血液透析机报警操作.ppt
一:相关医学和技术基础二:血透机组成及作用三:相关报警及处理,Diffusion弥散,Start开始时:DifferentConcentrations膜两侧浓度有差别,End结束时:EqualConcentrations膜两侧浓度相同,time,Diffusion is a consequence of the random movementof all molecules(Brownian Movement).弥散是微分子物质随机的运动可导致均匀分布的结果,Ultrafiltration超滤,TimePressure,Start:,End:,Exertion of pressure on one side of the membrane produces filtration of water with solutes,as long as they can pass the membrane.运用压力的作用将水份从膜一侧推到另一侧,膜孔够大时溶质也可以被挤出,Osmosis渗透作用,Time,Contrary to diffusion the dissolved particles cannot pass through the membrane,nevertheless the concentrations tend to equal out,thus water passes through the membrane.与弥散作用相反,当溶质不能通过膜孔时发生的水由溶质密度小的一侧渗透到溶质密度大的一侧的情况而使两侧密度趋于相同的情况叫做水的渗透作用。,Reverse Osmosis反渗透作用,Time&Pressure时间和压力,Similar to ultrafiltration pressure is applied to one side of the membrane.Reverse osmosis is especially important for the purification of water for the production of dialysate.类似于超滤靠压力作用于膜的一侧,反渗是生产透析用的纯净水的重要方法。,HF,B,HD,B,D,B,D,HDF,mmHg,B,B,D,low-flux低通透析器,high-flux高通透析器,high-flux高通透析器,diffusion,convectionadsorption,diffusion/convectionadsorption,Therapy types治疗模式,Hemodialysis血液透析,Hemofiltration血液滤过,Hemodiafiltration血液透析滤过,弥散原理,对流吸附,弥散对流吸附,Hemodialysis血液透析Diffusive metabolic transport through semi-permeable membranes with balance of a concentration difference between blood and dialysis fluid.利用血液和透析液中溶质的浓度差别使溶质在弥散作用下通过半透膜随透析液排出Small molecular substances will essentially more effective.小分子物质可有效的被清除Hemofiltration血液透析滤过Soluble substances are swept along in a fluid stream through high permeable membranes(convection).The convection depends on the transmembrane pressure and on membrane features like size,density,and quality of the pores(cut-off-value“).可溶物质随着通过高通透性半透膜的液体流动而被清除(对流)。对流依靠跨膜压和膜的物理性质(面积、密度、质量、孔径)来实现。High moleculare substances,as long as they are below the cut-off-value“,will be eliminated in a better way.清除高分子量物质(只要是低于膜孔的筛选值的物质)的有效方法,diffusive convective adsorptive clearance,Hemodialysis血液透析and Hemofiltration血液透析滤过,HDF Hemodiafiltration血液透析滤过,Combination of two dialysis technics,hemodialysis and hemofiltration:high clearance of conventionel small molecules by diffusion linked withhigh clearance of middle molecules by convection.结合两种治疗模式:血液透析和血液滤过结合由弥散产生的小分子物质的高清除率和由对流产生的中大分子物质的高清除率两种方式的优点。,mmHg,B,B,D,Diffusion+Convection+Adsorption,high-flux高通滤器,透析机的基本特性,控制系统(单片机等)超滤方式(跨膜压超滤等)显示系统(发光二极管、屏幕)消毒方式(热消毒、化学消毒)透析模式(单针、双针)浓缩液供给(碳酸盐、醋酸盐)钠曲线、超滤曲线(任意可调),透析机的组成,透析液供给系统监护报警系统:血路监护报警(动脉压、静脉压、空气报警);透析液路监护报警(温度、电导度、漏血、跨膜压)操作控制系统:超滤、钠曲线、B液、温度、透析液流量显示系统:辅助装置:血泵、肝素泵、动静脉管路、透析器,透析机的用途,普通单泵透析机:血液透析、血液灌流、单纯超滤双泵透析机:血液透析 血液透析滤过 血液滤过 血液灌流 单纯超滤,血透机部分报警及操作,常见操作(现场演示)FRESENIUS:如:调节透析液流量:select 7.Treatment param 7.6 Dialysate flow 选择需要的透析液流量。B/BRUAN:现场演示操作方式。,FRESENIUS基本报警操作:报警极限管理:动脉/静脉报警极限居中:如无居中,按开始/重现设置键,显示Center limit,再按开始/重新设定键,动脉和静脉报警极限按实际值居中。,跨膜压报警极限居中:如无居中,按超滤键开关键两次,跨膜压报警极限全部打开,接着跨膜压报警极限按实际值居中。,改变动脉压报警窗的大小。按slect键,按上下键,选3,报警界限。按确认键,再按上下键,选3.1动脉警界线,按确认键。通过按上下键改变动脉压报警窗的大小,再按确认键。,改变静脉压报警窗的大小。按slect键,按上下键,选3,报警界限。按确认键,再按上下键,选3.2静脉警界线,按确认键。通过按上下键改变静脉压报警窗的大小。再按确认键。,改变跨膜压警界限。窗位置:按slect键,按上下键,选3,报警界限。按确认键,再按上下键,选3.3跨膜压警界线,按确认键。按上下键,选TMP窗位置,按确认键,通过按上下键改变TMP窗的位置。再按确认键。,窗大小:按slect键,按上下键,选3,报警界限。按确认键,再按上下键,选3.3跨膜压警界线,按确认键。按上下键,选TMP窗大小,按确认键,通过按上下键改变TMP窗的大小,再按确认键。,Flow alarm(流量报警)故障一般发生在使用之中,此种故障通知工程师。Upper flow alarm(上流量报警)一般发生在机器清洗过程中,一般与浮子开关,210过滤器等有关。Water alarm(水报警)一般水机故障,或水机连接处开关。Low temperature(低温报警)一般发生在使用当中,通知工程师。Conductivity(电导度报警)发生在T1自检中AB液吸杆是否放错或检查AB液泵工作状态Blood leak(漏血报警)需要检查漏血传感器的参考电压等。Rinse failure F02一般为无消毒液Positive pressure(正压报警),一般为机器外部管路泄露。Negative pressure(负压报警)Blood system 18 一般发生在机器T自检中,血泵电机,Shunt cover open(红蓝快速接头无吻合)Bic.not Conn(B液吸杆电磁棒需检查)Keyboard error键盘错误,