatestcircularsissuedbytheMinistryofAgricultureandRuraIAffairsofthePeople,sRepublicOfChinafordetaiIedinformationonthesummerfishingban.2.夜间23时至次日凌晨4时是商渔船碰撞事故高发时段。1.3.2Mostcollisionsbetweenmerchantvesselsandfishingvesselsoccurbetween2300and0400.3.部分夜间锚泊渔船可能存在未按要求值班、显示号灯和开启船舶自动识别系统的情况。1.3.3Somefishingvesselsanchoringatnightmaynotarrangeproperwatch-keepingordisplayproperlightsorhaveturnedontheAISdeviceasrequired.4.渔网网位仪可能对船舶自动识别系统、雷达和电子海图显示系统存在干扰。1.3.4 AIStransmittersonfishingnetsorfishingmarksmayinterferewithAIS,radar,ECDISonmerchantships.1.3.5 质渔船的雷达回波较弱，大风浪天气情况下可能无法根据雷达回波辨识目标。1.3.6 Theradarechoesofsomewoodenfishingvesselsarerelativelyweak,andcouldbedifficulttobedetectedbyRadarinbadweather.1.3.7 .驾驶人员交接班时要说明周边水域商船与渔船动向等航行安全风险点。正在进行避让的，要完成避让行动并驶过让清后再予交接。1.3.8 Whenhandingoverthewatch,thetrafficconditionsofnearbymerchantandfishingvesselsandothernavigationsafetyrisksshouldbecovered.Handovercanonlyproceedaftertheon-goingavoidingactioniscompleted.二、避让行动2.ActiontoAvoidCollision（一）坚持“早、大、宽、清二2.1 Actionstoavoidcollisionshallbetakeninampletime,besubstantial,atsafedistance,andbefinallypastandclear.（二）构成碰撞危险时,及早通过VHFI6频道呼叫渔船。若数次尝试呼叫无应答，应主动采取避让行动，同时采用汽笛、灯光等其他视听方式进行警告。2.2 Whenthereisariskofcollisionwithfishingvessels,thelattershouldbecalledviaVHFCH16asearlyaspossible.Ifthereisnoresponseafterseveralattempts,avoidingactionsshouldbetakenproactively,anduseothersoundandlightsignalstowarnthefishingvessels.（三）发现需紧急避让的渔船，可用白昼信号灯闪烁至少5次，和/或用至少5短声连续声号引起渔船注意。紧急避让时，除用舵避让外，应同时考虑主机协调，减速避让。2.3 Whileemergencyactionisneededtoavoidafishingvessel,atleast5shortandrapidflashesbyAldislightand/oratleast5shortandrapidblastsonthewhistlecanbeusedtoattracttheattentionofthefishingvessel.Inanemergencycollisionavoidancesituation,inadditiontoacoursealteration,reducingspeedorstoppingengineshouldbeconsidered.（四）值班驾驶员在避让渔船的同时，也要重点识别和关注其他商船的动态，以免与其构成碰撞危险，尤其是处在众多渔船中的商船。2.4 Specialattentionshouldalsobepaidtothemovementsofothermerchantvesselswhentakingactiontoavoidfishingvessels,soasnottodevelopriskofcollisionwithothermerchantvessels,especiallywhentheyarenavigatingamidstalargenumberoffishingvessels.（五）能见度不良情况下，应按规定鸣放声号，必要时加派人员瞭头。2.5 Inornearanareaofrestrictedvisibility,soundsignalsshouldbeusedasrequired,andlookout（s）shouldbepostedatbowifnecessary.（六）大风浪天气情况下，应降低航速、加强瞭望，严防渔船在视觉、雷达盲区内难于发现。2.6 Inadverseweather,speedshouldbeadjustedandlookoutbeenhanced,asfishingvesselslocatedinthevisualandradarblindsectorscanbedifficulttobeidentified.（七）特别注意事项。Mattersrequiringspecialattention.1.语言沟通时要充分考虑口音、语言表达等方面的局限性，确保双方互相清楚对方意图。2.6.1 Whileengaginginverbalcommunication,itisimportanttoconsiderpotentialcommunicationbarrierssuchasaccentsandlanguageexpressions.Thisconsiderationensuresthatbothpartiesinvolvedhaveaclearunderstandingofeachother,sintentions.2.若观测到渔船航速在3节左右时，往往该渔船正在捕鱼作业中，操作能力受限，需采取行动主动避让。2.7.2Ifitisobservedthatthespeedoffishingvesselsisataround3knots,theyareoftenengagedinfishingoperationwithrestrictedmaneuvrability.Proactiveavoidingactionshouldbetakenaccordingly.3.商船与渔船即使发生轻微擦碰也可能造成渔船受损甚至倾覆，而商船上的人员却不易察觉。当近距离驶过渔船时,应仔细观察，确保未发生擦碰或浪损。2.7.3Evenaslightcollisionorcontactbetweenamerchantvesselandafishingvesselmaycausedamageorevencapsizingofthefishingvessel.ButitisnotalwayseasyforWatchstandersonmerchantvesselstonoticetheincident.Closeattentionshouldbepaidtoensurethatnocollision,wavedamageorvesselsuctionoccurswhenpassingafishingvesselatcloserange.4.渔船与商船特别临近时，出于护网或传统习俗的原因，部分渔船可能会突然做出改向、加速、抢船头等异常举动。如遇渔船抢船头情况，很可能是本船航行的前方有该渔船的渔网。2.7.4Whenfishingvesselscomeintocloseproximitywithmerchantvessels,theymayexhibitunusualbehaviorssuchasabruptspeedchanges,coursealterations,orattemptingtocrossaheadofmerchantvessels.Theseactionsareoftendrivenbyfightingvessels'desiretoprotecttheirnetsoradheretotraditionalcustoms.Itisimportantformerchantvesselstobeawareofthesepotentialmaneuversandtakeappropriatemeasurestoensurethesafetyofbothvesselsinvolved.5.受到渔船作业灯光及网位仪干扰，驾驶员容易忽视渔船作业密集区内的其他商船。2.7.5Inareaswherefishingvesselsaredenselyconcentrated,officersofmerchantvesselsmayexperiencechallengesindetectingothermerchantvessels.ThisdifficultyarisesfromtheinterferencecausedbythelightspresentonfishingvesselsandAIStransmittersattachedtotheirnets.三、应急救助3.EmergencyRescue（一）在碰撞不可避免时，应尽可能降低船速且避免本船船首与渔船侧面撞击。3.1 Insituationswhereacollisionbecomesunavoidable,itiscrucialtoreduceship'sspeedasmuchaspossible.Additionally,effortsshouldbemadetoavoidacollisionbetweenthebowofmerchantvesselandthesideofthefishingvessel.（二）发生碰撞事故后，应立即停船，将人命救助置于首位，全力实施救助。全部遇险人员脱险前，在不严重危及自身安全的情况下，严禁放弃搜救擅自驶离现场。3.2 Followingacollision,thevesselshouldbebroughttoanimmediatestop.Theprimaryfocusshouldbeonprioritizinglifesavingmeasuresandmakingeverypossibleefforttorescuethoseindistress.Itisimperativenottoceasesearchandrescueoperationsorleavethescenewithoutpermissionuntilallatriskhavebeensafelyremovedfromdanger.Thisshouldbeadheredtounlessthesafetyofownvesselisseverelycompromised.（三）发生碰撞事故后，通过一切有效途径，立即向就近的海事管理机构报告，报告内容应包含事故发生位置、遇险船舶名称、人员伤亡情况、船舶受损情况、天气海况、救助需求等。同时，通告周围船舶，请求参与救助。3.3 Followingacollision,itisessentialtopromptlyreporttheincidenttothenearestcompetentmaritimeauthorityusingallavailablemeansofcommunication.Thereportshouldincludevitalinformationsuchastheaccident'slocation,thenameofthedistressedvessel,detailsaboutcasualtiesanddamages,prevailingweatherandseaconditions,andanyspecificrescuerequirements.Additionally,nearbyvesselsshouldbeimmediatelynotifiedtoaidintherescueefforts.每位参加航行值班人员均应熟知上述内容。Allcrewmembersresponsiblefornavigationwatch-keepingshouldpossessathoroughunderstandingoftheaboveguidance.