国际经济学-克鲁格曼1-9章题库(ch1-9).docx

TESTBANKOFINTERNATIONALECONOMICSPartI.Fillintheblankwithsuitablecontent.1.Seventhemesrecurthroughoutthestudyofinternationaleconomics.Theseare,thebalanceofpayments,exchangeratedetermination,internationalpolicycoordination,internationalcapitalmarket.2.Countriesengageininternationaltradefortwobasicreasons:and,3.Acountryhasacomparativeadvantageinproducingagoodifofproducingthatgoodintermsofothergoodsislowerinthatcountrythanitisinothercountries.4.Laboristheonlyonefactorofproduction.aLC、aLWanda；C、a；WaretheunitlaborrequirementincheeseandwineatHomeandForeign,respectively.If,Homehasacomparativeadvantageincheese,pc/pwistherelativepriceofcheese,whenHomeandForeignspecializeinproducingcheeseandwine,respectively.5.Laboristheonlyonefactorofproduction.aLC、aLWandac、a；WaretheunitlaborrequirementincheeseandwineatHomeandForeign,respectively.LandL*areHome'sandForeign,slaborforce.Ifaljc/alw<pcpw<aLC/aw,theworldrelativesupplyofcheeseequals.Home,sgainsfromindirectlyproducingwinecanbeshownas6.Inspecificfactorsmodel(Qw=Q(K,L);QF=QF(T,");L=Lm+Lf),ifHomeproducesandtradesmanufacturedgoodsforfood,theoverallcomparisonofthefivechangerateofgoodspriceandfactorpricePm>。、户犬、r>WinsideHomeis.Thatis,therealincomeofcapitalistsincrease,itcanbeshownas.7.Therearetwomainreasonswhyinternationaltradehasstrongeffectsonthedistributionofincome.First,Second.8.IntheHeckscher-Ohlinmodel,Comparativeadvantageisinfluencedbytheinteractionbetweenand9.Accordingto,iftherelativepriceofagoodrises,therealincomeofthefactorwhichintensivelyusedinthatgoodwillrise,whiletherealincomeoftheotherfactorwillfall.IO-Accordingto,atunchangedrelativegoodsprice,ifthesupplyofafactorofproductionincreases,theoutputofthegoodthatareintensiveinthatfactorwillrise,whiletheoutputoftheothergoodwillfall.1!.AccordingIo,ownersofacountry,sabundantfactorsgainfromtrade,butownersofacountry,sscarefactorslose.12.Accordingto,internationaltradeproducesaconvergenceofrelativegoodsprices.Thisconvergence,inturns,causestheconvergenceoftherelativefactorprices.Tradeleadstocompleteequalizationoffactorprices.13.Threeassumptionscrucialtothepredictionoffactorpriceequalizationareinrealityuntrue.Theseassumptionsare(1)(2)(3).14."U.S.exportswerelesscapital-intensivethanU.S.importsvisknownas15.TheRicardianModel,theSpecificFactormodelandtheH-Omodelmaybeviewedasspecialcasesof16.Thestandardtrademodelderivesaworldrelativesupplycurvefromandaworldrelativedemandcurvefrom.17.Toexport-biasedgrowth,ifthedeclineofthewelfarecausedbytheJeteriorationofthetermsoftradeswapovertheriseofthewellrecausedbygrowth,thegrowthis.18.Someeconomistsarguedthatexport-biasedgrowthbypoornationswouldworsentheirtermoftradesomuchthattheywouldbeworseoffthaniftheyhadnotgrownatall.Thissituationisknownas.19.Immiserizinggrowthdemandsstrictconditions,theseconditionsare20.Accordingto“"，tariffsandexportsubsidiesmighthaveperverseeffectsoninternalprice.21.Inthemodelof'"MonopolisticCompetitionandTrade",firmsofanindividualnationfacethetrade-offbetweenand.22.MarshallarguedthattherewerethreemainreasonswhyaclusteroffirmsmaybemoreCfficientthananindividualfirminisolation:,23.Thepatternofintraindustrytradeitselfisunpredicted,determinethedetailsofthetradepattern.39.Whenthereisexternaleconomies,thepatternofinternationaltradeisdeterminedby.24.Theindexesofintrainindustrytradeofaindustrycanbecalculatedbythestandardformula:/=.25.Interindustrytradeandintrainindustrytradearethesourcesofgainsfromtrade.When、，intrainindustrytradeisthedominantsourceofgainsfromtrade,everyonegainsfromtrade.26.Theargumentoftemporaryprotectionofindustriestoenablethemtogainexperienceisknownas27.Ifweaddtogetherthegainsandlossesfromatariff,Wefindthetheneteffectonnationalwelfarecanbeseparatedintotwoparts:and28.Whydocountriesadopttradepoliciessuchastarifforimportquota,whichproducemorecoststhanbenefits?29.Inthepoliticaleconomyoftradepolicy,govementareassumedtomaximizeratherthan.30.Deviationsfromfreetradecansometimesincreasenationalwelfare.Theseargumentsincludeand3!.Accordingto"",domesticmarketfailureshouldbecorrectedbydomesticpoliciesaimeddirectlyattheproblem,ssources.32.Internationaltradeoftenproduceslosersaswellaswinners.Intheactualpoliticsoftradepolicy,incomedistributionisofcrucialimpolance.canexplainwhypoliciesthatnotonlyseemtoproducemorecoststhanbenefitsbutthatalsoseemtohurtfarmorevotersthemtheycanhelpcannonethelessbeadopted.33.TheWTOincludesfouraspectscontent:GATTI994,GATS,34."Nondiscriminatory"principlesincludeprincipleandprinciple35.Forpreferentialtradingagreements,suchas,countriesmustcedepartoftheirsovereigntytosupranationalentity.36.Whetheracustomsunionisdesirableorundesirabledependsonwhetheritlargelyleadstoor.PartII.TrueorFalse(trueandfalsearedenotedby"T"and"F",respectively)l.Ifarw*aLC<aLwaLC,Home,srelativeproductivityincheeseishigher.()2.AccordingtotheRicardianmodel,itispreciselybecausetherelativewageisbetweentherelativeProdJLlCliVilieSthateachcountryendsupwithacostadvantageinonegood.Thegoodforwhich"/a>w/willbeproducedinForeign.()3.Itispreciselybecausetherelativewageisbetweentherelativeproductivitiesthateachcountryendsupwithacostadvantageinonegood.()4.Long-runconvergenceinproductivityproduceslong-runconvergenceinwages.()5.uKoreanworkersearnonly$2.50anhour;ifweallowKoreatoexportasmuchasitlikestotheUnitedStates,ourworkerswillbeforceddowntothesamelevel.Youcan,timporta$5shirtwithoutimportingthe$2.50wagethatgoeswithit."()6.Thepropositionthattradeisbeneficialisunqualified.Thatis,thereisnorequirementthatacountrybe"competitive"orthatthetradebe"fair".()7.Freetradeisbeneficialonlyifyourcountryisstrongenoughtostanduptoforeigncompetition.()8.Foreigncompetitionisunfairandhurtsothercountrieswhenitisbasedonlowwages.()9.Tradeexploitsacountryandmakeitworseoffifitsworkersreceivemuchlowerwagethanworkersinothernations.()10.TheRicardianModelpredictsanextremedegreeofspecialization.()1!.TheRicardianModelneglectstheeffectsonincomedistribution.()12.ThebasicpredictionoftheRicardianmodelhasbeenstronglyconfirmedbyanumberofstudiesoveryears.()13.TheRicardianModelpredictsthatcountriestendtoexportthosegoodsinwhichtheirproductivityisrelativehigh.()14.Wecanthinkoffactorspecificityasamatteroftime.()15.TheopportunitycostofmanufactureintermsoffoodisdenotedbyMPLMMPLf.()16.Aequalproportionalchangeinpricehavenorealeffectsontherealwage,realincomeofcapitalownerandlandowner.()17.Tradebenefitsthefactorthatisspecifictotheimport-competingsectorsofeachcountrybuthurtsthefactortotheexportsectors,withambiguouseffectsonmobilefactors.()18.Itispossibleinprincipleforacountry,sgovernmenttousetaxesandsubsidiestoredistributeincometogiveeachindividualmoreofbothgoods.()19.Althoughinternationaltradehasstrongeffectsonincomedistribution,therearestillpossibleinprincipletomakeeachindividualbetteroff.()20.Typically,thosewhogainfromtradeinanyparticularproductareamuchmoreconcentrated,informed,andorganizedgroupthanthosewholose.()21.Conflictsofinterestwithinnationsareusuallymoreimportantindeterminingtradepolicythanconflictsofinterestbetweennations.()22.Generally,economistsdonotregardtheincomedistributioneffectsoftradeasagoodreasontolimittrade.()23.Theformulationoftradepolicyisakindofpoliticalprocess.()24.“Theworld,spoorestcountriescan,tfindanythingtoexport.Thereisnoresourcethatisabundantcertainlynotcapitalorland,andinsmallpoornationsnotevenlaborisabundant/'()25.WageinequalityinU.S.increasedbetweenthelate1970sandtheearly1990s,economistsattributethechangetothegrowingexportsofmanufacturedgoodsfromNIEs.26.Ifthefactor-proportiontheorywasright,acountrywouldalwaysexportfactorsforwhichtheincomeshareexceededthefactorshare,importfactorsforwhichitwasless.()27.TheH-Omodelcanpredictnotonlythedirectionbutthevolumeoftrade.()28.FactortradeingeneralturnsouttobemuchsmallerthantheH-Omodelpredicts.()29.Accordingtoaninfluentialrecentpaper,theH-Omodelcanpredictnotonlythedirectionbutthevolumeoftrade.FactortradeingeneralturnouttobethesameastheH-Omodelpredicts.()30.OnlybydroppingtheHeckscher-OhlinassumptionthattechnologiesarethesameacrossthecountriescantheoverallpatternofinternationaltradebewellpredictedbytheH-Omodel.()31.Ifacountrywanttomaximizeitsnationalwelfare,theconsumptionpointiswherethehighestisovaluelineistangenttothehighestreachableindifferencecurve.()32.Ariseinthetermsoftradeincreasesacountry,swelfare,whileadeclineinthetermsoftradereducesitswelfare.()33.Export-biasedgrowthtendstoimprovethegrowingcountrytermsoftradeattherestoftheworld,sexpense.()34.Ifthetwocountriesallocatetheirchangeinspendinginthesameproportions,therewillnotbeatermsoftradeeffect.()35.Ifthecountryreceivingatransferspendsahigherproportionofanincreaseincomeonitsexportgoodthanthegiver,atransferraisesworldrelativedemandfortherecipient'sexportgoodandthusimproveitstermsoftrade.()36.Atransferworsensthedonor'stermsoftradeifthedonorhasahighermariginalpropensitytospendonitsexportgoodthantherecipient.()37.Atransferimprovesthedonor,stermsoftrade,worsensrecipient'stennsoftrade.()38.Atransferofincomesayforeignaidcouldconceivablyleavetherecipientworseoff.()39.AtariffimprovesUome*stermsoftradeandWorSenSFOreign's,whileaHomeexportsubsidyworsensHome'stermsoftradeandimproveForeign,s.()40.Wherethereiseconomiesofscale,thereisimperfectlycompetitivemarketstructure.()41.Ifintraindustrytradeisthedominantsourceofgainsfromtrade,everyonegainsfromtrade.()42.Effectonthedistributionofincomewithincountriesoftenweightmoreheavilyonpolicythantermsoftradeconcerns.()43.Theusualmarketstructureinindustriescharacterizedbyinternaleconomiesofscaleismonopolisticcompetition.()44.Today,antidumpingmaybeadeviceofprotectionism.()45.Reciprocaldumpingtendstoincreasethevolumeoftradeingoodsthatarequiteidentical.()46.ltispossiblethatreciprocaldumpingincreasenationalwelfare.()47.Strongexternaleconomiestendto"lockedin"theexistingpatternsofinlerindustrytrade,evenifthepatternsareruncountertocomparativeadvantage.()48.Atradingcountrycanconceivablylosefromtradeisprotentiallyjustifyprotectionism.()-49.Likestaticextemaleconomies,dynamicexternaleconomiescanlockinaninitialadvantageinanindustry.()50.TheStratigictradepolicyisrelatedtothemodeloffcfcMonopolisticcompetition,differentiateproductsandintraindustrytrade".()51.Themodeli4OligopoIy,homogeneousproductsandintraindustrytradezisfirstdevelopedbyKrugmanandHelpman.()52.Tradeinfactorsisverymuchliketradeingoods,itoccursformuchthesamereasonsandproducessimilarresults.()53.Tradeinfactorsisanalternativetotradeingoodsfortheallocationofresources.()54.Whenacountryborrows,it,sintertemporalPPFisbiasedtowardQ()55.TherelativepriceoffutureconsumptiongoodsQPis(1+r).()56.ThedynamicpathofTNC；enterforeignmarket：FD/-*ExportLicence.()57.Tariffsmayhaveverydifferenteffectsondifferentstagesofproductionofagood.()58.Nominaltariffreflectstheeffectiverateofprotection.()59.Thecostsandbenefitsanalysisofatariffiscorrectifonlythedirectgainstoproducersandconsumersinagivenmarketaccuratelymeasurethesocialgains.()60.Thecostsandbenefitsanalysisofatariffiscorrectifonlyadollar,sworthofbenefitstoeachgroupisthesame.()61.AVERisexactlylikeanimportquotawhichthelicenseareassignedtoforeigngovernment.()62.VERsaremuchmorecostlythantariffs.()63.Localcontentlawshavebeenwidelyusedbydevelopingcountriestryingtoshifttheirmanufacturingfromassemblybackintointermediategoods.()64.Apoliticalargumentforfreetradere11ectsthefactthatapoliticalcommitmenttofreetrademaybeagoodideainpracticeeventhoughtheremaybebetterpoliciesinprinciple.()65.Deviationsfromfreetradecansometimesincreasenationalwelfare.()66.Forasufficientlysmalltariffthetermsoftradegainofsmallcountrymustoutweightheefficiencyloss.()67.Thedomesticmarketfailureargumentagainstfreetradeisintellectuallyimpeccablebutofdoubtfulusefulness.()68.“U.S.fanexportsdon,tjustmeanhigherincomesforfarmerstheymeanhigherincomeforeveryonewhosellgoodsandservicestotheU.S.farmsectorx,.Thisremarkisapotentialvalidargumentforexportsubsidy.()69.Mostdeviationsfromfreetradeareadoptednotbecausetheirbenefitexceedtheircostsbutbecausethepublicfailstounderstandtheirtruecosts.()70.Ifthereismarginalsocialcostsratherthanmarginalsocialbenefits,domesticmarketfailurereinforcethecaseforfreetrade.()71.TheelectoralcompetitionmodelbelievespoliticalcompetitionwilldrivebothpartiestoproposetariffsclosetotM,thetariffpreferredbythemediumvoter.()72.Theproblemofcollectiveactioncanbestbeovercomewhenagroupislargeand/orwellorganized.()73.Tradepolicythatproducemorecoststhanbenefits,hurtmoreconsumersthanproducerscan,tbeadopted.()74.AsaviolationoftheMFN(umostfavorednation")principle,theWTOforbidspreferentialtradingagreementsingeneral,butallowsthemiftheyleadtofreetradebetweentheagreeingcountries.()75.Theinfantindustryargumentviolatestheprincipleofcomparativeadvantage()Partl11.ChoosetheONLYonecollectanswerineachquestion.1.Animportantinsightofinternationaltradetheoryisthatwhencountriesexchangego<xisandservicesonewiththeotheritA.isalwaysbeneficialtobothcountries,B.isusuallybeneficialtobothcountries.C.istypicallybeneficialonlytothelowwagetradepartnercountry.D.istypicallyharmfultothetechnologicallylaggingcountry.E.tendstocreateunemploymentinbothcountries.Answer:B2.Iftherearelargedisparitiesinwagelevelsbetweencountries,thenA.tradeislikelytobeharmfultobothcountries.B.tradeislikelytobeharmfultothecountrywiththehighwages.C.tradeislikelytobeharmfultothecountrywiththelowwages.D.tradeislikelytobeharmfultoneithercountry.E.tradeislikelytohavenoeffectoneithercountry.Answer:D3.Cost-benefitanalysisofinternationaltradeA.isbasicallyuseless.B.isempiricallyintractable.C.focusesattentiononconflictsofinterestwithincountries.D.focusesattentiononconflictsofinterestsbetweencountries.E.Noneoftheabove.Answer:C4.AprimaryreasonwhynationsconductinternationaltradeisbecauseofdifferencesinA.historicalperspective.B.location.C.resourceavailabilities.D.tastes.E.incomes.Answer:C5.ArgumentsforfreetradearesometimesdisregardedbythepoliticalprocessbecauseA.economiststendtofavorhighlyprotecteddomesticmarkets.B.economistshaveauniversallyaccepteddecisivepoweroverthepoliticaldecisionmechanism.C.maximizingconsumerwelfaremaynotbeachiefpriorityforpoliticians.D.thegainsoftradeareofparamountconcerntotypicalconsumers.E.Noneoftheabove.Answer:C6.ProponentsoffreetradeclaimallofthefollowingasadvantagesexceptA.relativelyhighwagelevelsforalldomesticworkers.B.awiderselectionofproductsforconsumersC.increasedcompetitionforworldproducers.D.theutilizationofthemostefficientproductionprocesses.E.Noneoftheabove.Answer:AInordertoknowwhetheracountryhasacomparativeadvantageintheproductionofoneparticularproductweneedinformationonatleastunitlaborrequirementsA.oneB.twoC.threeA.fourB.fiveAnswer:D7.AcountryengagingintradeaccordingtotheprinciplesofcomparativeadvantagegainsfromtradebecauseitD.isproduci