the-internet-of-things.docx

3.theinternetofthings3.物联网In2005,theconceptoftheInternetofThings(IoT)enteredthelimelight.TheIoTshouldbedesignedtoconnecttheworld,Sobjectsinasensorymanner.Theapproachistotagthingsthroughradiofrequencyidentification(RFID),feelthingsthroughsensorsandwirelessnetworks,andthinkthingsbybuildingembeddedsystemsthatinteractwithhumanactivities.(-2005,物联网概念进入了聚光灯下。物联网应该被设计用来连接世界的物体以感觉的方式。该方法是通过射频识别(射频识别)的东西，感受到的东西，通过传感器和无线网络，并认为事情通过构建嵌入式系统与人类活动的互动。I.ubiquitouscomputingI.无处不在的计算Ubiquitouscomputingisapost-desktopmodelofhuman-computerinteractioninwhichinformationprocessingisintegratedintoeverydayobjectsandactivities.Fordailyactivities,peoplemayengageinusingmanypervasivedevicessimultaneously.Theymaynotevenbeawareoftheexistenceoftheinteractivedevices.Althoughtheideaissimple,itsapplicationisdifficult.Ifallobjectsintheworldwereequippedwithminusculeidentifyingdevices,dailylifeonourplanetcouldundergoamajortransformation.普适计算是一种将信息处理集成到日常的对象和活动中的人机交互的桌面模型。对于日常活动，人们可以同时使用许多普适的设备。他们甚至可能不知道互动设备的存在。虽然想法很简单，但它的应用很难。如果世界上所有的物体都配备了minusculeidentifying设备，日常生活在我们的行星可能经历一个重大转变。TheIoTcannotberealizedwithoutsystemsdesignandengineering,anduserinterfaces.Contemporaryhuman-computerinteractionmodels,whethercommand-line,menu-driven,orGUI-based,areinappropriateandinadequatetomeetubiquitouscomputingdemands.ThenaturalIoTparadigmappropriatetoaubiquitouscomputingworldhasyettoemerge.Contemporarydevicesthatlendsupporttoubiquitouscomputingincludesmartphones,tabletcomputers,sensornetworks,RFIDtags,smartcards,GPSdevices,andothers.没有系统的设计和工程，以及用户界面，物联网是无法实现的。现代人机交互模型，无论是命令行、菜单驱动还是基于图形界面的，都是不恰当的，不足以满足普适计算的需求。一个无处不在的计算世界的自然物联网模式尚未出现。现代的设备，支持无处不在的计算，包括智能手机，平板电脑，传感器网络，无线射频识别标签，智能卡，全球定位系统设备，和其他。Inubiquitouscomputing,theIoTprovidesanetworkofsensor-orradio-connecteddevicesthatcanbeuniquelyidentifiedandlocatedinthecyber-physicalspace.ThisIoTismostlywirelesslyconnectedasaself-configuringnetworkofradio-frequencytags,low-costsensors,ore-labels.Theterm"IoT"combinesRFlDtechnologywithtoday,SIPv6-basedInternettechnology.Allthings(objects)haveIPaddresses,whichcanbeuniquelyidentified.TheIP-identifiableobjectsarereadable,recognizable,locatable,addressable,and/orcontrollableviatheInternet,aidedbyRFID,Wi-Fi,ZigBee,mobilenetworks,andGPS.intheiotprovidesubiquitousComputing,无线传感器网络连通或OfUniqUelyDevicesandthatcanbelocatedintheidentified网络物理空间。这是你iotiswirelessly连通网络自配置无线电频率标签，低成本的传感器，或电子标签。术语“动”的方式与今天的RFlD技术的基于IPv6的网络技术。AllThingshave(对象)的IP地址,whichcanbeidentifieduniquelytheobjectsare转换为IP寻址IoCatablerecognizable,和/或通过辅助COmrOIlabIebytheInternet,RFID,ZigBee>Wi-Fi、GPS和移动网络。II. EnablingandSynergisticTechnologieslb启用和协同技术ManytechnologiescanbeappliedtobuildtheIoTinfrastructureandspecificIoTsystemsforspecialapplicationdomains.Supportivetechnologiesaredividedintotwocategories.EnablingtechnologiesbuildupthefoundationsoftheIoT.Amongtheenablingtechnologies,tracking(RFID),sensornetworks,andGPSarecritical.许多技术可以应用于构建物联网基础设施和特定的物联网系统的特殊应用领域。支持技术分为2类。有利的技术建立了物联网的基础。在有利的技术，跟踪(射频识别)，传感器网络，和全球定位系统是至关重要的。RFIDisappliedwithelectroniclabelsorRFIDtagsonanyobjectsbeingmonitoredortracked.Thetagsmaybeappliedtoanyobjects,suchasmerchandise,tools,smartphones,computers,animals,orpeople.Thepurposeistoidentifyandtracktheobjectsusingradiowavesorsensingsignals.Sometagscanbereadfromtensorhundredsofmetersawayviaawirelessreader.MostRFIDtagscontainatleasttwom¾orparts.Oneisanintegratedcircuitforstoringandprocessinginformation,modulatinganddemodulatingaradio-frequency(RF)signal,andotherspecialfunctions.Theotherpartisanantennaforreceivingandtransmittingtheradiosignals.在任何被监视或跟踪的物体上应用电子标签或射频识别标签。标签可以应用于任何对象，如商品、工具、智能手机、计算机、动物或人。目的是利用无线电波或感应信号来识别和跟踪物体。一些标签可以读取从几十或几百米以外通过无线阅读器。大多数的射频识别标签包含至少2个主要部分。一个集成电路用于存储和处理信息，调制方式解调射频(RF)信号，和其他特殊功能。另一部分是接收和发射无线电信号的天线。Today,Ssensornetworksaremostlywireless,andareknownaswirelesssensornetworks(WSNs).AtypicalWSNconsistsofSpatiallydistributedautonomoussensorstoCooperativelymonitorphysicalorenvironmentalconditions,suchastemperature,sound,vibration,pressure,motion,orpollutants.Thedevelopmentofwirelesssensornetworkswasmotivatedbymilitaryapplicationssuchasbattlefieldsurveillance.WSNtechnologyisnowusedinmanyindustrialandcivilianapplicationareas,includingprocessmonitoringandcontrol,machinehealthmonitoring,environmentandhabitatmonitoring,healthcareandhomeautomation,andintelligenttrafficcontrol.今天的传感器网络大多是无线的，被称为无线传感器网络(无线传感器网络)。一个典型的无线传感器网络由Spatiallydistributed自治传感器CooperativeIymonitor物理或环境条件，如温度、声音、振动、压力、运动、或污染物。无线传感器网络的发展是出于军事应用，如战场监视。无线传感器网络技术己应用于许多工业和民用领域，包括过程监测与控制、机器健康监测、环境与生境监测、卫生保健及家庭自动化、智能交通控制等。TheGPSwasdevelopedin1973bytheU.S.AirForce.SimilardevelopmentshavealsooccurredintheEuropeanUnion,Russia,andChina.Since1994,adegradedGPShasbeenmadeavailableforcivilianapplicationsinprovidingreliablepositioning,navigation,andtimingservices.ForanyonewithaGPSreceiver,thesystemwillprovideaccuratelocationandtimeinformationforanunlimitednumberofusersinallweatherconditions,dayandnight,anywhereintheworld.全球定位系统是由美国空军1973。欧洲联盟、俄罗斯和中国也出现了类似的发展情况。自1994以来，已经取得了一个退化的全球定位系统提供可靠的定位，导航和定时服务的民用应用程序。对于任何一个全球定位系统接收器，该系统将提供准确的位置和时间信息，为一个无限数量的用户在所有的天气条件，白天和黑夜，在世界任何地方。Synergistictechnologiesplaysupportingroles.Forexample,biometricscouldbewidelyappliedtopersonalizetheinteractionsamonghumans,machines,andobjects.Artificialintelligence,computervision,robotics,andtelepresencecanmakeourlivesmoreautomatedinthefuture.协同技术发挥支持作用。例如，生物识别技术可以广泛应用于个性化的人类，机器和对象之间的相互作用。人工智能、计算机视觉、机器人、和临场感，可以使我们的生活更自动化的未来。TheIoTdevelopmentcouldbecomemorematureandmoresophisticatedinthenext15yeas.Figure9B-1showsthemajortechnologyadvancesandkeyapplicationsthatmaybenefitfromtheIoT.Forexample,supplychainsarenowbettersupportedthanbefore.Verticalmarketapplicationsmayrepresentthenextwaveofadvances.Ubiquitouspositioningisexpectedtobecomearealityaswemovetoward2020.Beyondthat,aphysicalIoTmaybeinplaceinaglobalscale.Theseadvanceswillsignificantlyupgradehumanabilities,societaloutcomes,nationalproductivity,andqualityoflife.物联网的发展将更加成熟，在未来I5yeas更复杂。图9b-l显示的主要技术进展和关键的应用程序，可以从联网效益。例如，供应链现在比以前更好的支持。垂直市场的应用可以代表下一波的进步.无处不在的定位，预计将成为现实，因为我们走向2020。除了这一，物联网可能在一个全球范围内的地方。这些进步将大大提升人类的能力，社会的结果，国家的生产力，和生活质量。III. ArchitectureoftheInternetofThingsIIh物联网的体系结构TheIoTsystemislikelytohaveanevent-drivenarchitecture.InFigure9B-2,IoTdevelopmentisshownwithathree-layerarchitecture.Thetoplayerisformedbydrivenapplications.TheapplicationspaceoftheIoTishuge.Thebottomlayersrepresentvarioustypesofsensingdevices:namelyRFIDtags,ZigBeeorothertypesofsensors,androad-mappingGPSnavigators.Thesensingdevicesarelocallyorwide-area-connectedintheformofRFIDnetworks,sensornetworks,andGPSes.Signalsorinformationcollectedatthesesensingdevicesarelinkedtotheapplicationsthroughthecloudcomputingplatformsatthemiddlelayer.物联网系统很可能有一个事件驱动的体系结构。图9b-2,物联网发展有三层结构。顶层是由驱动应用程序形成的。物联网应用空间巨大。底层代表不同类型的传感装置：即RFID标签，ZigBee或其它类型的传感器，和道路测绘GPS导航仪。传感设备在本地或广域连接在RFlD网络，形成传感器网络，和gpseso这些传感设备收集的信号或信息通过在中间层的云计算平台与应用程序连接起来。Thesignalprocessingcloudsarebuiltoverthemobilenetworks,theInternetbackbone,andvariousinformationnetworksatthemiddlelayer.IntheIoT,themeaningofasensingeventdoesnotfollowadeterministicorsyntacticmodel.Infact,theservice-orientedarchitecture(SOA)modelisadoptablehere.Alargenumberofsensorsandfiltersareusedtocollecttherawdata.Variouscomputeandstoragecloudsandgridsareusedtoprocessthedataandtransformitintoinformationandknowledgeformats.Thesensedinformationisusedtoputtogetheradecision-makingsystemforintelligenceapplications.ThemiddlelayerisalsoconsideredasaSemanticWeborGrid.Someactors(services,components,avatars)areself-referenced.信号处理云是建立在移动网络，互联网骨干网，以及在中间层的各种信息网络。在物联网中，一个敏感事件的意义不遵循deterministicor句法模型。事实上，面向服务的架构(SOA)这里的模型是可行的。大量的传感器和过滤器用于收集原始数据。各种计算和存储云和网格是用来处理的数据，并把它转化为信息和知识格式。所感测的信息是用来把一个决策系统的智能应用。中间层也被认为是一个语义网或网格。有些演员（服务、组件、化身）是自引用。IV. ApplicationsoftheInternetofThingsIV。物联网的应用Table9B-2summarizesIoTapplicationsinthreemajorcivilianapplicationdomains.Obviously,theIoThasalotofmilitaryapplications,whichisbeyondthescopeofthissection.Ingeneral,useoftheIoTaimstopromoteindustrialproductivityandraiseeconomicgrowth.TheIoTplaysimportantrolesinenvironmentprotection,includingpollutioncontrol,weatherforecasting,anddisasteravoidanceandrecovery.Intermsofsocietalimpacts,theIoTcanmakeourlivesmoreconvenientandcomfortable.Governmentservices,lawenforcement,andhomeandhealthimprovementsarethemajorbeneficiaries.Intheremainingspaceofthissection,wewillbrieflydiscusssomeoftheapplicationdomains.表9b-2总结了物联网应用的三大民用领域。显然，物联网有大量的军事应用，这超出了本节的范围。在一般情况下，使用物联网的目的是促进工业生产和提高经济增长。物联网在环境保护中起着重要的作用，包括污染控制、气象预报、灾障和恢复。在社会的影响，物联网可以使我们的生活更方便和舒适。政府服务，执法，家庭和健康的改善是主要的受益者。在本节的其余部分中，我们将简要讨论一些应用领域。1. RetailingandLogisticsServices1 oretailingand物流服务EmergenceofRFIDapplicationsdependsstronglyonadoptionbyretailers,logisticsorganizations,andpackage-deliverycompanies.Inparticular,retailersmaytagindividualobjectsinordertosolveanumberofproblemsatonce:accurateinventorying,losscontrol,andabilitytosupportUnattendedwalk-throughpointofsaleterminals（whichpromisetospeedcheckoutwhilereducingbothshopliftingandlaborcosts）.Cold-chainauditingandassurancecouldrequiretaggingfoodandmedicinewithtemperature-sensitivematerialsand/orelectronics;ensuringormonitoringwhetherperishablematerialsareintactand/orneedattentionmayentailcommunicationsamongthings,refrigerationsystems,automateddataloggingsystems,andhumantechnicians.射频识别应用的出现很大程度上依赖于零售商，物流组织和包装交付公司的采用。特别是，零售商可以标记个体为了立刻解决很多问题：准确的盘点，损失控制，并有能力通过销售点终端支持Unattendedwalk-（保证速度checkoutwhile减少盗窃和劳动力成本）。冷chainauditing和assurancecould需要温度敏感材料和/或电子标签的食品和药品；保证或监测是否areintact易腐材料和/或需要关注可能带来通信之间的事情，制冷系统，自动数据记录系统，与人类的技术人员。2. SupplyChainManagement2。供应链管理Supplychainmanagementisaprocessusedbycompaniestoensurethattheirsupplychainisefficientandcost-effective.SupplychainmanagementcanbeaidedbyanIoTsystem.Theideaistomanageawholenetworkofrelatedbusinessesorpartnersinvolvedinproductmanufacturing,delivery,andservicesasrequiredbyendcustomers.Atanygiventime,marketforcescoulddemandchangesfromsuppliers,logisticsproviders,locationsandcustomers,andanynumberofspecializedparticipantsinasupplychain.Thisvariabilityhassignificanteffectsonthesupplychaininfrastructurerangingfromthefoundationlayersofestablishingtheelectroniccommunicationbetweenthetradingpartnerstothemorecomplexconfigurationoftheprocessesandthearrangementofworkflowsthatareessentialtoafastproductionprocess.供应链管理是一个由企业使用的过程，以确保他们的供应链是有效的和具有成本效益的。供应链管理可以借助物联网系统。其理念是管理整个网络的相关业务或合作伙伴参与产品制造，交付和服务所需的终端客户。在任何给定的时间内，市场需求变化从供应商、物流商、地点和客户，和任何数量的专门指供应链。这种变化对供应链基础设施的重大影响，从建立贸易伙伴之间的电子通信过程的更匏杂的配置和工作流程,是一个快速生产过程中必不可少的安排的基础层。3. SmartPowerGridandSmartBuildings3。智能电网和智能建筑AcriticalIoTapplicationispromotionofasmartpowergrid.VariouspowercompaniesacrosstheUnitedStateshaveorareintheprocessofupgradingtheirpowermanagementanddistributionsystems.Varioussensorsatindividualhomes(smartthermostats)cancollectinformationthatissentviaanetworktomainstations(perhapsevenlocal“hubs")thatcanapplycomplexpowerManagementandsentcontrolsignalsbacktothegridtosaveenergy.Thesmartgridismadepossiblebyapplyingsensing,measurement,andcontroldevicestoelectricityproduction,transmission,distribution,andconsumption.一个关键的物联网应用程序是一个智能电网的推广。美国各电力公司已经或正在升级其电源管理和配电系统的过程中。在个人家庭中各种传感器(智能温控器)可以收集，通过网络发送信息的主要站(也许甚至是当地的“枢纽”)，可以将复杂的电源管理和发送控制信号到网格节省能源。智能电网是通过应用传感，测量和控制设备，电力生产，传输，分配和消费成为可能。TheIoThasbeensuggestedinconstructionofsmartbuildingsinresidential,commercial,industrial,andgovernmentsettings.Asmartbuildingcanbeashoppingmallorahome,ahospitalorahigh-riseofficetower.Smartbuildingsneedmonitoringandregulationofheating,airconditioning,lighting,andenvironmentalchanges.Theycanoverseebuildingsecurity,firesuppression,andelevatoroperations.Smartbuildingtechnologiesfocusonbringingmoredetailedmonitoringandsensingmawareness,tobuildings.在住宅，商业，工业和政府设置的智能建筑，物联网已经提出了建议,一个聪明的建筑物可以是一个购物中心或一个家庭，一个医院或一个高层办公大楼。智能楼宇需要对供暖、空调、照明和环境变化进行监控和调节。他们可以监督建筑安全，防火和电梯运行.智能建筑技术的重点是将更详细的监测和传感“意识”到建筑物。